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Este trabalho descreve a produção dos FGFs básico bovino e ácido humano (há) em E. coli utilizando o vetor pET. Para expressar o haFGF utilizamos o cDNA nativo com pequenas modificações, obtendo cerca de 40 mg da proteína por litro de cultura induzida. No caso do bbFGF, cerca de 60 pares de bases da extremidade 5 do cDNA nativo foram substituídos por oligonucleotídeos sintéticos contendo condons frequentemente usados em genes bacterianos altamente expressos e apresentando menor conteúdo de C+G do que a sequência nativa. Com este cDNA modificado, obteve-se cerca de 10mg 1-1 de bbFGF. Os FGFs intracelulares solúveis foram purificados a partir do extrato bacteriano por chromatografia de afinidade em Heparina-Sepharose atingindo um grau de pureza da ordem de 95%. O haFGF sozinho é ativo sobre fibroblastos 3T3 em cultura na concentração de ng ml-1; na presença de heparina, a atividade desloca-se para a faixa de pg ml-1. O bbFGF é ativo na concentração de pg ml-1 e sua atividade não é significantemente potenciada pela heparina. O sequenciamento da extremidade N-terminal e a análise de aminoácidos mostraram somente uma forma de haFGF recombinante correspondente à proteína autêntica de 154 aminoácidos. Foram encontradas duas formas de bbFGF recombinante, uma correspondente à proteína autêntica de 154 resíduos e outra contendo 153, onde os dois primeiros foram removidos. / Here we describe the use of the pET expression system to produce the 154 amino acid bovine basic (bb) and human acidic (ha) FGFs. To express haFGF we have used the native cDNA sequencewith minor modifications, obtaining about 40 mg of growth factor per liter of bacterial culture. In the case of bbFGF, about 60 base pairs form the 5-end of the native cDND were replaced with synthetic oligonucleotides containing codons frequently used in highly expressed bacterial genes and having a lower G+C content than the native sequence. By using this modified cDNA about 10 mg 1-1 of bbFGF was obtained. The intracellular, soluble FGFs were partially purified from bacterial extracts by heparin-affinity chromatography and shown to be more than 95% pure. The haFGF alone is active upon 3T3 fibroblasts in culture at the level of ng ml-1 or in the range of pg ml-1 when heparin is added to the incubation medium. The bbFGF is active in the range of pg ml-1 and its activity is not significantly potentiated by heparin. Only one form of recombinant haFGF corresponding to the authentic protein of 154 amino acids was found by N-terminal protein sequencing and amino acid analysis. Two forms of recombinant bbFGF were found, one corresponding to the authentic protein of 154 amino acids (about 75%) and another containing 153 amino acids where the first two residues were removed (about 25%>).

Membrane traffic in polarised cells was investigated by growing Madin-Darby canine kidney (MOCK) cells on ·permeable polycarbonate filter supports which allowed access to both sides of the cell monolayer. Membrane glycoconjugates on the apical and basolateral cell surfaces were labelled enzymatically with ³H- and ¹⁴C-galactose, respectively, to provide covalent membrane markers. Experiments were done to quantitate membrane traffic during endocytosis at the respective plasma membrane domains and that due to transcytosis. Internalized label was quantitatively distinguished from label on the respective cell surface by its resistance to removal by glycosidases.

Nas células do ceco anterior de A.flavolineata, a secreção de enzimas digestivas parece ser mediada por vesículas de secreção e é influenciada pelo tempo decorrido após a refeição. Fracionamentos subcelulares das células do ceco anterior realizados 3h após a refeição indicaram que a amilase, maltase, pNΦβglu hidrolase e aminopeptidase estão enriquecidas nas frações que contém os grânulos de secreção. γ glutamil transferase, aminopeptidase e dipeptidase apresentaram uma forma solúvel e outra ligada a membrana. No conteúdo do intestino de A. flavolineata foi possível detectar a presença de 3 β-glucosidases: 1, uma celobiase-aril β-glucosidase termoestável; 2, uma aril β-glucosidase termoinstável ativa sobre pNΦβglu; 3, uma alquil β-glucosidase. A celobiase-aril β-glucosidase hidrolisa celobiose e aril β-glucosídeos em sítios diferentes e é mais ativa sobre celobiose e laminaribiose que sobre aril β-glucosídeos sintéticos ou naturais. Moléculas anfipáticas ativam a alquil β-glucosidase, tornando esta enzima efetivamente ativa apenas na digestão de membranas. Esta enzima hidrolisa alquil β-glucosídeos com 6 a 11 carbonos no radical alquil. A celobiase-aril P-glucosidase e a alquil β-glucosidase são provavelmente responsáveis pela digestão \"in vivo\" de β-1,4; β-1,3; β-1,3-1,4 glucanas e glucosilceramidas, respectivamente. / The secretion of digestive enzymes in the anterior caecal cells of A. flavolineata seems to be mediated by secretory vesicles and influenced by the period of time after a meal. Subcellular fractions of anterior caecal cells were obtained by differential centrifugation of homogenates prepared 3 hours after a meal. Amylase, maltase, pNΦβglu hidrolase and aminopeptidase are found with high activities in fractions that correspond to the contents of secretory vesicles. γ glutamil transferase, aminopeptidase and dipeptidase presented soluble and membrane-bound forms. In A. flavolineata midgut contents we found 3 β-glucosidases: 1, a heat-stable cellobiase-aryl β-glucosidase; 2, a heat-unstable activity against pNΦ β glu (aryl β-glucosidase); 3, a alkyl β-glucosidase. The cellobiase-aryl β-glucosidase hydrolyzes cellobiose and aryl β-glucosides at different active sites and is more active on cellobiose and laminaribiose than on aryl β-glucosides. Amphipatic molecules activate the alkyl β-glucosidase, making the enzyme very active only during membrane digestion. This enzyme hydrolyzes alkyl β-glucosides with 6 to 11 carbons in alkyl moiety. The cellobiase-aryl β-glucosidase and alkyl β-glucosidase are probably responsible for in vivo digestion of β-1,4; β-1,3; β-1,3-1,4 glucans and glucosylceramides, respectively.

a. Introduction The immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. However, the immune system needs to be well regulated since a disorder in an immune response can result in autoimmune diseases, tissue destruction, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Within the context of innate immunity, the mononuclear phagocyte system, cells comprising bone marrow progenitors, blood monocytes and tissue macrophages is acquiring great importance in the study of different pathologies and particularly the monocytes/macrophage functions. In this regard, recent studies demonstrate that monocytes present a heterogeneous population of innate cells. Monocyte was found leading to distinct cell populations with various subtypes with distinct functions. Two types of monocytes were identified in mice. Resident monocytes, with a CD11b+CCR2lowLy-6ClowCX3CR1high phenotype, migrate to uninjured tissues after emigration from bone marrow and differentiate into resident macrophages and dendritic cells. In contrast, a distinct inflamed monocyte subset with a CD11b+CCR2highLy-6ChighCX3CR1low phenotype infiltrates infected tissue and contributes to the development of inflammation. Currently, all studies performed with monocytes are done in transgenic models (i.e. CCR2-/-; GPF-CX3CR1 models) or with expensive techniques to study and acquire the maximum number of cell possible from mice blood. Monocytes constitute around 2% (100cells/μl) of the total peripheral blood leukocyte pool in mice, where only 1-5% are Ly-6Chigh monocytes. What makes difficult to study it. b. Objective 1. Development of an in vitro model that allow the generation of large amounts of Ly-6Chigh monocytes from bone marrow from mice. 2. Characterization of the phenotype of Ly-6Chigh monocyte generated in vitro. 3. Analyze the activation function of Ly-6Chigh monocyte generated in vitro. 4. Study the migration of Ly-6Chigh monocytes in to two inflammation models: - Skin (DNFB model) - Muscle (Notexin muscle model) 5. Analyze the therapeutic effect of Ly-6ChighCD11b+ monocytes injection in the resolution of inflammation in two experimental models of inflammation. c. Methodology and Results To achieve the first aim of our work, bone marrow cells were cultured with different grows factors and FCS at 37ºC in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere for 7 days when the population of floating cells was obtained and stained with Ly-6C and CD11b markers. This population was sorted for the acquirement of the Ly-6ChighCD11b+ cells. In order to characterize the phenotype of these cells we stained them with several markers. Our results demonstrated that this Ly-6Chigh enriched population is CD11b+CD62L+CCR2+ F4/80+CX3CR1low, presenting the same phenotype of the cells presents in the blood. To study the functional heterogeneity of enriched Ly-6Chigh cells, these cells were incubated with IFN-γ as typical classical stimuli and IL-4 as an alternative pathway stimulus. Ly-6Chigh cells incubated with IFN induced the expression of TNF and NOS2 with a characterized kinetics similar to macrophages. However, these cells increased arginase-1 levels when were stimulated with IL-4. Thus, the in vitro results have shown the plasticity and heterogeneity of monocytes as previously described by macrophages and thus, suggests us that these cells can also adapt to changing microenvironments as previously described. Further, to observe the migration capacity and functionality of these cells in vivo, we optimized two experimental model of inflammation. In the first model an ear skin irritation with 1%DNFB was induced. In the second model, muscle inflammation was developed by the injection of Notexin in the tibialis anterioris. In both models inflammation was induced and Ly-6Chigh enriched cells stained with an infrared fluorocrome were injected intravenous in mice and migration was observed by in vivo image at different days. Migratory capacity of Ly-6C cells to the inflamed tissues was appreciated in both models, corroborating with data previously described. To analyze the therapeutic effect of Ly-6ChighCD11b+ monocytes injection in the resolution of inflammation, RNA and histology cuts were obtained from both models. The results showed that Ly-6Chigh-injected mice express higher levels of anti-inflammatory genes such as mannose receptor, which corroborate with the histological images where animals treated with Ly-6Chigh cells recover before of the inflammatory process that untreated animals. d. Conclusion 1. We established a novel in vitro protocol to generate Ly-6ChighCD11b+ monocyte obtained from bone marrow of Balb/C mice. 2. The cells generated in vitro have the same phenotype of the Ly-6C from blood flow. 3. Cells Ly-6ChighCD11b+ monocyte present high plasticyty. 4. Ly-6ChighCD11b+ monocytes generated in vitro migrate in vivo. 5. Injection in acute and chronic in vivo inflammatory models of Ly-6ChighCD11b+ monocytes generated in vitro, display an improvement in the site of inflammation through the presentation of a more anti-inflammatory profile. / Monocitos circulantes proporcionan una defensa contra las infecciones y también a enfermedades autoinmunes. Recientemente dos tipos de monocitos fueran identificaron en la sangre periférica de ratones. El monocito ¿residente¿ con fenotipo CD11b+CCR2lowLy-6ClowCX3CR1high, que migran a tejidos no lesionados y se diferencian en macrófagos residentes y células dendríticas (DC). En contraste, un subconjunto distinto conocido como monocitos ¿inflamatorios¿, con un fenotipo CD11b+CCR2highLy-6ChighCX3CR1low son células que migran al tejido infectado y en lo cual contribuye al desarrollo de la inflamación. Monocitos Ly-6Chigh, el objetivo de nuestro trabajo, representan un 2-5% de los monocitos del torrente sanguínea de los ratones. Dado que estas células son de difícil obtención y que la cantidad obtenida de la sangre de ratones es muy baja, nuestro grupo desarrolló un nuevo sistema para generar monocitos Ly-6Chigh in vitro a partir de médula ósea de ratón, con el objetivo de estudiar sus funciones in vivo en dos modelos animales de inflamación. Nuestro laboratorio ha optimizado dos modelos animales capaces de inducir inflamación local en ratones Balb/c, inmunocompetentes. En el primer modelo, 1-fluoro-2 ,4-dinitrobenceno (DNFB) se aplicó tópicamente en la oreja derecha para crear en la piel condiciones que inducen la migración de estas células para el sitio de la irritación (modelo DNFB). En este modelo de piel, la inflamación en la oreja fue calculada atreves del peso neto, donde el peso de la oreja izquierda es restado del peso de la oreja derecha después de 24h y 48h de la inyección intravenosa (iv) de los monocitos Ly-6ChighCD11b+ en los ratones. En el segundo modelo, la inflamación es inducida atreves de la aplicación de una inyección de Notexin en el tibial anterior (TA) de la pierna derecha del animal la cual induce una inflamación muscular (modelo Notexin). Finalmente en ambos modelos, monocitos Ly-6ChighCD11b+ generados in vitro pre-tratados in vitro con citocinas pro- o anti-inflamatoria (IFN-¿ o IL-4) o no tratados, fueran inyectados iv en la colas de los ratones. Por otra parte, expresión génica fue medida mediante PCR cuantitativa en tiempo real, la migración celular fue evaluada in vivo atreves de imágenes realizadas por el equipo de IVIS, estudios de citometría de flujo y ensayos de histología también fueran realizados para evaluar la función de las células Ly-6Chigh en el sitio de inflamación. El principal objetivo de nuestro estudio es: 1. Desarrollo de un modelo in vitro que permita generar grandes cantidades de monocitos Ly-6Chigh a partir de médula ósea de ratones. 2. Caracterización del fenotipo de los monocitos Ly-6Chigh generados in vitro. 3. Analizar funciones de los monocitos Ly-6Chigh generados in vitro tras su activación in vitro. 4. Estudio de la capacidad migratoria de los monocitos Ly-6Chigh generados in vitro en dos modelos de inflamación. - Piel (modelo de DNFB en oreja). - Músculo (modelo Notexin muscular). 5. Analizar el efecto terapéutico de la inyección de monocitos Ly-6Chigh generados in vitro en la resolución de la inflamación en dos modelos experimentales de inflamación. En ambos modelos animales la inflamación local aumentó en función del número de monocitos Ly-6Chigh inyectados. Migración celular fue analizada por imágenes in vivo en ambos modelos, donde células Ly-6Chigh generated in vitro fluorescentes estaban presentes apenas en el tejido inflamado. Análisis de hematoxilina y eosina en cortes histológicos demostraron una mejoría del tejido de los animales tratados con monocitos Ly6Chigh. En resumen, los resultados obtenidos en esta Tesis Doctoral revelar un nuevo método para generar in vitro Ly-6Chigh monocitos de médula ósea de ratones, con una mejora en la eficiencia de la producción celular, que facilitan el estudio de estas células in vitro e in vivo. Además, también han demostrado la capacidad de las células Ly-6Chigh para cambiar el fenotipo de la estimulación in vitro verdadera y la capacidad de migrar, así como la heterogeneidad funcional en dos modelos de inflamación in vivo, lo que indica que estas células accionar de la misma manera como se las células proveniente de la sangre periférica. Además, hemos demostrado que Ly-6Chigh monocitos pueden ser pre-tratados con citoquinas en orther para retrasar o aumentar la reparación de tejidos (IFN-¿ o IL-4), respectivamente Todos estos resultados juntos sugieren que los monocitos Ly-6Chigh generado por nosotros in vitro son células funcionales que se pueden utilizar como una herramienta terapéutica para tratar enfermedades inflamatorias.

Nas células do ceco anterior de A.flavolineata, a secreção de enzimas digestivas parece ser mediada por vesículas de secreção e é influenciada pelo tempo decorrido após a refeição. Fracionamentos subcelulares das células do ceco anterior realizados 3h após a refeição indicaram que a amilase, maltase, pNΦβglu hidrolase e aminopeptidase estão enriquecidas nas frações que contém os grânulos de secreção. γ glutamil transferase, aminopeptidase e dipeptidase apresentaram uma forma solúvel e outra ligada a membrana. No conteúdo do intestino de A. flavolineata foi possível detectar a presença de 3 β-glucosidases: 1, uma celobiase-aril β-glucosidase termoestável; 2, uma aril β-glucosidase termoinstável ativa sobre pNΦβglu; 3, uma alquil β-glucosidase. A celobiase-aril β-glucosidase hidrolisa celobiose e aril β-glucosídeos em sítios diferentes e é mais ativa sobre celobiose e laminaribiose que sobre aril β-glucosídeos sintéticos ou naturais. Moléculas anfipáticas ativam a alquil β-glucosidase, tornando esta enzima efetivamente ativa apenas na digestão de membranas. Esta enzima hidrolisa alquil β-glucosídeos com 6 a 11 carbonos no radical alquil. A celobiase-aril P-glucosidase e a alquil β-glucosidase são provavelmente responsáveis pela digestão \"in vivo\" de β-1,4; β-1,3; β-1,3-1,4 glucanas e glucosilceramidas, respectivamente. / The secretion of digestive enzymes in the anterior caecal cells of A. flavolineata seems to be mediated by secretory vesicles and influenced by the period of time after a meal. Subcellular fractions of anterior caecal cells were obtained by differential centrifugation of homogenates prepared 3 hours after a meal. Amylase, maltase, pNΦβglu hidrolase and aminopeptidase are found with high activities in fractions that correspond to the contents of secretory vesicles. γ glutamil transferase, aminopeptidase and dipeptidase presented soluble and membrane-bound forms. In A. flavolineata midgut contents we found 3 β-glucosidases: 1, a heat-stable cellobiase-aryl β-glucosidase; 2, a heat-unstable activity against pNΦ β glu (aryl β-glucosidase); 3, a alkyl β-glucosidase. The cellobiase-aryl β-glucosidase hydrolyzes cellobiose and aryl β-glucosides at different active sites and is more active on cellobiose and laminaribiose than on aryl β-glucosides. Amphipatic molecules activate the alkyl β-glucosidase, making the enzyme very active only during membrane digestion. This enzyme hydrolyzes alkyl β-glucosides with 6 to 11 carbons in alkyl moiety. The cellobiase-aryl β-glucosidase and alkyl β-glucosidase are probably responsible for in vivo digestion of β-1,4; β-1,3; β-1,3-1,4 glucans and glucosylceramides, respectively.

Made available in DSpace on 2011-11-09T14:45:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1648 bytes, checksum: e095249ac7cacefbfe39684dfe45e706 (MD5) 000232.pdf: 784982 bytes, checksum: 4f41fbc5c9c9b8e2a3af0a8aa222d83e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Fernandes Figueira. Departamento de Ensino. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e da Mulher. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / A classificação citológica cérvico-vaginal mais atualizada, e que tem sido empregada em quase todo o mundo, é a do Sistema Bethesda. Sua última atualização, em 2001, subdividiu a categoria de células escamosas atípicas de significado indeterminado (Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance – ASCUS) em ASC-US (de significado indeterminado) e ASC-H (quando não se pode excluir lesão intra-epitelial de alto grau), na qual espera-se maior probabilidade de se encontrar lesão precursora do câncer do colo. No Brasil, esta subdivisão foi adotada oficialmente pelo SUS (Sistema Único de Saúde) em junho de 2006, fazendo parte da Nomenclatura Brasileira para Laudos Citopatológicos. Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo medir a prevalência de lesão intra-epitelial escamosa de alto grau e câncer cervical em pacientes encaminhadas do SUS com citologia ASC-H, e comparar o risco desta lesão nas subcategorias de células escamosas atípicas (Atypical Squamous Cells - ASC) através do cálculo da Razão de Prevalências. Sua metodologia é baseada em casos com citologias ASCUS do SITEC (Sistema Integrado de Tecnologia em Citopatologia) recebidos no IFF (Instituto Fernandes Figueira) no período de agosto de 1998 a setembro de 2007, que foram revisados de acordo com o Sistema Bethesda 2001 até que se chegasse a um diagnóstico de consenso. Os casos ASC-H e ASC-US resultantes desta revisão, bem como os casos novos recebidos a partir de 2004, foram incluídos e analisados em relação ao desfecho. Para esta análise, incluíram-se os casos com diagnóstico histológico. Nos casos sem histologia, a colposcopia e a citologia foram consideradas como padrão-ouro. A prevalência da lesão de alto grau na citologia ASC-H foi de 19,29% (IC 95% 9,05 – 29,55%) e a possibilidade de doença de alto grau foi maior entre as pacientes com citologia ASC-H comparado às pacientes com citologia ASC-US (RP = 10,42 ICvii 95% 2,39 – 45,47) p = 0,0000764. Encontrou-se lesão de alto grau com maior freqüência nas pacientes abaixo dos 50 anos (RP = 2,67 IC 95% 0,38 – 18,83) porém sem significância estatística (p = 0,2786998). Não foram encontrados casos de câncer do colo do útero. A prevalência de lesão de alto grau em pacientes com citologia ASC-H foi significativa e a divisão em subcategorias do diagnóstico ASC se mostrou com boa capacidade para discriminar a presença de lesões de alto grau. / The Bethesda System is the most recent cervical and vaginal citopathology classification used almost worldwide. The Bethesda System’s last revision (2001) subdivided the category of Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance (ASCUS) in ASC-US (of undetermined significance) and ASC-H (cannot exclude highgrade intraepithelial lesion), the last one carrying greater probability of finding precursors lesions of cervical cancer. This subdivision was adopted oficially by Brasilian Public Health System (SUS) in June 2006, becoming part of the Brasilian Nomenclature for Citopathological Reports. The aim of the study was measure the prevalence of High-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (HSIL) and cervical cancer, in patients whit citology of ASC-H and compare the risk of HSIL in the subcategories of ASC-H and ASC-US by Prevalence Ratio. The metodology was based in cases with citology ASCUS from SITEC (Integrated System of Tecnology in Citopatology) received in IFF (Fernandes Figueira Institute) from August 1998 to September 2007. The cytologies were reviwed by Bethesda System 2001 until a consensus diagnostic. The resultant cases of ASC-H and ASC-US from this review and the new cases recived from 2004, were included and analysed in relation to final diagnostic. This analysis included histology (gold standard) and those cases without histology, citology and colposcopy were the gold standard. We found 19,29% (CI 95% 9,05 – 29,55%) of prevalence of HSIL in ASC-H citology and the possibility of HSIL was greater in ASC-H cytology than in ASC-US (PR= 10,42, CI 95% 2,39 – 45,47%). We did not find cervical cancer. The prevalence of high-grade intraepithelial lesion in patients with ASC-H citology was significant and the subdivision of ASC (Atypical Squamous Cells) was good in discriminating the presence of HSIL.