Orientador: Mariza Correa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T20:27:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Venchi_Mariane_D.pdf: 1312775 bytes, checksum: 08aeb9c4a5dced736e41e4a461f0eb00 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Este estudo de cunho antropológico problematiza práticas agressivas impostas ao corpo feminino em sociedades muçulmanas do mundo árabe, como intervenções cirúrgicas feitas na genitália feminina externa não por razões terapêuticas, mas sim para enquadrar-se em um ideal anatômico compatível com padrões culturais específicos. Concepções como pudicícia, promiscuidade e sexualidade feminina que aparecem nas fontes, sugerem que relações sociais onde atuam raça e gênero não podem ser dramatizadas fora de um cenário que envolve não apenas um idioma religioso de conversão de quem está dentro (crente) e fora (descrente) e em estados de ¿poluição¿ (apóstata), como também na conversão cultural entre masculino/feminino no espaço da nação e na problemática relação com o Ocidente, cujo sentido é dado no contexto pós-colonialista. No cenário antropológico, a prática da circuncisão em mulheres ¿ sobretudo a excisão e a infibulação ¿ teria sido deixada em segundo plano ou fora das etnografias; seja como objeto teórico ou político. Quando se visibiliza em tal cenário, contudo, o tema dialoga com interlocutores externos, como a imprensa, as ONGs e os movimentos feministas. Tal estudo aborda também questões éticas da antropologia e seu conceito primordial,¿cultura¿, e sua proximidade inevitável com os conceitos de ¿história¿ e ¿mudança social e simbólica¿, diálogos necessários em estudos que contemplem práticas opressivas e relações de gênero / Abstract: This study of anthropological nature regards agressive practices imposed upon the feminine body in Muslim and Arab societies, namely genital cutting operations on women performed not for therapeutic reasons but to comform to an anatomical ideal compatible with specific cultural patterns. Conceptions like modesty, promiscuity and feminine sexuality shown in the sources suggest that social relations in which race and gender act out, cannot be dramatized outside a scenario which involves not only a religious language of conversion to whom is an insider (believer), an outsider (unbeliever) and those located in states of ¿pollution¿ (apostate), but also in the cultural conversion between masculine/feminine inside the boundaries of the nation as well as the problematic relation with the West in which meaning is given in terms of postcolonialist context. On the anthropogical point of view the practice of female circumcision ¿ especially excision and infibulation would be partially left or completely left out of the ethnographies as theoretical or political subjects. However, when that subject appears in anthropological settings, the theme sets dialogs among external interlocutors, as the press, NGO¿s and feminists movements. Additionally, such study brings into consideration ethical issues inside anthropology stablishing a dialog to its primordial concept which is ¿culture¿ and its inevitable proximity with the concepts of ¿history¿ and ¿social and symbolic change¿ which are fundamental issues in studies concerning opressive practices and gender relations / Doutorado / Sexualidade, Genero e Corpo / Mestre em Antropologia Social

Magister Legum - LLM / In South Africa the practice of virginity testing is most prevalent in KwaZulu-Natal amongst the Zulu and Xhosa. Proponents of the practice claim that some of the benefits include the prevention of the spread of HIV/Aids as well as teenage pregnancy and the detection of children who are sexually abused by adults, amongst others. In South Africa most black males undergo an initiation when they are approximately 16 years old to mark the transition from boyhood to manhood. Male circumcision is also performed as a religious practice amongst the Jews and Muslims. A number of human rights groups in South Africa, including the Commission on Gender Equality (CGE) as well as the South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC) has called for a total ban on the practice of virginity testing on the basis that it discriminates against girls, as the practice is carried out predominantly amongst teenage girls. The CGE and SAHRC are particularly concerned about the potential for human rights violations of virginity testing. The problem with traditional male circumcisions in South Africa is the number of fatalities resulting from botched circumcisions and the spreading of sexually transmitted diseases through unhygienic procedures and unqualified surgeons. Also of concern are other hardships often accompanied by traditional circumcisions such as starvation, frostbite, gangrene and infection amongst other health related injuries. Thus, according to human rights activists, when carried out in these circumstances, traditional male circumcisions have the potential to violate a number of rights aimed at protecting boys including the right to physical integrity and life, in cases of the death of an initiate. South Africa has also ratified a number of international treaties aimed at protecting children against harmful cultural practices such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). As such it has been argued by rights groups that virginity testing as well as male circumcisions carried out in the conditions set out above have the potential to violate a number of provisions contained in international instruments aimed at protecting the dignity of children. / South Africa

Zimbabwe is one of the priority countries nominated by the World Health Organisation and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS to adopt and implement voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) because of its high rate of HIV prevalence and its low level of male circumcision. VMMC, which was introduced in Zimbabwe in 2009, is a new HIV prevention method which reportedly offers partial protection of about 60 percent for circumcised males with respect to contracting HIV through sexual relations. The other key prevention method, namely the use of condoms consistently and correctly, has a protection rate of up to 95 percent. As a result, because of only partial protection, medically-circumcised men are encouraged to use condoms to decrease the chances of HIV infection. Concerns though have been raised about the possibility of risk compensation by circumcised males by way of increases in unsafe or risky sexual practices subsequent to circumcision and arising from perceptions of reduced risk through VMMC. This compensation may take the form of condom use aversion including when involved with concurrent sexual partners. If risk compensation does take place, this would lead to increases in HIV transmissions affecting not only the circumcised men but their sexual partners as well. The supposed effectiveness of VMMC as a HIV prevention method has been subjected to significant criticism and, as yet, no significant study has been undertaken in Zimbabwe on the relationship between VMMC, condom use, concurrent sexual partners and risk compensation. Based on a study of twenty-five medically-circumcised males in Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe, this thesis seeks to understand and explain the relationship between voluntary medical male circumcision and risky sexual practices with particular reference to condom use amongst men engaged in concurrent sexual partnerships. While the thesis finds evidence of risky sexual practices subsequent to circumcision, risk compensation does not seem to be particularly prevalent.

Many attempts have been made to eradicate female genital mutilation over the past decades, yet the sustained practice continues to be a risk for women’s health and agency. In Kenya, an intervention with increasing proliferation is the alternative rites of passage. The approach has existed for some time, however little and highly contextual research has been produced around it. This thesis examines the general characteristics of an alternative rite of passage by combining primary and secondary data. Interviews were conducted with Kenyan professionals working with alternative rites of passage, as well as a systematic literature review. The findings demonstrate the balance between individual agency and social structure among the different actors usually included in the approach. In both instances, the notion of power is presented through the many perceived costs and benefits of female genital mutilation. Rather than focusing solely on the girls at risk of being cut, the alternative rite of passage is a pursuit to reframe the role of culture in targeted communities. Alternative rites of passage are often a systematic and longer process defined by communication, based on rational choice, external influences, and community validation. This thesis serves as an introduction to understanding the present alternative rites of passage in Kenya. By expanding the knowledge of an approach still at an early stage, it is possible for future research to study its effectiveness and long-term consequences on girls at risk of female genital mutilation.

MA (Psychology) / Department of Psychology

MPH / Department of Public Health

Könsstympning är en sedvänja som främst förekommer i ett trettiotal afrikanska länder och i ett antal länder i Mellanöstern och Asien. På grund av ökad migration har ämnet kommit att bli mer aktuellt i Sverige. Enligt en rapport från Nationellt Centrum för Kvinnofrid ser majoriteten av den svenska befolkningen könsstympning som en främmande företeelse. Vid frågor som är svåra för vanliga medborgare att erfara blir massmedier ofta den huvudsakliga källan till information. Syftet med studien var att ta reda på hur ämnet förmedlas i svenska tidningsmedier. Genom kritisk diskursanalys har jag undersökt artiklar om könsstympning i fem svenska nyhetstidningar under perioden 30 november 2014 – 30 november 2016. Ett antal återkommande teman har förekommit i materialet såsom att det i flera artiklar finns indikationer på att sedvänjan upprätthålls i Sverige. Analysen visar en diskurs om ingreppet som ett övergrepp och ett brott mot mänskliga rättigheter. I lite mer än en fjärdedel av artiklarna förekommer det flickor och kvinnor med egna erfarenheter av ingreppet som uttalar sig om sedvänjan. Men det är i hög grad representanter från samhällsinstitutioner som definierar problemet och presenterar åtgärdsförslag i artiklarna. Utöver diskursteori har dagordningsteorin och gestaltningsteorin varit teoretisk grund för studien. / Genital mutilation is a practice that mainly occurs in about thirty African countries and in several countries in the Middle East and Asia. The topic has become more relevant in Sweden due to the increased migration. Most of the Swedish population sees genital mutilation as an alien phenomenon according to a report from the Swedish National Center for Protection of Women. The mass media often tend to be the main source of information when issues are difficult for ordinary citizens to experience. The purpose of the study was to find out how the issue is conveyed in the Swedish newspaper media. I have analyzed articles on genital mutilation in five Swedish news magazines during the period November 30, 2014 - November 30, in 2016 using critical discourse analysis as method. Several recurring themes have appeared in the material such as frequent indications that the practice is maintained in Sweden. The analysis reveals a general view of the procedure as an abuse and a violation of human rights in the discourse. In more than a quarter of the articles there are girls and women with personal experience of the procedure who speak out about the practice. But it is mostly representatives of social institutions that define the problem and presents proposals for action in the articles. The discourse theory, the agenda-setting theory and framing theory has been the theoretical basis for the study.

Bakgrund Ungefär 200 miljoner kvinnor i 30 olika länder har blivit utsatta för könsstympning världen över. Prevalensen för ingreppet är vanligt förekommande i länder inom Afrika och Asien. På grund av den rådande globaliseringen kommer tillståndet vara något som hälso- och sjukvården i höginkomstländer kommer komma i kontakt med i allt större utsträckning. Könsstympningen delas in i fyra olika kategorier och kan ge både fysiska, psykiska och sociala efterföljder. Det är genom hälso- och sjukvården som nya fall av kvinnor som genomgått ingreppet upptäcks och det är därför viktigt att vårdpersonal har kunskap om ingreppet och dess konsekvenser. Syfte Syftet var att belysa kvinnors upplevelser av könsstympning. Metod Föreliggande studie är en icke-systematisk litteraturöversikt. De sammanslagna sökningarna resulterade i 618 träffar som gav artiklar av kvalitativ och kvantitativ studiedesign. Artiklarna söktes i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL med relevanta sökord och avgränsningar utifrån exklusions- och inklusionskriterier. Sökorden som användes var “circumcision, female”, “circumcision, female/psychology”, “female genital mutilation”, “perception”, “culture”, “universal healthcare”, “psychological trauma”, “experiences” och “beliefs”. Artiklarna analyserades i sin tur genom en integrerad analys. Resultat Resultatet visade på att kvinnorna upplever fysiska, psykologiska och sociala konsekvenser av ingreppet. De fysiska konsekvenserna var enbart negativa. De psykologiska konsekvenserna var till största delen negativa, med positiva inslag. De sociala konsekvenserna kunde vara positiva förutsatt att kvinnan var bosatt i ett land där ingreppet praktiseras. Vidare framkom att vårdpersonal uppfattas som antingen okunniga, okänsliga, eller osäkra vid vårdmötet. Slutsats De fysiska, psykologiska och sociala konsekvenser som kvinnlig könsstympning leder till är mångfaldiga och komplexa. Då kvinnans upplevelser av könsstympningen i hög grad visades variera ställs det höga krav på vårdens förmåga att anpassa bemötandet därefter. God kompetens hos sjukvårdspersonal inom behandling, kommunikation och kulturella skillnader samt kunskap om ingreppets konsekvenser är av stor vikt för att kunna bidra till ökad hälsa hos dessa kvinnor. / Background  Approximately 200 million women in 30 different countries has been subjected to female genital mutilation worldwide. The prevalence of the procedure is common in countries in Africa and Asia. Due to the current globalization, it will also be something that healthcare professionals in high-income countries will encounter to an increasing extent. The procedure is categorized into four different types which all may cause physical, psychological and social consequences. It is through health care that new cases of women who have undergone the procedure are discovered, which is why it is of high importance that healthcare staff have knowledge of the procedure and its consequences. Aim  The aim was to illustrate women´s experiences of genital mutilation. Method  The present study is a non-systematic literature review. The combined searches resulted in 618 hits that presented articles of qualitative and quantitative study design. The articles were searched in the databases PubMed and CINAHL with relevant keywords and delimitations based on exclusion and inclusion criteria. The keywords used were “circumcision, female”, “circumcision, female/psychology”, “female genital mutilation”, “perception”, “culture”, “universal healthcare”, “psychological trauma”, “experiences” and “beliefs”. The articles were analyzed through an integrated analysis. Result  The results showed that women experienced physical, psychological and social consequences of the genital mutilation. The physical consequences were only negative. The psychological consequences were mostly negative, with positive elements. The social consequences could be positive given that the women were living in a country whereas the procedure is commonly practiced. Furthermore, it emerged that care staff are perceived as either ignorant, insensitive, or insecure at the care meeting. Conclusion  The physical, psychological and social consequences which the procedure leads to are nuanced and complex. With the knowledge that women's experiences can vary greatly there is a demand on the healthcare´s ability to adapt its treatments accordingly. The treatment, communication and cultural competence of the care staff, as well as knowledge about all the consequences of the procedure, are therefore of great importance in order to be able to contribute to increased health in these women.

Bakgrund Idag beräknas 200 miljoner flickor och kvinnor världen över ha utsatts för könsstympning. Det utövas med hänvisning till kultur men fyller inget medicinskt syfte utan orsakar somatiska såväl som psykiska komplikationer och kan i värsta fall leda till död. Övergreppet står i kontrast med mänskliga rättigheter. I dagens globaliserade värld sker transkulturella möten och som sjuksköterska världen över finns en sannolikhet att möta kvinnor som utsatts för könsstympning. Större förståelse och respekt för kulturella skillnader hos sjuksköterskan skulle kunna öka upplevelsen av en god och trygg vård. Sjuksköterskan har möjlighet att uppfylla patienternas behov genom ett transkulturellt omvårdnadsperspektiv och därav finns intresse att belysa vad som har betydelse för att transkulturell omvårdnad ska kunna genomföras för kvinnor som har utsatts för könsstympning. Syfte Syftet var att belysa vad som har betydelse för att transkulturell omvårdnad ska kunna genomföras för kvinnor som har utsatts för könsstympning. Metod I förevarande studie har en icke-systematisk litteraturöversikt genomförts med sökningar i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. De 17 artiklar som inkluderades i resultatet har kvalitetsgranskats enligt Sophiahemmets bedömningsunderlag och analyserats genom en integrerad analysprocess. Både kvantitativa och kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar inkluderades. Resultat Huvudfynden var att bristande kunskap förekom kring kvinnlig könsstympning och förståelse för kulturella aspekter, att relationen var ett viktigt verktyg för att kunna ge en kulturell och individanpassad omvårdnad, kommunikation behövdes för att etablera god relation och kunna identifiera omvårdnadsbehov, och delaktighet kunde bidra till att kvinnorna kände sig trygga inför omvårdnaden. Slutsats Den slutsats som kunde dras baserat på resultaten var att sjuksköterskan kan applicera studiens huvudfynd för att möjliggöra en god transkulturell omvårdnad för kvinnor som utsatts för könsstympning.

This thesis studied the representation of female circumcision by analysing 32 articles published during the 21st century in The Journal for Midwives, the union journal of the Federation of Finnish Midwives. With critical discourse analysis, through post-colonial feminist theory, the thesis researched the ways the journal is contributing to the creation of readers’ bias regarding circumcised women and their sexuality.The articles focused on multicultural healthcare, prevention of female circumcision and the most serious health detriments the practice might have. Human rights, criminal law, andgender equality were the main reasons behind the aversion of the practice. Women from the practicing communities were represented as victims of patriarchy, clueless of their position and unable to decide for themselves. Sexuality of circumcised women was widely excluded, only described through possible negative health consequences. Anthropological approach to sexuality and the role of migration was excluded and discussions about complex ethical questions, racialisation, power relations and bias of healthcare professionals were absent. Female circumcision and the practicing communities were categorised and judged based on Western understanding of sexuality and gender equality.Based on the analysis, the thesis recommends more diversity to the production of texts and to the perspectives of articles. Minorities should be included more in the production of the representation of their health issues and wider socio-cultural explanations behind the practice should be presented. Discussions about health inequalities based on ethnicity and reflections about cultural hegemony of West in relation to sexuality are also recommended subjects to be included in the journal. Most importantly, stereotypical representations of broken womanhood and positioning circumcised women as oppressed victims who need to be rescued by outsiders, should be forgotten. Instead, individual care of women and the importance of personal experiences and meanings of circumcision and sexuality should be highlighted.