Thesis (doctoral)--Heidelberg, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [388]-439).

What is the life of Kenyan women like? In Kenya, like many African countries, a deep paradox has been created. Kenyan women enjoy the benefits of modern life, yet their lives are largely determined by customary law. Although the majority of Kenyan women do not live in traditional society, they are still perceived within their traditional roles. Modern society has different requirements than the traditional ones, however only the segment of -self-confident and informed citizens are aware of their rights and are able to assert their rights. While women compose the majority of the Kenyan population (52%) and play an active role in the development of the whole society, Kenya still continues to remain a deep patriarchal society with a very low regard of the status of women. Women in Kenya are unequal and under-privileged in most areas of their lives. This situation is propounded by the current legal and political system, as well as by prevailing socio-cultural factors. The dissertation examines the different roles of the Kenyan woman - as a daughter, a wife and a mother. The main philosophical ideology which the African society is based upon is the continuation of life and keeping the patrilineal lineage where dead ancestors play the same role as children born to the family. It is presumed that women who play an...

This study explored the impact of cultural attrition on youth behaviour: A case of ulwaluko and intonjane cultural practices in Mthatha and Mount Frere areas, Eastern Cape, South Africa. The study endeavoured to achieve the following specific objectives: (i) to respectively examine youth perceptions of ulwaluko and intonjane cultural practices and their impact towards their behaviour; (ii) to establish different stakeholders’ perceptions on the link between current youth behaviours and attrition of ulwaluko and intonjane cultural practices; (iii) to explore the extent to which cultural attrition has impacted upon the cultural goal posts of both ulwaluko and intonjane practices; and (iv) to establish the effectiveness of policy environment designed to uphold cultural preservation, integrity, growth and development. The study was premised on theoretical lenses of anomie theory, socio-cultural theory, cultural imperialism theory, and cultural feminism theory. Methodologically, the study used both qualitative and quantitative paradigm and was thus guided by mixed research design which was case study and mini survey. The data was collected through in-depth one-on-one interviews, focus group discussions and key informants i n t h e qualitative aspect of the study. In addition, the quantitative data was gathered through distribution of questionnaires. The study used both non-probability and probability methods sample selection, specifically purposive sampling (for qualitative data) and cluster random sampling (for quantitative) techniques were used. Using these techniques, forty-two (42) participants were selected for qualitative interviews, and comprised of eighteen (18) young men and women of both gender divides. Moreover, nine (9) key informants were included in the qualitative data collection. Therefore, the total number of both participants and respondents was 105. Data was analysed qualitatively through thematic analysis, while descriptive statistics was used to analyse quantitative data through the use of SPSS software versions 24. The study revealed the following: a state of cultural crossroad for both intonjane and ulwaluko rites; cultural attrition is indeed a reality; culture incapable of holding their goal posts; modern era a huge driver to cultural attrition; unfriendly policies on cultures a driver to cultural attrition; human rights’ wave and advocacy aiding cultural attrition; political infiltration of cultures; human rights’ wave and advocacy aiding cultural attrition; and community forums as avenues of disseminating the benefits of cultural practices. Based on the evidence gathered in this study, the following recommendations are made: purposive use of mass media to promote indigenous cultures; community awareness in promoting and maintaining cultures; formulating cultural policies that embed stakeholders’ self-determination, and youth ownership and participation in cultural preservation. The study concludes that cultural practices such as ulwaluko and intonjane play a pivotal role in shaping young people’s behaviours and moral conducts. However, modernity forces and various omissions by stakeholders of these cultural practices have contributed to their attrition.

abstract: As a form of bodily modification, female circumcision has generated unprecedented debates across the medical community, social sciences disciplines, governmental/non-governmental agencies and activists and others. The various terminologies used to refer to it attest to differences in knowledge systems, perceptions, and lived experiences emerging from divergent cultures and ideologies. In the last two decades, these debates have evolved from a local matter to a global health concern and human rights issue, coinciding with the largest influx of African refugees to the Western nations. Various forms of female circumcision are reported in 28 countries in the African Continent; Somalia has one of the highest prevalence of female circumcision and the most severe type. The practice is antithetical to Western values and poses an ideological challenge to the construction of the normal body, its bodily processes and its existential being-in-the-world. From the global health perspectives, female circumcision is deemed to be a health hazard--especially during childbirth--though the scientific evidence is inconclusive from studies conducted in post-migration. Yet, Somali refugee women have higher childbearing disparities in host nations, including the U.S. They are also perceived as difficult patients and resistant to obstetrics interventions. Although their FGC status and "cultural" differences are often cited, there is a lack of adequate explanations as to why and how these factors shape patient-provider interactions and affect outcomes. The objectives of this dissertation study are to quantitatively and qualitatively explore these questions within and between Somali refugee women and their healthcare providers in Arizona. Two theoretical frameworks and methods--culture consensus and embodiment-- are applied to identify variations in childbearing knowledge and to explore how the cultural phenomenon of circumcision is subjectively and intersubjectively embodied in the context of childbearing. Culture consensus questionnaire (N=174) and ethnographic interviews (N=40) using phenomenology approach were conducted. Analyses suggest cross-cultural disagreement hinged on: faith in science versus God, pregnancy/childbirth interventions, language challenges, and control-resistance issues; intra-cultural disagreement underscores that Somalis are not culturally homogenous group. Preconceptions of female circumcision body as a cultural phenomenon has different and conflicting meanings that may adversely impact patient-provider interactions and outcomes. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Anthropology 2014

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-07-14T12:03:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 izabelapalitotdasilva.pdf: 946934 bytes, checksum: c94211cd82eaab21f97b5e10590dc44a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-19T14:30:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 izabelapalitotdasilva.pdf: 946934 bytes, checksum: c94211cd82eaab21f97b5e10590dc44a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-19T14:30:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 izabelapalitotdasilva.pdf: 946934 bytes, checksum: c94211cd82eaab21f97b5e10590dc44a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-30 / Introdução: O tratamento cirúrgico para fimose consiste na remoção do prepúcio que recobre a glande. Este é realizado utilizando-se a técnica clássica e a técnica com uso dispositivo plástico. Como a realização do procedimento implica em custo, cada vez mais crescente e com recursos escassos para a saúde pública este estudo objetivou identificar o custo final entre as técnicas de postectomia, avaliando e comparando a variação do consumo de insumos, do custo operacional e do custo relacionado às complicações no pós-operatório. Pacientes e métodos: Neste estudo prospectivo randomizado foram incluídos 56 meninos de 02 a 13 anos submetidos à postectomia clássica ou postectomia por dispositivo plástico. Os sujeitos do estudo foram divididos em dois grupos: técnica clássica (C) e dispositivo plástico (P) e foram acompanhados desde a admissão hospitalar até a alta ambulatorial no 60º dia de pós-operatório. A técnica anestésica foi padronizada e todos os pacientes foram submetidos à sedação inalatória e bloqueio do nervo dorsal do pênis. Foi identificado e avaliado todo o consumo de insumos (material e medicamento) no trans e pós-operatório imediato e tardio. Após, os dados foram contabilizados somando-se ás taxas hospitalares e à consulta ambulatorial. Resultados: O grupo é homogêneo quanto ao peso das crianças. O tempo empregado para a realização de postectomia no grupo C foi maior que o tempo para o grupo P (p= 0,001). Para o tempo de queda dos pontos da incisão cirúrgica e do dispositivo plástico não se observa diferença entre os grupos (p=0,605). O custo trans-operatório (ato cirúrgico e sala Recuperação Pós Anestésica) é maior no grupo P (R$316,0 ± 9,3) que no grupo C (R$310,4 ± 9,5) (p= 0,0005. Durante o pós-operatório tardio o custo de insumos (materiais e medicamentos) e consulta em ambulatório especializado de urologia pediátrica foi semelhante entre os grupos. Quando analisamos o custo total entre o grupo C (R$341,9 ± 9,5) e P (R$347,5 ± 9,2) observamos que o custo da postectomia por dispositivo plástico é significantemente maior (p = 0,0008). Não houve diferença entre o custo relacionado às complicações. Conclusão: As técnicas de postectomia clássica e por dispositivo plástico oferecem a mesma eficácia no tratamento da fimose. A postectomia clássica teve um custo menor, porém o gerenciamento de custos não deve levar em conta apenas o procedimento de menor valor, pois no caso da postectomia, a técnica de maior custo utiliza a sala cirúrgica por tempo menor, o que possibilita agendamento de maior número de procedimentos por sala, ou seja, maior otimização. / Introduction: The surgical treatment for phimosis can be done using various surgical techniques, including the dissections technique and the plastic device technique. As the procedure process implicated in costs ever increasing and less resource to the public health care system, this research aimed to identify and compare the final costs between the different circumcision techniques, evaluating and comparing the inputs` consumption variability, the operational expenses and the cost related to the post operation complication. Patients and methods: The research included 56 boys between 02 and 13 years of age that were randomly divided into 2 groups: Dissection circumcision (C) and plastic device circumcision (P). The children were observed since their hospital admission until discharge from the hospital and them until their discharge from urological follow-up (D60). The anesthetic technique was standardized and all subjects underwent inhalation sedation and dorsal nerve penile block). It was identified and assessed all input consumption (material and medicines) during surgery and postoperative time. Then, the data were calculated adding to the hospital taxes and day clinics. Results: The weight of the subjects was even between the groups. The time spent to perform circumcision on group C was longer than the time for the P group (p = 0.001). Time to surgical stitches break down and plastic device was not noted difference between the groups (p = 0.605). The trans-operative cost (surgery and anesthesia recovery room) was higher in group P (R $ 316.0 ± 9.3) than in group C (R $ 310.4 ± 9.5) (p = 0.0005). During the late postoperative period the cost of inputs (materials and medicines) and consultation in day clinic pediatric was similar between groups. The final cost was also higher in group P (R$347,5 ± 9,2) than group C (R$341,9 ± 9,5) (p = 0,0008). We found no differences in complication rates. Conclusion: The classical techniques of circumcision and plastic device offer the same efficacy in the treatment of phimosis. The surgery using plastic device is more expense, but the management of costs should not take into account only the procedure of lesser value because, in the case of circumcision, the more expensive surgery uses the operating room for a shorter time, allowing the schedule of more surgeries per operating room.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-03-29T18:02:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 andrenettobastos.pdf: 5066328 bytes, checksum: 5fa19bf9587471962ff6d52065ab0f21 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-03-30T11:23:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 andrenettobastos.pdf: 5066328 bytes, checksum: 5fa19bf9587471962ff6d52065ab0f21 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-30T11:23:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 andrenettobastos.pdf: 5066328 bytes, checksum: 5fa19bf9587471962ff6d52065ab0f21 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-09 / O objetivo do presente estudo é analisar e comparar os diferentes aspectos histológicos do prepúcio de crianças com hipospádia, com e sem aplicação prévia de testosterona, comparando com o de crianças postectomizados. O prepúcio de nove crianças postectomizadas (G1), 13 crianças com hipospádia sem uso de testosterona (G2) e 13 com hipospádia que fizeram aplicação tópica de propionato de testosterona a 1% por 30 dias (G3) foram incluídas no estudo. Avaliação histológica dos prepúcios para fibras colágenas foi feita com picrosírius, usado para avaliar densidade dessas fibras. Com o Tricrômio de Masson foi avaliada a homogeneidade das fibras colágenas e sua quantificação através do sistema de arcos ciclóides sobreposto a um sistema de vídeomicroscopia, onde obtive-se a densidade de superfície. Resorcina-fucsina de Weigert foi usada para avaliar a densidade e homogeneidade das fibras elásticas. Com o receptor de andrógeno avaliou-se o número e intensidade das células coradas. Fator de Von Willebrand foi usado para avaliar o número e densidade de volume dos vasos sanguíneos. O picrosírius, não mostrou diferenças entre os grupos estudados (p= 0,905). Com o Tricrômio de Masson, observamos que os pacientes tratados com testosterona (G3) apresentaram uma menor homogeneidade (p= 0,001) e menor densidade de superfície de fibras colágenas (0,3 ± 0,1 fibras colágenas) que aqueles não tratados (0,4 ± 0,1 fibras colágenas) (p< 0,001). As crianças postectomizadas apresentaram um padrão de distribuição de fibras elásticas mais denso (p= 0,003) e menos homogêneo (p= 0,008) que os demais grupos. A marcação para receptor de andrógeno foi maior nas crianças do G1 quando comparadas ao G3 (p=0,011). O prepúcios tratados com testosterona (G3) apresentaram aumento do valor numérico absoluto de vasos (8,5 ± 1,3 vasos/campo) (p< 0,001) e aumento da densidade de volume destes vasos (50,5% ± 7,8 vasos/ponto) quando comparados com o grupo não tratado (G2) (24,8% ± 8,6 vasos/ponto) (p< 0,001). O uso tópico de propionato de testosterona a 1% foi capaz de provocar neovascularização, em número absoluto e densidade de volume, e reduzir o tecido fibroso. Crianças tratadas apresentaram padrão de distribuição de fibras colágenas menos homogêneo próxima aos vasos o que sugere menor maturidade destas fibras com menos deposição de colágeno. / The goal of this study is to analyze the different histological features of the foreskins of children with hypospadia, that has and has not recieved application of testosterone cream, and compare them with circumcised patients. The foreskin of 09 circumcised children (G1), 13 children with hypospadia, who did not receive testosterone (G2), and 13 children who received topical 1% testosterone propionate (G3) were included in this study. The histological evaluation of the collagen fiber was done with Picrosirius staining to analyze the density of these fibers. Masson`s trichrome was used evaluate the homogeneity of the collagen fibers and its quantification as their surface density, which was obtained through a videomicroscopy system superimposed with a cycloid arch test system. Elastic fiber density and homogeneity was evaluated with resorcin-fucsin of Weigert. Androgen receptor histochemistry was used to stain intensity and the number of stained cells. With the von Willebrand factor and the same video-microscopy system superimposed with a cycloid arch test system, the number and volume density of the blood vessels was obtained. Picrosirius histochemistry did not show differences among the study groups (p= 0.905). With Masson`s trichrome, testosterone-treated patients (G3) had lower homogeneity (p=0.001) and surface density of the collagen fibers (0.3 ± 0.1 collagen fibers) than those untreated (G2) (0.4 ± 0.1 collagen fibers) (p<0.001). Circumcised children had a denser pattern of elastic fiber distribution (p=0.003), and the elastic fibers were also less homogeneous (p=0.008) than the other groups. The histochemistry for androgen receptor showed a greater staining pattern in children of G1 compared to G3 (p=0.011). Testosterone-treated foreskins (G3) had an increased absolute numbers of blood vessels (8.5 ± 1.3 vessels/field) (p<0.001) and an increased blood vessel volume density (50.5% ± 7.8 vessel/points) compared to untreated subjects (G2) (24.8% ± 8.6 vessel/points) (p<0.001). Topical 1% testosterone propionate produced neovascularization, in absolute numbers and volume density, and reduced fibrous tissue. Treated children had less homogeneous distribution patterns of vessel-surrounding collagen fibers, suggesting a lower maturity of these fibers, with less collagen deposition.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree in Masters of Technology in Nursing, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016. / IntroductionMale circumcision refers to the surgical removal of all or parts of the prepuce of the penis. This procedure is undertaken for religious, cultural, social, hygiene or medical reasons (Maibvise and Mavundla 2013: 139). The number of people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) rose from approximately 8 million in the year 1990 to 33 million infections now. Sub-Saharan Africa is the region in the world most affected by HIV/AIDS with 22.4 million people living with the virus in the year ending 2008 (Naidoo et al. 2012: 2). The use of male and female condoms remains a challenge despite decades of promotion. There is evidence that medical male circumcision (MMC) is effective in preventing HIV sexual transmission. Medical male circumcision is a drive that was initiated by the National Department of Health as a strategy to curb HIV infection in South Africa in 2010. Aim of the Study The purpose of the study was to investigate and describe knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of males with regard to medical male circumcision. Methodology A quantitative descriptive survey research method was used to describe the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of males attending the community health care centers (CHCs) in eThekwini district regarding medical male circumcision. Results Displayed posters motivated 71.4% (n = 329) to have circumcisions. While 65.1% (n = 300) respondents had knowledge about circumcision and HIV, 27.8% (n = 280) perceived that circumcision would interfere with their sexual function and reproduction. A total of 38.8% (n = 179) of respondents indicated that it is good for children to be circumcised. There is a significant positive correlation between age and knowledge (r = 0.135, p = .004). Higher age is correlated with more knowledge. Conclusion This study found that knowledge plays a major role in changing attitudes and perceptions. The more knowledgeable an individual is, the more the chance is of them having a positive attitude towards MMC which could also influence a positive perception of MMC. In order to strengthen male circumcision as an HIV prevention strategy, it is imperative to provide the population that reflected low knowledge and negative attitude with information, education and counselling services. This may help them to change their attitudes and acquire a positive perception of MMC. / M

Au commencement il y a la circoncision « du » commencement (La dissémination). La cicatrice vient en place de ce qui est volé (Marges) — le prépuce (Circonfession), le corps (La Parole Soufflée), la langue (Monolinguisme de l’autre, Béliers, Schibboleth) —, se donne comme le lieu même où bat l’opération de la coupure et comme celui du voleur (dieu, la mère, le théologiciel) qui effectue une telle opération. Les effets d’un passé qui a eu lieu sans avoir eu lieu, qui ne passe pas et qui est « instantanément » appellé par l’imminence de la mort de l’autre (celle de la mère dans Circonfession), reviennent sur la marque que le « moi « sans » moi » (Parages) porte depuis avant qu’il ne sache qu’il la porte. Notre thèse se concentre sur ces effets qui coupent le moi — à la lettre de son corps — de toute destination, de tout avenir prévisible, et ainsi constituent le moi comme l’éthique, à travers les questions de la culpabilité, du pardon, de la conversion « et » de l’écriture. / In the beginning there is circumcision of the beginning (Dissemination). The scar comes in the place of that which is stolen (Marges) — the foreskin (Circumfession), body (La Parole Soufflée), language (Monolingualism of the other, Rams, Shibboleth) —, gives itself as the very place where the operation of the cut lives and as the place of the thief (god, mother, theologic program) who carries out such an operation. The effects of a past which has taken place without taking place, which does not pass et which is « instantaneously » called by the imminence of the death of the other (that of the mother in Circumfession), come back to the mark that the « I « without » I » (Parages) carries since before he knows that he carries it. Our thesis concentrates on these effects which cut the I — at the letter of its body — off from all destination, all predictable future, and that way constitute the I as ethics, through the questions of guilt, of forgiveness, of conversion« and » of writing.

The aim of this work is to familiarize the reader more closely with the issue of male circumcision in ancient Egypt and ancient Israel, and subsequently also in Judaism, and to outline how the theme of Jewish circumcision was adapted by Christianity. It describes the custom of male circumcision in ancient Egypt using pictorial and textual evidence, including findings on mummies. It looks for similarities and differences between male circumcision in ancient Egypt and in Judaism, in which it represents one of the most important rituals, and a sign of belonging to God and the nation. Attention is also given to the significant transformation in Christianity to the new initiation ritual of baptism, and opinions damning circumcision. Biblical themes, including the mystery of Jesus' circumcision and Christ's crucifixion, are reflected in European visual art, which is discussed in the final part of the work. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / Between one hundred and one hundred and forty million young girls around the world have reportedly been subjected to some form of genital excision during 2005. Approximately three million young girls are at risk every year of undergoing this harmful procedure (WHO, 2008). Female genital mutilation is reported to occur, and is expected to continue occurring in twenty-eight African countries (London Safeguarding Children Board, 2007). This paper aims to firstly observe the levels of excision in Africa, and then highlight the underlying factors that encourage certain women to continue this dangerous ritual by analysing national datasets, such as the child info database, obtained form the United Nations Children's Fund. By calculating and comparing common indicators, the prevailing ones that dominate FGM appreciation can be further analysed. The final objective will be to suggest strategies that can be put in place to encourage the discontinuation of female genital cutting universally. / South Africa