Family day care providers operate at the interface of the private and the public. They are self-employed and work at home, yet their 'suitability' to provide childcare is scrutinised by officials and rules and regulations operating on different levels which can restrict their business opportunities. Family day care takes place in a particular cultural context concerning ideas of childrearing and against the backdrop of other childcare and educational provision. The focus of the thesis is the family day care provider, one of the members in the childcare triangle of child, parents and childcare worker. Previous research was mainly interested in the quality of childcare provided and parents' satisfaction. Here working conditions, such as hours worked, workload, income are examined, as are career prospects. Who are the women who become family day care providers and how do they see their future? The daily routines of family day care providers are examined and possible detenninants investigated. However, perceived needs of children may differ from demands arising out of parents' reason for using this kind of childcare service. Family day care providers accounts are examined in order to identify the various aspects of childcare arrangements and how to develop relationships that promote successful arrangements. Since family day care takes place in the home other family members are part of the setting and are affected by their mother's or wife's work. At the same time their contribution to the work of a family day care provider has to be included in the investigation ofthe working conditions. The comparison of family day care providers living in two different locations, four local authorities in the Northeast of England and one town in the Northeast of Germany allows the influence of family and childcare policies and the impact of cultural perceptions of good childrearing practices to be traced. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was employed. Apart from new insights into the actual working conditions of family day care providers, a better understanding of the intended and unintended effects of policies regulating family day care has been gained. The findings contribute to the debate on paid and unpaid work, and paid and unpaid care, as well as to the debate over equal opportunities, showing a more complicated relationship than just a gendered division.

Há grande evidência internacional e nacional sobre a importância da primeira infância no desenvolvimento humano, entre as principais políticas públicas com este foco, destaca-se a criação de creches. No presente projeto, analisar-se-á o impacto do programa de criação de creches em Petrolina (PE), o Nova Semente. Mais especificamente, a partir dos dados do Censo Escolar e do Cadastro Único, deseja-se observar se a introdução de creches contribui para melhora do desempenho educacional dos alunos através de suas aprovações e frequência escolar. / There is extensive literature worldwide on the importance of early childhood on human development, childcare policies stand out as one of the main public policies with this aim. This Project intends to evaluate the impact of Nova Semente, a program in Petrolina (PE), which increases childcare supply. Specifically, educational development, through approvals and frequency, will be assessed using data from Censo Escolar and Cadastro Único.

<p>Since the mid 60’s, Germany has seen dropping fertility rates and yet next to nothinghas been done to combat this trend until the current regime led by Angela Merkel andher minister of family affairs, Ursula von der Leyen initiated a number ofcomprehensive reforms of Germany’s family policies.Family policy in Germany is being reformed in three ways. First of all parents arenow eligible to receive substantial financial support in order to compensate the loss ofincome associated with a pregnancy and or parental leave. Second, the all but nonexistentpublic child care services are being vastly expanded with the goal of beingable to offer child care service for every child age 0-3. Thirdly the tradition of schoolsending classes midday is being reformed with the aim of letting kids stay in schoolmuch longer thus enabling parents to work full-time as opposed to part-time in orderto be able to take care of kids returning from school.The hopes for these ambitious reforms are tremendous. Germany hopes to improve itslow fertility as well as free up labour force potential that has previously been hinderedto participate in the labour market by child rearing efforts. Thus far Germany’s effortsare seemingly successful and promises great change for the future.</p>

Since the mid 60’s, Germany has seen dropping fertility rates and yet next to nothinghas been done to combat this trend until the current regime led by Angela Merkel andher minister of family affairs, Ursula von der Leyen initiated a number ofcomprehensive reforms of Germany’s family policies.Family policy in Germany is being reformed in three ways. First of all parents arenow eligible to receive substantial financial support in order to compensate the loss ofincome associated with a pregnancy and or parental leave. Second, the all but nonexistentpublic child care services are being vastly expanded with the goal of beingable to offer child care service for every child age 0-3. Thirdly the tradition of schoolsending classes midday is being reformed with the aim of letting kids stay in schoolmuch longer thus enabling parents to work full-time as opposed to part-time in orderto be able to take care of kids returning from school.The hopes for these ambitious reforms are tremendous. Germany hopes to improve itslow fertility as well as free up labour force potential that has previously been hinderedto participate in the labour market by child rearing efforts. Thus far Germany’s effortsare seemingly successful and promises great change for the future.

Há grande evidência internacional e nacional sobre a importância da primeira infância no desenvolvimento humano, entre as principais políticas públicas com este foco, destaca-se a criação de creches. No presente projeto, analisar-se-á o impacto do programa de criação de creches em Petrolina (PE), o Nova Semente. Mais especificamente, a partir dos dados do Censo Escolar e do Cadastro Único, deseja-se observar se a introdução de creches contribui para melhora do desempenho educacional dos alunos através de suas aprovações e frequência escolar. / There is extensive literature worldwide on the importance of early childhood on human development, childcare policies stand out as one of the main public policies with this aim. This Project intends to evaluate the impact of Nova Semente, a program in Petrolina (PE), which increases childcare supply. Specifically, educational development, through approvals and frequency, will be assessed using data from Censo Escolar and Cadastro Único.

Cette recherche se propose de mettre en lumière, dans le secteur professionnel de la petite enfance, une lutte de représentations concernant la place de la mère. La première représentation figure une mère toute dévouée, portant finalement la responsabilité exclusive de son tout-petit. La seconde fait entrer en scène une citoyenne, travailleuse et mère, qui partage sa responsabilité éducative avec le père et des tiers sociaux. L’auteure s’attache aussi à montrer que cette lutte, loin d’être seulement présente chez les professionnelles, traverse également des discours légitimés dans le secteur en termes de savoir, et des dispositifs d’action médico-sociale à destination des familles en difficulté. La seconde représentation semble aujourd’hui cohérente avec la réalité sociale du travail, et un projet démocratique, en termes d’égalité de sexe, d’accueil qualitatif des jeunes enfants, de lutte contre les inégalités sociales. Mais elle ne bénéficie pas actuellement, ni d’une véritable légitimité politique, ni de référents théoriques qui articulent suffisamment, d’une part les enjeux d’égalité démocratique entre les citoyen-ne-s, d’autre part les enjeux de santé psychique des tout-petits et de leurs familles. L’auteure vise un dépassement de certains clivages théoriques et idéologiques, afin de construire une théorie politique de la prime éducation, qui contribue à ébranler la légitimité d’un ordre social qui fait porter aux seules citoyennes la responsabilité des jeunes enfants. Cette assignation, réalisée en sourdine, produit de surcroît un renforcement des inégalités criantes, selon l’appartenance sociale, face à l’exercice de la parentalité et de la citoyenneté. / The aim of this research is to bring to light a struggle of representations concerning the place of the mother in the infancy professional sector. The first representation stands for a completely devoted mother, who then assumes the exclusive responsibility for her baby. The second representation figures both a hard-worker-citizen mother who shares her educational responsibility with the father and a social third party. The author pays particular attention to display this struggle as not being only present among professionals but also filling, between the lines, some speeches legitimated in the sector as a “knowledge”. As well as it underlies health centers plans of action for families in trouble. Nowadays, the second representation seems coherent with the social reality of work and with a democratic project, speaking in terms of sexual equality, of qualitative care of youngsters in our society and fight against social disparities. Nonetheless, it can’t be said today that this representation gained a real political legitimity nor theorical references which could hang enough together the two elements at stake: democratic equality between men and women as citizens and psychic health of the infants and their family. The author aims at going beyond some theorical and ideological theories in order to build up a political theory of infant education that could contribute to contest the legitimity of a social order which considers the female citizen as sole responsible for infants. Moreover, this insidious assignment reinforces, depending on social origin, some flagrant disparities in the way of parenting and exercising their citizenship.

Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka hur socialsekreterare upplever sina organisatoriska och kunskapsmässiga förutsättningar för bemötande och samarbete med föräldrar med neuropsykiatrisk funktionsnedsättning. Studien genomfördes genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex socialsekreterare inom socialtjänstens barnavård i en mellanstor svensk kommun. Teorier om normer, socialarbetares förhållningssätt och organisationer användes för förståelse av det insamlade materialet. Tematisk analys valdes för att analysera materialet. Resultatet visade att socialsekreterare upplever behov av fördjupad kunskap kring NPF hos vuxna, och att den kunskap de besitter främst erhållits från arbetslivserfarenhet. Resultatet visade också att socialsekreterare uppfattar kunskap om NPF som viktig för att kunna anpassa sig och bemöta föräldrar med NPF med hänsyn till funktionsnedsättningen. Studien visade att organisationens struktur och uppdragets utformning har effekter på socialsekreterares förutsättningar att utveckla sin kompetens inom NPF. Slutsatsen var att det finns behov av att organisationer och arbetsgivare arbetar för ökade förutsättningar för medarbetares kompetensutveckling, samt arbetar proaktivt med att ge nyanställda socialsekreterare kunskap om NPF med hänsyn till prevalensen av ärenden med NPF och de svårigheter detta kan medföra i ärenden, då kunskap är en förutsättning för goda samarbeten med föräldrar. Detta torde generera goda utfall i barnavårdsärenden och avlasta verksamhetens medarbetare. Anpassade och inkluderande organisationer är dessutom en viktig del för att motverka diskriminering av funktionsnedsatta personer. / The aim of this study was to examine how social workers’ experience their organizational and knowledge-based conditions in approaching and cooperating with neurodiverse parents in social childcare services. The study was conducted through semi-structured interviews with six social workers within the social childcare services in a midsized Swedish municipality. Theories of norms, social workers choice of approach to clients and organizations were used to understand our gathered empirical data. Thematic analysis was chosen to analyze the material. The study's results showed that socialworkers experience require further knowledge of neurodivergency in adults, and that their knowledge is based on worklife experience. The results also showed that social workers value knowledge regarding neurodivergency to adapt and treat neurodiverse parents regarding their disability. Knowledge of parents' disabilities facilitates social workers’ abilities to understand parents' difficulties. The study showed that the structure of the organization and the modeling of the assignments of social workers effects the social workers’ possibilities to enhance their knowledge of neurodivergency. The conclusion of the study was that organizations and employers need to enhance their personnels’ possibilities to develop their competence, and to proactively facilitate newly employed social workers knowledge of neurodivergency regarding the prevalence of neurodivergent clientele and the connected difficulties. This ought to generate satisfactory outcomes in childcare cases and lessen the burden of the organization's personnel. Adapted and inclusive organizations are also important in counteracting discrimination of people with disabilities.

This thesis analyzes the right to reconcile work and family responsibilities which is recognized as crucial in women&amp / #8223 / s participation in the labor market. When women can not fully enjoy their right to work due to the burden of unequal gender division of labor, they become more vulnerable to poverty and male violence which impede them from developing their basic human capabilities. States should acknowledge that this is a human rights problem which is deriving from women&amp / #8223 / s overburden as primary caregivers. In order to overcome this problem and transform the patriarchal structure of the market and the family / state intervention in the private sphere is required. Two alternative reconciliation models are examined. The first is the equality driven model that encompasses parental leave and childcare facilities, which necessitate positive intervention of the state and more likely to trigger structural change. The other is the flexibility or market driven model which is based on part-time work and homeworking strategies. They target women&amp / #8223 / s participation in the labor market without necessarily leading to any change in the gender divisionof labor. The effectiveness of these strategies is analyzed within a feminist jurisprudence method. While the focus is on the international framework, including the EU Member States, the specific case of Turkey is also considered. Given Turkey&amp / #8223 / s socio-economic particularities, childcare largely depends on kinship relations and social policies regulating women&amp / #8223 / s labor market participation are market driven. The data shows that women in Turkey do not equally enjoy their economic and social rights. Therefore, by examining the international framework for right to reconcile work and family responsibilities, it is hoped that a case can be made to call on Turkey to abide by its international obligations to grant this right.

v anglickém jazyce Family policy in the Czech Republic and services of childcare for children of pre-school age This master's degree thesis deals with family policy, in particular with the institutional provisions of childcare services for children of pre-school age, their legislative framework and potential future development. The goal is to find out whether the current legislation of childcare services sufficiently reflects the needs of parents, given demographic developments and the existing socio-cultural and economic context. The first chapter characterizes the current context of family policy in the Czech Republic: We are experiencing rising fertility rates, while people realize parenthood at later stages of their lives. In addition, opinion polls show that 50% of families desire an egalitarian family model with an equal distribution of childcare responsibilities between both parents, thus allowing for the professional development of each. In reality, however, women usually lower their professional ambitions and stay at home taking care of the children. The second chapter suggests that the discrepancy between the desired and the actually practiced family model is a result of existing family policies in the Czech Republic, which prefer the model of the father as the breadwinner and the mother...

Diploma thesis "Služby péče o předškolní děti v České republice jako nástroj úspěšného slaďování práce a rodiny" evaluates the current system of pre-school childcare services in the Czech Republic as a tool for a successful reconciling work and family and tries to recommend particular steps that would contribute to improve the functioning of the system in the future. Within the current system evaluation, on the one hand, the aspects, which contribute to the functionality of the system were identified, but on the other hand, some of the deficiencies which may limit the functionality of the system were detected. Afterwards, the study devoted to the shortcomings in detail and to detecting their causes, which allow to think about the next steps in the future. To develop a new conception of family policy with the aim of removing shortcomings of the current system is presented as the main recommendations for the future. When working on a new concept, a discussion among all the actors who play the role in the current system of pre- school childcare services should take place, the recommendations of supra- national and international bodies and non-profit organizations should be taken into account and inspiration for specific measures should be taken from examples of good practice from abroad.