Orientador: Jorg Kobarg / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T15:19:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moura_PatriciaRibeirode_D.pdf: 30024723 bytes, checksum: 2ccab093b151640dcfa12bf976450ad6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A infecção crônica pelo vírus da hepatite B (HBV) é uma das causas do desenvolvimento do câncer de fígado. O genoma do HBV codifica a onco-proteína HBx, uma proteína multi-funcional de 17 kDa que possui 10 resíduos de cisteína, e que está relacionada com a indução do câncer de fígado em camundongos transgênicos para HBx. Apesar de não ter uma função definida, sabe-se que a proteína HBx é um potente trans-ativador transcricional, ativando a transcrição de muitos promotores virais e celulares através de interações proteína-proteína, uma vez que HBx não interage diretamente com o DNA de fita dupla. Desta forma, HBx pode afetar a replicação e proliferação virais, e interferir nos processos celulares de apoptose e carcinogênese. Neste trabalho, a proteína HBx foi expressa em E. coli, em fusão com a proteína GST ou com a cauda de poli-histidina, e utilizada em ensaios funcionais e estruturais. Através de ensaios de retardamento da mobilidade eletroforética e UV cross-linking, observou-se que a proteína HBx possui uma afinidade maior pelos oligonucleotídeos de RNA ricos em bases "A", "V" e "AV", com tamanho superior a 21-mer, e que os resíduos de cisteína não interferiram na ligação da HBx com o oligonucleotídeo de RNA AV-38. A ausência dos resíduos de eisteína da proteína HBx também não interferiu na ativação do promotor alvo para a proteína p53, em sistema de mono-híbrido em levedura, nem tampouco na interação in vitro da HBx com a proteína humana p53, o que foi confirmado através de um ensaio de co-precipitação. Em cultura de células HeLa, a proteína HBx causou um aumento do crescimento celular e uma leve uma estabilização dos mRNAs dos proto-oncogenes c-fos e c-myc, como mostraram os ensaios de cinética de degradação de mRNAs, e esta estabilização poderia contribuir para o fenótipo transformador da onco-proteína HBx. Os experimentos de dicroísmo circular e de fluorescência mostraram que a proteína HBx encontrava-se parcialmente estruturada em solução aquosa, mas apresentou uma tendência à estruturação sob determinadas condições experimentais, o que poderia ser uma conseqüência de uma provável flexibilidade conformacional inerente à proteína HBx. Vma estrutura flexível poderia explicar as interações observadas entre a HBx e uma variedade de proteínas celulares e ácidos nucléicos de fita simples, de modo que a proteína HBx poderia interferir nos processos de sinalização, transcrição, apoptose e nos mecanismos de reparo de DNA, que levariam ao desenvolvimento do câncer de fígado / Abstract: Chronic infection of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the causes leading to liver cancer. The HBV genome encodes the 17 kDa onco-protein HBx, a multi-functional protein that contains 10 cysteine residues and is related to induce liver cancer in transgenic mice. The exact function of HBx is still unknown. However, it has been shown that HBx is a potent trans-activator, which activates transcription of many cellular and viral promoters indirecdy through protein-protein interactions, although it does not bind to double-stranded DNA direcdy. Besides, the HBx protein can affect viral replication and proliferation, and it interferes with cellular apoptosis and carcinogenesis. In this work, the recombinant HBx protein was expressed in E. coli as a GST or 6xHis fusion protein, and used in functional and structural assays. By Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay and UV cross-linking assays, it was observed that the HBx protein was able to bind to the "A", "V" and "AV" rich RNA oligonucleotides, and that the cysteine residues of the HBx protein were not required for its binding to the AV-rich RNA oligonucleotide (AV-38). The lack of cysteine residues in the HBx protein did not interfere with the pS3 promoter activation in the yeast one-hybrid system, or neither in the in vitro interaction through a co-precipitation assay of the HBx and human p53 protein. In HeLa cells, the HBx protein increased the cellular growth and caused a slight c-fos and c-myc mRNA stabilization. This mRNA stabilization could contribute for the transforming character of the onco-protein HBx. Both the circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopic assays had shown that the HBx protein was partially structured in aqueous solution, but the protein presented a propensity to gain secondary structure under specific experimental conditions. The HBx inherent conformational flexibility might explain its interaction with a wide array of cellular proteins and single-stranded nucleic acids, in a way that the HBx protein interferes with signaling cellular processes, modulates transcription, apoptosis and DNA repair, and contributes to the development of the liver cancer / Doutorado / Bioquimica / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Le domaine général de cette thèse est l’étude des procédés physico-chimiques impliqués dans le développement du cancer et/ou leurs thérapies. La première partie est consacrée à la caractérisation des interactions mises en jeu lors de l’association de complexes du ruthénium avec la macromolécule d’ADN. La caractérisation expérimentale de cet équilibre est faite par des manipulations d’absorption UV-visible et de dichroïsme circulaire. Une méthode d’analyse originale est utilisée pour arriver à mettre en évidence la présence simultanée de deux modes d’associations. Un modèle à deux équilibres traduisant convenablement ces observations et permettant d’identifier les deux modes d’association est alors proposé. La deuxième partie constitue un travail préliminaire à l’étude des mouvements cellulaires sur un substrat mou. Des caractérisations du comportement des cellules en fonction de la rigidité de leur substrat a pu être mis en évidence et donnent des résultats similaires à la littérature. / The general area of this thesis is the study of physico-chemical processes involved in can- cer development and / or their therapies. The first part is devoted to the characterization of the interactions involved in the association of ruthenium complexes with the DNA macromolecule. Experimental characterization of this equilibrium is made by UV-visible absorption and circular dichroism experiments. An original method of analysis is used to highlight the simultaneous presence of two association modes. A two equilibria model fits correctly the experimental data and permits the identification of these two association modes. The second part is a preliminar work about cell movements on a soft substrate. Characterizations of cell behavior depending on the substrate rigidity has been highlighted and give similar results in the literature.

De nombreux phénomènes physiques ne peuvent être compris qu'en s'intéressant à la structure électronique. Cette dernière peut être interprétée en termes de propriétés électromagnétiques, chacune de ces propriétés révélant diverses informations sur le système étudié. Il est donc important d'avoir des outils efficaces afin de calculer de telles propriétés. C'est dans ce contexte que cette thèse a été écrite, notre principal objectif ayant été de développer une méthode générale donnant accès à une vaste gamme de propriétés électromagnétiques. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous décrivons le socle théorique au sein duquel nous travaillons, en particulier la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité de courant dépendante du temps (TDCDFT), qui est une approche qui permet de décrire la réponse du système à un champ magnétique. La seconde partie est consacrée à la méthode que nous avons mise au point pour calculer diverses propriétés magnétiques en préservant l'invariance de jauge. Nous démontrons en particulier qu'en utilisant une simple règle de somme, il est possible de placer les courants diamagnétique et paramagnétique sur un pied d'égalité, évitant par là même les écueils habituels intrinsèques au calcul de propriétés magnétiques, comme la dépendance en l'origine de la jauge du vecteur potentiel. Nous illustrons notre méthode en l'appliquant notamment au calcul de la magnétisabilité et du dichroïsme circulaire, qui est une propriété possédant d'importantes applications pratiques, notamment en biologie. Dans la dernière partie, plus exploratoire, nous tentons d'étendre notre formalisme aux systèmes périodiques. Nous y discutons plusieurs stratégies afin de calculer l'aimantation dans des systèmes décrits par des conditions aux limites périodiques. / Various phenomena of matter can only be understood by probing its electronic structure. The latter can be interpreted in terms of electromagnetic properties, each property revealing a different piece of information. Having a reliable method to calculate such properties is thus of great importance. This thesis is to be regarded in this context. Our main goal was to develop a general method that gives access to a wide variety of electromagnetic properties. In the first part of this thesis, we describe the theoretical background with which we work, and in particular time-dependent current-density-functional theory (TDCDFT), which is a density-functional approach that can describe the response due to a magnetic field. The second part is dedicated to the method we developed in order to calculate various magnetic properties in a gauge-invariant manner. In particular, we show that by using a simple sum rule, we can put the diamagnetic and paramagnetic currents on equal footing. We thus avoid the usual problems that arise when calculating magnetic properties, such as the dependence on the gauge origin of the vector potential. We illustrate our method by applying it to the calculation of magnetizabilities and circular dichroism, which has important applications, notably in biology. In the last part, which is more explorative, we aim at extending our formalism to periodic systems. We discuss several strategies to calculate magnetization in systems described with periodic boundary conditions.

Le rayonnement UV solaire induit des modifications de la structure chimique des bases nucléiques de l'ADN essentiellement au niveau de site dipyrimidinique et conduit principalement à la formation des adduits cyclobutanique et (6-4). Ces adduits sont impliqués dans le photovieillisement et le cancer cutané. Les adduits (6-4) sont potentiellement les plus dangereux en raison de leurs propriétés mutagènes intrinsèques.La conformation de l'ADN représente l'un des facteurs gouvernant la formation de l'adduit (6-4). Afin, d'identifier les paramètres structuraux favorisant sa formation, des analogues du dinucléotide de thymine, de conformation choisie, ont été synthétisés. Les modifications chimiques apportées au sein des dinucléotodes ont permis de déplacer l'équilibre conformationnel Nord/Sud du désoxyribose de la thymidine, vers une conformation majoritaire souhaitée. Une analyse structurale par dichroïsme circulaire et une étude préliminaire de photoréactivité ont été réalisées sur ces dinucléotides modifiés. Les résultats obtenus révèlent l'implication de formes minoritaires empilées de ces dinucléotides dans la formation de l'adduit (6-4). De plus, l'étude photochimique montre que l'augmentation de conformères Nord et Sud du dinucléotide aux extrémités 5' et 3', respectivement, favorise la formation de l'adduit (6-4). Cependant, une conformation totalement contrainte Nord et Sud aux extrémités 5' et 3', respectivement, défavorise sa formation.Ces résultats ont permis d'identifier une conformation augmentant le rendement de formation de l'adduit (6-4) et permettront de concevoir de nouveaux modèles conduisant à la formation exclusive de ces adduits. Ces modèles pourront être utilisés en biologie en vue d'applications thérapeutiques ou comme outil en biophysique afin d'élucider le mécanisme de formation de cet adduit. / Exposure of DNA to solar UV light induces chemical modifications on its nucleic bases that are responsible for photoaging and skin cancer. Two major DNA photoproducts class exist: cyclobutane and (6-4) adducts. The latter is intrinsically more mutagenic than the cyclobutane adduct and therefore potentially more dangerous.DNA conformational parameters influence (6-4) adducts formation. To identify structural factors governing (6-4) adduct formation; we synthesized dinucleotides endowed with a specific conformation. Nucleoside moieties exist in a dynamic equilibrium between North and South conformation. Nucleoside conformational changes have been introduced by chemical modifications to obtain desired conformations. Then a structural study by circular dichroism correlated with photochemical study was done. It showed that minor stacked conformers promote (6-4) adduct formation. Moreover, the photochemical study reveals that the increase of North and South conformers at the 5' and 3' end, respectively, increased (6-4) adduct formation but a locked dinucleotide almost precluded (6-4) adduct formation. This result helps to design new models favoring (6-4) adduct formation. Understanding the conformational parameters that govern (6-4) adduct formation will facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies and the elucidation of the (6-4) adducts formation mechanism.

Tritrpticina (TRP3) é um peptídeo antimicrobiano com 13 resíduos de amino ácidos com três Ws sequenciais. Com o objetivo de contribuir para a compreensão de seu mecanismo de ação, realizaram-se estudos funcionais e conformacionais da TRP3 e de dois análogos onde um (WLW) ou dois (LWL) W foram substituídos por L. Os peptídeos foram igualmente ativos contra bactérias Gram positivas e negativas. Sua atividade hemolítica requereu concentrações maiores, diminuindo na ordem TRP3>WLW>LWL. Os peptídeos permeabilizaram membranas modelo de E. coli ou contendo fosfolipídios carregados negativamente. Espectros de CD sugeriram que os peptídeos adquirem diferentes conformações ao se ligarem a bicamadas e micelas. Estudos de fluorescência mostraram que a ligação a membranas decresce na ordem: TRP3>WLW>LWL e que os peptídeos se localizam próximos à interface membrana-água. Espectros de RPE de marcadores de spin lipídicos indicaram que a ligação dos peptídeos altera a organização dos lipídios, aumentando o empacotamento molecular / Tritrpticin (TRP3) is a 13-residue antimicrobial peptide that contains three sequential Ws. With the aim of contributing to the understanding of its mechanism of action, functional and conformational studies were performed with TRP3 and two of its analogues where one (WLW) or two (LWL) of the W were replaced by L. The peptides were equally active against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Higher concentrations were required for hemolytic activity which varied in the order: TRP3>WLW>LWL. The peptides permeabilized membranes model membranes mimicking E. coli\'s lipid composition or containing different negatively charged phospholipids. CD spectra suggested the peptides acquired different conformations upon binding to bilayers or micelles. Fluorescence studies showed that membrane binding decreases in the order: TRP3>WLW>LWL and that the peptides are located close to the water-membrane interface. EPR spectra of lipid spin labels indicated that peptide binding alter lipid organization, increasing molecular packing

Dans le but de rechercher de nouveaux inhibiteurs de l’ARN polymérase NS5 du virus de la dengue (DENV), un criblage a été mené sur 650 plantes néo-calédoniennes. A la suite de ce criblage, deux espèces (Cryptocarya chartacea Kostermans et Trigonostemon cherrieri Veillon) ont été sélectionnées. L’extrait AcOEt des écorces de Cryptocarya chartacea (Lauraceae) a montré une forte inhibition de la NS5 polymérase (99 % à 10 µg/ml). L’étude phytochimique de l’extrait a mis en évidence une série de nouvelles flavanones 6-mono et 6,8-dialkylées, nommées chartacéones. Celles-ci sont présentes sous forme de mélanges racémiques au sein de C. chartacea. La chartacéone A a été purifiée sur colonne chirale conduisant à l’isolement de quatre diastéréoisomères optiquement purs. Une étude configurationnelle basée sur le calcul théorique de spectres de dichroïsme circulaire a permis la détermination de leur configuration absolue. Les chartacéones inhibent de façon sélective la NS5 polymérase du DENV. L’étude des extraits AcOEt des écorces et du bois de Trigonostemon cherrieri (Euphorbiaceae) a mis en évidence une série de métabolites secondaires originaux de type Diterpènes Daphnane Orthoester (DDO) chlorés : les trigocherrines (non-macrocycliques) et les trigocherriolides (macrocycliques). Ces composés ont montré une inhibition de l’activité enzymatique de la NS5 polymérase du DENV et une activité antivirale sur le virus du chikungunya in cellulo. / In order to identify new inhibitors of the dengue virus (DENV) NS5 RNA polymerase, a screening was led on 650 new-caledonian plants. Two species, Cryptocarya chartacea Kostermans and Trigonostemon cherrieri Veillon were selected. The EtOAc bark extract of Cryptocarya chartacea (Lauraceae) showed a potent inhibition of the NS5 polymerase activity (99 % at 10 µg/ml). The phytochemical study of the extract led to the isolation of a series of new 6-mono and 6,8-dialkylated flavanones, called chartaceones. Chartaceones are present as racemic mixtures in the plant. Chartaceone A was purified on chiral column leading to the isolation of 4 optically pure diastereoisomers. A configurational study based on the theoretical calculation of circular dichroism spectra allowed the determination of their absolute configuration. Chartaceone are selective inhibitors of the DENV NS5 polymerase. The study of the EtOAc extract from the bark and wood of Trigonostemon cherrieri (Euphorbiaceae) led to the isolation of a series of unusual chlorinated daphnane diterpene orthoesters (DDO) : trigocherrins (non macrocylic) and trigocherriolides (macrocyclic). These compounds inhibit the DENV NS5 polymerase activity and present an antiviral activity on the chikungunya virus in cellulo.

Ce travail est consacré à l’étude des effets de chiralité dans des dipeptides cycliques construits sur un cycle dikétopiperazine (DKP) et comportant deux résidus de chiralités identiques ou opposées, LL et LD. Les mêmes systèmes sont étudiés dans différents environnements par spectroscopie optique couplée à des calculs de chimie quantique. Les molécules neutres sont isolées et refroidies en jet supersonique et caractérisées par spectroscopie laser UV et IR sélective en conformère. La structure des systèmes protonés, isolés dans un spectromètre de masse ICR, est déterminée par spectroscopie de dissociation induite par absorption de multiples photons IR. Enfin, le dichroïsme circulaire vibrationnel (VCD) est appliqué aux échantillons en phase solide. Les systèmes étudiés comportent un résidu aromatique tyrosine (cyclo Tyr-Pro) ou phénylalanine (cyclo Phe-Phe et Phe-His). Le diastéréomère LD est en général moins stable et plus flexible que LL, et ils ne diffèrent structurellement que par des interactions faibles de type NH…π ou CH…π. Le conformère le plus stable correspond en général à une structure où le chromophore aromatique est replié sur le cycle peptidique, l’autre partie étant étendue. Un effet très important de la chiralité est observé dans certains dimères protonés. Enfin, les expériences de VCD en phase condensée montrent que la phase cristalline de cyclo LPhe-DPhe formée par déshydratation du dipeptide linéaire en phase solide est chirale à cause de la synchronisation des chiralités transitoires des monomères. / This work focuses on the study of chirality effects on the structure of cyclic dipeptides built on a diketopiperazine (DKP) ring with residues of identical (LL) or opposite (LD) chirality. The same systems are studied in different environments by means of optical spectroscopy coupled to quantum chemical calculations. The neutral molecules are isolated and cooled down to a few K in a supersonic expansion and characterized by UV and conformer-specific IR laser spectroscopy. The structure of the protonated systems, isolated in an ICR mass spectrometer, is determined by infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy. Last, vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) is applied to the solid-state samples.The studied systems possess an aromatic residue, either tyrosine (cyclo Tyr-Pro) or phenylalanine (cyclo Phe-Phe and Phe-His). The LD diastereomer is in most of the cases less stable and more flexible than LL. LL and LD differ from each other by weak interactions like NH…π or CH…π interactions. The most stable conformer usually corresponds to a structure with the aromatic chromophore folded over the DKP ring, the other part being extended. A dramatic effect of chirality is observed for some of the protonated dimers. Last, VCD experiments in the condensed phase show that the crystal phase of LPhe-DPhe formed by solid-state dehydration of the linear dipeptide is chiral due to synchronization of the transient chirality of the monomers.

The thesis aims at the study of conformation of a dimethyl tartrate molecule using the methods of vibrational optical activity (VOA), namely vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) and Raman optical activity (ROA). Based on the theoretical background of both VOA methods and current state of research of the studied molecule there was a sample of dimethyl tartrate dissolved in different solvents and its properties were measured using VCD and ROA spectrometers. In addition to the experiment, ab initio calculations were carried out in order to compare calculated and experimental spectra. Based on the comparison, the possible conformations present in water solution of the studied molecule are described in detail.

Lactobacillus kunkeei is the most common and dominant bacterium in the honey stomach of honeybees. L. kunkeei has been isolated from honeybees all over the world. Genome sequencing has identified 5 genes for exceptionally large proteins in the genome of L. kunkeei. These proteins do not show any similarity to sequences of proteins with a known structure. These giant proteins all have a conserved region of 60 amino acids in their C-terminus. This conservation led to the hypothesis that the C-terminal domains of the giant proteins are important for their function with possibly a role in the attachment to the cell wall. In this study, a total of eight different constructs were made for two of these giant proteins. The boundaries for the constructs were determined based on bioinformatic predictions. The eight constructs all have different start positions and all end at the very C-terminal end of the protein. These constructs were cloned into an expression vector. One of the full-length giant protein was cloned into an expression vector as well.  The C-terminal constructs and the full-length proteins were recombinantly produced in Escherichia coli. Expression of six C-terminal constructs was observed and an attempt was made to purify two of the C-terminal constructs. Expression of the full-length giant protein was observed as well and purification was attempted. Neither the C-terminal constructs nor the full-length giant protein could be purified at full length. The results for the C-terminal constructs show that no folded C-terminal domain has been found for the giant proteins. A purified protein construct of the N-terminal of one of the giant proteins was available. This protein was analyzed using biophysical techniques. Circular dichroism was used to test the thermal stability. The construct did not refold after being thermally denatured. Circular dichroism measurements indicated that the N-terminal construct is composed of a mixture of α-helices and ß-sheets. Small-angle X-ray scattering data indicated that the N-terminal construct had an elongated shape with knot-like parts. Protein crystals have been obtained for the N-terminal construct and these will be analyzed using X-ray diffraction.

Atoms change their optical properties drastically when combined into molecules or crystals. This becomes evident when comparing isolated carbon atoms with their solid-state polymorphs graphite and diamond. Plasmonic meta-surfaces adopt this concept to design the optical properties of thin films at will. In analogy to natural materials, the optical response of a meta-surface is dictated by the arrangement and plasmonic coupling (hybridization) of sub-wavelength metallic objects, so-called meta-atoms, rather than by the individual components. Although traditional direct writing approaches offer a high degree of freedom in design of nanostructures, reconfiguration of meta-atoms is usually limited. Especially their spatial rearrangement remains a huge challenge. Postfabrication tunability, however, would be crucial to advance device miniaturization and optical computing, by introducing dynamically tunable optics and optical switches. This thesis investigates colloidal assembly as a cost-efficient approach to fabricate meta-surfaces on cm²-areas whose optical properties can be tuned by geometrical reconfiguration. Hydrodynamic fields and topographical templates guide the deposition of colloidal nanoparticles with precise orientational and/or positional control. In the course of this work, the level of particle assembly complexity is successively increased to realize 1-, 2-, and 3-dimensional (1D, 2D, 3D) plasmonic assemblies. Strongly correlated with assembly geometry, different aspects of light are controllable. (I) 1D alignment of silver nanowires (AgNWs) produces differential transmission for linear polarization states (linear dichroism). (II) Single particles in a 2D square array interact coherently to produce a sharp, so-called surface lattice resonance (SLR). This effect confines strong electromagnetic fields in the lattice plane, which is promising for plasmonic lasing. (III) 3D chiral, cross-stacked particle chains control the transmission of circular polarization states (circular dichroism, CD). The unique advantages of colloidal assembly are demonstrated. (I) Spray coating allows rapid deposition of oriented AgNWs over large areas and is compatible with roll-to-roll processing. Employing wrinkle-structured receiver substrates, gradients of continuously varying linear dichroism are feasible in a single step. (II) Capillary assembly is able to realize ~1 nm inter-particle spacing, which is not achievable by conventional top-down lithographical methods. The small spacing enhances inter-particle plasmon coupling and boosts CD in cross-stacked, chiral particle chains, as presented in this thesis. (III) Such hierarchical and restackable, chiral structures make large volumes of superchiral fields accessible for ultrasensitive, enantioselective detection of analytes. This is in vast contrast to stacked nanobars produced via lithography where the most pronounced fields in the inter-layer gap are blocked by the presence of spacing layers. A central focus of this thesis is the postfabrication reconfiguration of the systems presented. This in-situ tunability is realized by elastic and reversibly stackable templates. (I) Uniaxial, mechanical strain converts the 2D square lattice into a rectangular one. This splits the SLR into two polarization-dependent modes whose resonance position is shifted reversibly when load is applied. (II) The cross-stacked, chiral particle chains are restackable. This allows adjustment of the stacking angle to tune CD magnitude and sign. (III) Reversible compression of this chiral stack induces a bending of the chains to shift the spectral position of CD modes. In a proof of concept, locally varying compression is shown to create a gradient of CD response as important step towards on-chip CD spectroscopy. Overall, this thesis (I) tests the limits of colloidal assembly by going from single-particle arrays to complex 3D arrangements; (II) explores geometrical reconfiguration of these plasmonic nanostructures to tune pronounced optical effects. The strategies presented herein can be extended to other colloidal particle shapes and materials. Moreover, the concepts of restackable meta-surfaces and local compression for tuning optical response open an intriguing playground and might inspire top-down approaches as well. / Atome ändern ihre optischen Eigenschaften drastisch, wenn sie sich zu Molekülen oder Kristallen vereinigen. Dies wird deutlich, wenn man isolierte Kohlenstoffatome mit ihren Festkörperpolymorphen Graphit und Diamant vergleicht. Plasmonische Meta-Oberflächen übernehmen dieses Konzept, um die optischen Eigenschaften dünner Schichten nach Belieben einzustellen. In Analogie zu natürlichen Materialien wird die optische Antwort einer Meta-Oberfläche durch die Anordnung und plasmonische Kopplung (Hybridisierung) metallischer Mikro- und Nano-Objekte, den sogenannten Meta-Atomen, bestimmt und kann sich stark von den Eigenschaften der Einzelkomponenten unterscheiden. Obwohl traditionelle Direktschreibverfahren ein hohes Maß an Gestaltungsfreiheit in der Nanostrukturierung bieten, ist die Rekonfiguration von Meta-Atomen in der Regel begrenzt. Vor allem ihre räumliche Neuordnung bleibt eine große Herausforderung. Eine Durchstimmbarkeit auch nach der Herstellung zu gewährleisten wäre jedoch entscheidend, um die Miniaturisierung von Geräten und die Realisierung optischer Computer—durch die Einführung dynamisch durchstimmbarer optischer Bauteile und optischer Schalter—voranzutreiben. Diese Dissertation untersucht kolloidale Assemblierung als kostengünstigen Ansatz zur Herstellung von Meta-Oberflächen im cm²-Maßstab, deren optische Eigenschaften durch geometrische Rekonfiguration durchgestimmt werden können. Hydrodynamische Felder und topographische Template steuern die Ablagerung kolloidaler Nanopartikel mit präziser Orientierungs- und/oder Positionskontrolle. Im Verlauf dieser Arbeit wird die Komplexität der Partikelanordnung sukzessive erhöht, um 1-, 2- und 3-dimensionale (1D, 2D, 3D), plasmonische Anordnungen zu realisieren. Eng verbunden mit der Anordnungsgeometrie können verschiedene Aspekte des Lichts gesteuert werden. (I) Die 1D-Ausrichtung von Silbernanodrähten ruft unterschiedliche Transmission für lineare Polarisationszustände hervor (linearer Dichroismus). (II) Einzelpartikel in einem quadratischen 2D-Kristall wechselwirken kohärent, was eine scharfe, sogenannte Oberflächengitterresonanz (surface lattice resonance) erzeugt. Dieser Effekt konzentriert starke elektromagnetische Felder in der Gitterebene, was ihn für plasmonische Laser interessant macht. (III) 3D-chirale, über Kreuz geschichtete Partikelketten beeinflussen die Transmission zirkularer Polarisationszustände (zirkularer Dichroismus). Die einzigartigen Vorzüge der kolloidalen Assemblierung werden aufgezeigt. (I) Die Sprühbeschichtung ermöglicht eine rasche Abscheidung orientierter Silbernanodrähte auf großen Flächen und lässt sich mit kontinuierlicher Fertigung (Rolle-zu-Rolle) verbinden. Mit Hilfe faltenstrukturierter Substrate können Gradienten mit kontinuierlich variierendem Lineardichroismus in einem einzigen Schritt erzeugt werden. (II) Partikelanordnung mittels Kapillarkräften ermöglicht Partikelabstände von ~1 nm, was mit herkömmlichen, lithographischen Methoden nicht erreichbar ist. Dieser geringe Abstand verbessert die Plasmonenkopplung zwischen den Partikeln und verstärkt den Zirkulardichroismus in gekreuzten, chiralen Partikelketten, wie in dieser Arbeit vorgestellt wird. (III) Solche hierarchischen und wiederholt stapelbaren, chiralen Strukturen machen große Volumina an superchiralen Feldern für Analytmoleküle zugänglich, was deren ultrasensitive, enantioselektive Detektion ermöglicht. Dies steht in starkem Gegensatz zu gestapelten, lithographisch hergestellten Nanostäbchen, bei denen die stärksten Felder im Zwischenschichtspalt durch die Anwesenheit von Abstandsschichten versperrt bleiben. Ein zentrales Thema dieser Arbeit ist die Rekonfiguration der vorgestellten Systeme im Anschluss an deren Fertigung. Diese in-situ-Durchstimmbarkeit wird durch elastische und reversibel stapelbare Template realisiert. (I) Mechanische Deformation entlang einer Achse überführt den quadratischen 2D-Kristall in einen rechteckigen. Dadurch wird die Oberflächengitterresonanz in zwei polarisationsabhängige Moden aufgespalten, deren Resonanzposition unter Krafteinwirkung reversibel verschoben wird. (II) Die über Kreuz gestapelten, chiralen Partikelketten sind wiederholt stapelbar. Dies ermöglicht die Anpassung des Stapelwinkels, um die Stärke und das Vorzeichen des Zirkulardichroismus einzustellen. (III) Reversible Kompression dieses chiralen Stapels verursacht ein Verbiegen der Ketten und verschiebt so die spektrale Position der zirkulardichroitischen Moden. In einer Machbarkeitsstudie konnte gezeigt werden, dass lokal variierende Kompression einen Gradienten des Zirkulardichroismus hervorruft. Dies stellt einen wichtigen Schritt in Richtung Ein-Chip-Spektroskopie dar. Diese Arbeit (I) lotet die Grenzen der kolloidalen Assemblierung aus, indem sie von Einzelpartikel-Anordnungen zu komplexen 3D-Arrangements übergeht; (II) untersucht die geometrische Rekonfiguration dieser plasmonischen Nanostrukturen, um ausgeprägte optische Effekte zu modulieren. Die hier vorgestellten Strategien können auf andere kolloidale Partikelformen und materialien übertragen werden. Darüber hinaus bereiten die Konzepte wiederholt stapelbarer Meta-Oberflächen und der lokalen Kompression zum Einstellen der optischen Eigenschaften eine faszinierende Spielwiese. Auch der Top-Down-Fertigung könnten diese Ansätze als Blaupause dienen.