Le département des Landes correspondant actuellement au diocèse d'Aire et de Dax, est constitué par le regroupement des anciens diocèses d'Aire et de Dax augmentés de portions de ceux d'Auch, Bazas et Bordeaux. Les édifices religieux de ce département sont fortifiés au cours de la période s'échelonnant du début du conflit franco-anglais, à la fin du XIIIe siècle, puis pendant la guerre de Cent Ans, et, pour certains, jusqu'au milieu du XVIe siècle. La grande majorité d'entre-eux sont de modestes églises destinées à la défense des populations des villages dans une région marquée par la relative rareté des châteaux. Elles sont fortifiées de façon quelquefois très élaborée et souvent très sommaire. Elles sont particulièrement éprouvées lors des guerres de Religion, période pendant laquelle elles sont presque toutes pillées, souvent incendiées et détruites au niveau de leur voûtement. Leur inventaire dans ce département est constitué de plus de soixante-quinze églises. Soixante-huit d'entre-elles font l'objet d'une notice détaillée, avec plan, historique, description architecturale, photos, relevés, description et analyse des fortifications. D'autres édifices religieux des Landes, et certains appartenant à des départements différents, ayant un rapport direct avec ce sujet, sont également mentionnés. Cette recherche a permis de révéler la grande quantité et la diversité des églises fortifiées de cette région et leurs différents modes de mise en défense. Elle a également mis en évidence un type particulier et rare de fortification constitué par des façades ou des porches semi-circulaires édifiés dans la seconde moitié du XVe siècle ou au début du XVIe siècle. L'étude comparative de ces constructions semi-circulaires de façade, à usage militaire, avec les églises à contre-abside, à usage liturgique, existant encore dans les Landes et en Aquitaine, a été faite afin de bien distinguer les deux types d'édifices. / The Landes currently corresponding to the diocese of Aire and Dax, is formed by the combination of the former dioceses of Aire and Dax plus those portions of Auch, Bazas and Bordeaux. Religious buildings of this department are strengthened during the period from the beginning of the Anglo-French conflict in the late thirteenth century, and during the Hundred Years War, and for some, until the mid-sixteenth century. The vast majority of them are small churches for the defense of the village population in a region marked by the relative scarcity of castles. They are fortified so sometimes very elaborate and often very brief. They are particularly affected during the Wars of Religion, during which they are almost all looted, burned and destroyed often in their vault. Their inventory in this department consists of more than seventy-five churches. Sixty-eight of them are subject to detailed instructions, with plan, historical, architectural description, photos, statements, description and analysis of fortifications. Other religious buildings in the Landes, and some belonging to different departments, having a direct bearing on this subject are also mentioned. This research revealed the large amount and variety of fortified churches in this region and their different modes of defense. She also highlighted a particular and rare fortification consists of facades or semicircular porches built in the second half of the fifteenth century or early sixteenth century. The comparative study of these constructions semicircular facade for military use, with the churches against the apse, in liturgical use, still existing in the Landes and Aquitaine, was made to distinguish between the two types of buildings.

Varje år slänger svensken 74 kilo mat per person. För att förstå vad och varför vi slänger mat gick jag igenom vad ett hyreshus slänger i soprummet. Bland den slängda maten kunde jag se att de boende äter mycket ägg och tillsammans med de boende bestämde vi oss för att dem skulle testa att bli hönsägare. I mitt designarbete har jag designat ett modulärt hönshus och ett driftsystem för att de boende i hyreshuset tillsammans ska ta hand om höns och ge sina matrester till hönorna. Jag har undersökt vad de boende behöver för skapa gemenskap kring huset och på bäst sätt sköta driften. Med insikter från denna prototyp designade ytterligare ett modulärt hönshus, denna gång matas hönsen på Konstfack med Konstfacks restaurangs matrester. Jag kallar projektet ”The urban hens” och vill med detta projekt skapa en social mötesplats och verka för en mer cirkulär matekonomi som kan öka förståelse för matens värde.

Tritrpticina (TRP3) é um peptídeo antimicrobiano com 13 resíduos de amino ácidos com três Ws sequenciais. Com o objetivo de contribuir para a compreensão de seu mecanismo de ação, realizaram-se estudos funcionais e conformacionais da TRP3 e de dois análogos onde um (WLW) ou dois (LWL) W foram substituídos por L. Os peptídeos foram igualmente ativos contra bactérias Gram positivas e negativas. Sua atividade hemolítica requereu concentrações maiores, diminuindo na ordem TRP3>WLW>LWL. Os peptídeos permeabilizaram membranas modelo de E. coli ou contendo fosfolipídios carregados negativamente. Espectros de CD sugeriram que os peptídeos adquirem diferentes conformações ao se ligarem a bicamadas e micelas. Estudos de fluorescência mostraram que a ligação a membranas decresce na ordem: TRP3>WLW>LWL e que os peptídeos se localizam próximos à interface membrana-água. Espectros de RPE de marcadores de spin lipídicos indicaram que a ligação dos peptídeos altera a organização dos lipídios, aumentando o empacotamento molecular / Tritrpticin (TRP3) is a 13-residue antimicrobial peptide that contains three sequential Ws. With the aim of contributing to the understanding of its mechanism of action, functional and conformational studies were performed with TRP3 and two of its analogues where one (WLW) or two (LWL) of the W were replaced by L. The peptides were equally active against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Higher concentrations were required for hemolytic activity which varied in the order: TRP3>WLW>LWL. The peptides permeabilized membranes model membranes mimicking E. coli\'s lipid composition or containing different negatively charged phospholipids. CD spectra suggested the peptides acquired different conformations upon binding to bilayers or micelles. Fluorescence studies showed that membrane binding decreases in the order: TRP3>WLW>LWL and that the peptides are located close to the water-membrane interface. EPR spectra of lipid spin labels indicated that peptide binding alter lipid organization, increasing molecular packing

En quoi les business models circulaires, fondés sur des activités de réutilisation et de recyclage organisées collectivement, permettent-ils aux entreprises de créer et capter de la valeur de manière pérenne ? Cette question, au cœur des préoccupations des entreprises et des décideurs publics, demeure émergente en stratégie. Afin d’y répondre, ce manuscrit rapporte cinq cas d’intervention sur de tels business models opérés par le constructeur Renault, dont l’analyse est resituée dans le cadre plus large des évolutions qu’a connu la fin de vie automobile ces dernières décennies. Au terme de ce travail, nous proposons une analyse fine de l’émergence et de la montée en puissance de BM circulaires pérennes dans des entreprises établies en tant que processus instrumenté d’action collective. Nous montrons ainsi que la concrétisation de leurs potentiels de valeur se fonde sur une activité collective méconnue – l’ingénierie de filière – qui vise à structurer de nouveaux marchés, réseaux et chaînes de valeur. / To what extent can reuse and recycling circular business models create and capture value in the long run? This question, which constitutes a major concern for firms and public actors, remains understudied in Strategy. In order to answer this question, this thesis highlights five cases of collaborative research on such business models conducted within the car manufacturer Renault, which are put into perspective within the larger context of the evolution automotive end-of-life experienced over last decades. At the end of this study, we propose a close analysis of circular business models emergence and up-scaling, which we picture as an instrumented collective action process. Thus, we show that the concretization of their value potentials rests upon a collective activity, we call industry engineering, which aims at structuring new value chains and value networks.

Las industrias colaboran con la degradación gradual del planeta y la industria hotelera no está exenta de ello. Por ello, se observan algunos cambios de actitud y políticas por parte del sector hotelero con respecto a su impacto ambiental; sin embargo, aún no existe un plan específico de acción que dirija a los hoteles a desarrollar una gestión sostenible. Actualmente, el sector hotelero mantiene un modelo económico lineal basado en usar y desechar; el cual se plantea reemplazar por uno circular que permite utilizar y optimizar los recursos evitando dejar residuos y/o desperdiciarlos aportando valor a la empresa y a su entorno para poder alcanzar la sostenibilidad. Esta investigación busca detallar a profundidad la realidad acerca del enfoque de la economía circular y su aplicación en la hotelería a nivel mundial para su posible implementación en los hoteles en Perú. Se empleó la metodología de revisión bibliográfica descriptiva y evaluativa partiendo de fuentes académicas como artículos científicos, tesis, entre otros; teniendo en cuenta las fechas de publicación del 2015 al 2020 con respecto a la economía circular y su aplicación en el sector hotelero a nivel mundial. A partir de ello se identifica que el sector hotelero mundial actualmente no utiliza el enfoque de la economía circular y en el sector hotelero peruano aún no se realiza mucha investigación sobre esta temática por lo cual se requiere ampliarla y realizar la respectiva experimentación que proporcione argumentos a favor o en contra de implementar la economía circular. / Industries collaborate with the gradual degradation of the planet and the hotel industry is not exempt from it. Therefore, there are some changes in attitude and policies on the part of the hotel sector regarding its environmental impact; however, there is still no specific action plan that directs hotels to develop sustainable management. Currently, the hotel sector maintains a linear economic model based on use and discard; which is proposed to replace by a circular one that allows to use and optimize resources avoiding leaving waste and / or wasting them, adding value to the company and its environment in order to achieve sustainability. This research seeks to detail a depth of reality about the circular economy approach and its application in the hotel industry worldwide for its possible implementation in hotels in Peru. The descriptive and evaluative bibliographic review methodology was used based on academic sources such as scientific articles, theses, among others; considering the publication dates from 2015 to 2020 regarding the circular economy and its application in the hotel sector worldwide. Based on this, it is identified that the world hotel sector does not currently use the circular economy approach and in the Peruvian hotel sector much research is not done on this issue yet, so it is necessary to expand it and carry out the respective experimentation that provides arguments to favor or against implementing the circular economy. / Trabajo de investigación

La agroindustria alimentaria es uno de los sectores que genera mayores impactos en el medio ambiente por el creciente consumo que tienen los diferentes países, sin embargo, teniendo en cuenta este impacto es que muchas empresas de este rubro han adoptado diferentes tipos de prácticas sustentables que minimicen riesgos ambientales, también les permite seguir operando en el negocio y a su vez logran un mejor posicionamiento en el mercado al tener productos de mejor calidad y ser preferidos por consumidores cada vez más exigentes y que opten por alternativas que apliquen cierto de grado de responsabilidad medio ambiental. Una de las áreas que requiere mayor atención en desarrollar prácticas sustentables en las agroindustrias es la cadena de suministro, en la cual los participantes involucrados en la misma se encuentren alineados con la sustentabilidad. La tecnología es fundamental en varias industrias del mundo, sin embargo, dentro de las empresas peruanas aún no está desarrollada para llevar a cabo ciertas actividades de sustentabilidad. Esta investigación tiene como principal propósito identificar los efectos que produce la sustentabilidad en las cadenas de suministro internacionales en la gestión de la agroindustria alimentaria en el Perú para que más empresas pudieran integrar estas acciones dentro de sus procesos y con ellos puedan tener todos los beneficios que proporciona una logística ecológica, favorecer sus negocios, ingresar a nuevos mercados e impactar positivamente con el cuidado del medio ambiente. / Food agribusiness is one of the economic sectors that generates the higher impacts on the environment due to the increasing of acquirement of different countries. However, considering this impact, many companies in this sector have adopted different types of sustainable practices that minimize environmental risks, it also allows them to continue operating in the business, and achieve a better position in the market, by having better quality products and being preferred by increasingly demanding consumers who opt for alternatives that apply a certain degree of environmental responsibility. One of the areas that requires more attention developing sustainable practices on agribusiness is supply chain, in which the participants must be involved and aligned with sustainability. Technology is fundamental in different world industries actions, however within Peruvian companies it is not yet developed to achieve certain sustainability activities. The main purpose of this research is to identify the sustainability effects that produce in international supply chains and in the management of the food agribusiness in Peru, so more companies could integrate these actions into their processes and have all the benefits that ecological logistics provide, optimizing their business, discover new markets and have a positive impact on environment care. / Tesis

Industrialization and globalization of companies has promoted fast, easy and profitable business solutions. A linear business model (LBM) is seen as the most common way to do business. However, recent studies have enlightened how LBMs are detrimental to the health and biological cycles of the earth and its inhabitants. To prevent this, circular business models (CBM) are being introduced as a feasible while still profitable solution. CBMs are defined by Oghaze & Mostaghel, (2018), as the “…rationale of how an organisation creates, delivers, and captures value with slowing, closing, or narrowing flows of the resource loops”, as they base their business on products and services designed to close or slowing the resource loops, decreasing the overall need of virgin resources.  However, to make these major changes in the current way of designing products and services has to be made, taking into consideration the change in design objectives from a linear to a circular model. Today, there are many circular design methods (DM) developed by academia to aid designers in designing sustainable products and services, however, the uptake of such DMs in the industry is quite low. Such a low level of uptake is often due to a poor fit between the DM and the context it is adopted in, which does not aid its seamless integration in existing processes.  Therefore, this research aims to identify DM characteristics that will aid industries to be adopted or adapted by companies transitioning towards CBMs. To do so, three research questions were developed: i) What are the most critical internal and external drivers in a company that enable the successful adoption of a circular design method?  ii) What are the contextual barriers that companies encounter when adopting or adapting circular design methods? iii) How can the design method adopted or adapted be evaluated to improve their implementation in a company? To answer these research questions, a survey was initially carried out, and subsequent interviews were conducted amongst participants of five different companies from various sectors and expertise. The survey and interviews were grounded in previous research concerning types of CBM and different types of barriers and drivers influencing the adoption of circular DMs.  The result from the survey indicates that the ability to make trade-offs when confronted with sustainability aspects, management commitment to a CBM, good communication and sharing of environmental knowledge, both through different departments and with external actors like suppliers, as well as allocating resources such as time, personnel, funds, and having clear business incentives are needed to promote the use of circular DMs. From the interviews, it was also found that barriers to the effective use of DMs are lack of environmental knowledge throughout the supply chain and wrong identification of actors in the supply chain as well as limited communication with external actors. Furthermore, the research revealed several characteristics of the DMs such as simplicity, flexibility and informativity need to be adapted to leverage and overcome the identified contextual drivers and barriers respectively, for their successful deployment within the companies.

Title: Magnetic circular dichroism and aromatic compounds Author: Petr Štěpánek Department/Institute: Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i. Supervisor: prof. RNDr. Petr Bouř, DSc., Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i. Abstract: The thesis presents a series of studies concerning magnetic circular dichroism (MCD), a spectroscopic method, which experienced an intense theo- retical development in the recent years. New computational codes opened possi- bilities to calculate MCD spectra of larger and more varied molecules than was possible in the past. In the presented studies, we took the advantage of the new computational codes to broaden the possible span of applications of the MCD technique. As an example, we present MCD as a method useful for obtaining information about the structure of fullerenes. We also studied the influence of the molecular conformation and the explicit and implicit solvent models on the MCD spectra of aromatic amino acids using the newly implemented alterna- tive computational protocol based on sum-over-states calculations. We have also theoretically predicted spectra of the nuclear spin circular dichroism (NSCD), a potential new high-resolution spectroscopy. Keywords: magnetic circular dichroism, quantum-chemical calculations, density...

abstract: This thesis intends to help inform American Indian nations’ decision making related to housing. The study recognizes the urgent need for housing solutions that fit the needs of a community as well as benefit the overall ecosystem. One model that can offer guidance is the Circular Economy (CE) model. A well-thought-out CE process can provide housing solutions that are economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable. It also stimulates the local economy by strategically introducing positive changes. This research identifies the construction potential of available circular materials as compared to more contemporary building materials. It then recommends a closed-loop circular model that utilizes the community’s existing infrastructure to develop affordable housing. The proposed CE model operates within the built environment, stimulating local employment while catering to the needs of the residents. Such an approach can prove to be beneficial for the local community and perhaps scalable to the global economy. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Construction Management 2020

The circular economy and its implications on businesses have been an area of interest for researchers and firms alike. The transition has been a rough one, but many firms are moving towards sustainable practices these days, if not circular.  One of the major challenges that lie within the circular economy and circular business models is that there is very little or partial understanding of how value can be created for a customer within this realm. Moreover, complications arise when fragmented elements drive the idea behind customer value creation in a circular business model setting.     Therefore, in order to study and understand more about this concept, we performed qualitative case-study research with the help of a Swedish start-up. Our interviews included 7 actors: 2 from the case company, and 5 of their customers. An established customer value creation framework was adopted to analyze and compare with the findings from our study. This framework consists of 4 components, Functional/Instrumental value, Experiential/Hedonic Value, Cost/Sacrifice value, and Symbolic/Expressive value. Keeping this framework as the foundation for our study and by using thematic analysis, the empirical data collected was analyzed and changed to categories, initial codes, and final codes which has overarching themes from the framework used.   Firstly, the findings of the study indicate that there were a lot of similarities and differences between the opinions of the firm for value proposition and the opinion of the customers for value creation. Secondly, it indicates that each element has a unique contribution to the overall phenomenon of customer value and finally it indicates the importance for companies to focus on each element individually. We highlight in our study how each element in the framework is connected to the drivers of satisfaction to generate customer satisfaction.