Submitted by Eliseu Antonio Cavalini null (cavaliniea1356@ig.com.br) on 2017-01-08T01:45:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Dout V Final.pdf: 2360887 bytes, checksum: 17f60dc9305936e9dd9ea3744d049148 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-01-11T13:28:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cavalini_ea_dr_guara.pdf: 2360887 bytes, checksum: 17f60dc9305936e9dd9ea3744d049148 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-11T13:28:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cavalini_ea_dr_guara.pdf: 2360887 bytes, checksum: 17f60dc9305936e9dd9ea3744d049148 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-09 / Plasmas de gases e / ou vapores orgânicos produzem filmes finos ou pós apresentando características poliméricas, especialmente quando os plasmas são derivados de monômeros das famílias dos hidrocarbonetos alcoóis, siloxanos, silazanos, e outro. Neste trabalho, os filmes finos foram obtidos a partir da mistura de ácido cítrico-etilenoglicol-metal complexador depositado a plasma, com 13,56 MHz de radiofrequência na potência de 10 a 50 W e pressão fixada a 10 Pa. Os resultados da análise de espectroscopia de infravermelho FTIR mostrou que os grupos vibracionais dos filmes estavam preservados, mas com modificações em suas estruturas moleculares. Foram observados nos resultados obtidos por espectroscopia fotoelétrica de raios-X modificações na composição química da ligação oxigênio-carbono e oxigênio-hidrogênio com variação da potência de 10 a 50 W. A taxa de deposição dos filmes finos diminuiu de 0,10 a 0,08 nm/minuto com o aumento da potência de 10 a 50 W. As propriedades óticas das amostras como o índice de refração, coeficiente de absorção, gap ótico foram investigados por espectroscopia UV- visível. Destas análises foram possíveis obter valores n de 1,54 a 1,50 e energia do gap entre 4,75 e 4,85 eV. A técnica de ângulos de contato e foi utilizada para investigar a molhabilidade das amostras, que apresentaram caráter hidrofílico em todas as condições de deposição dos filmes. A técnica de EDS foi usada para investigar as composições químicas das amostras. Além disso, os filmes obtidos apresentaram valores de condutividade elétrica superior a 10-8 (Ωcm)-1 e constantes dielétricas entre 2,4 e 2,7. / Plasmas from gases and / or organic vapors produce thin films or powders presenting polymeric characteristics, especially when the plasmas are derived from monomers of the families of hydrocarbons, alcohols, siloxanes, silazanes, and others. In this work, thin films were obtained by citric acid / ethylene glycol / complex metal deposited by 13.56 MHz RF plasma at 10 and 50 W fixed pressure 10 Pa. FTIR spectroscopy showed that the main vibrational groups of the films were preserved, but with modifications in their molecular structures. It was observed by X –ray photoelectron spectroscopy chemical composition modifications in oxygen – carbon and oxygen – hydrogen bond while the deposition power changed from 10 to 50 W. The deposition rate of the samples decreased from 0.10 to 0.08 nm / minute while the RF power increases from 10 to 50 W. The samples optical properties as refractive index n, absorption coefficient, optical gap Eg were investigated by UV – Visible spectroscopy. From these analysis were possible to obtain values of n from 1.54 to 1.50 and Eg between 4.75 and 4.85 eV. Contact angle and surface energy measurements were used to investigate the wettability of composite Polymer films, for all depositions conditions the films presented hydrophilic character. EDS was used investigate components of the samples. Moreover, the film showed electrical conductivity values greater than 10-8(Ωcm)-1 and dielectric constant between 2.2 and 2.7.

Desde a invenção do primeiro polímero sintético por John Wesley em 1868, vem crescendo continuamente a utilização desta classe de materiais. Atualmente, é grande o interesse em agregar aos mesmos atributos mais nobres, tais como sua utilização em dispositivos biológicos, qualidade de rápida degradação e, mais recentemente, a preferência por aqueles provenientes de matéria prima renovável, que possam diminuir o impacto ambiental gerado pelo uso de petróleo e derivados. O objetivo deste trabalho é sintetizar materiais provenientes de fonte de matéria prima renovável e de fácil degradação, através de sínteses enzimáticas, evitando assim o uso de catalisadores metálicos tóxicos. Além disso, pretendeu-se agregar moléculas biologicamente ativas, de forma que os produtos finais possam exibir propriedades farmacológicas. As substâncias bioativas selecionadas para este trabalho foram: pantenol, ácido azeláico, ácido cítrico, e pantolactona. Destas moléculas, foram sintetizados 8 materiais poliméricos: poli(azelato de pantenila), poli(adipato de pantenila), poli(adipato de isosorbila-co-pantenila), poli(azelato de isosorbila), poli(adipato-co-azelato de isosorbila), poli(citrato de isosorbila), poli(adipato de isosorbila-co-citrato) e oligômero de polipantolactona. Todos os materiais foram sintetizados utilizando a enzima Candida antarctica fração B (CAL-B) como catalisador, em solvente orgânico, utilizando peneira molecular para remoção do subproduto da reação. As caracterizações foram feitas através de RMN-1H, MALDI-ToF e GPC. / Since the invention of the first synthetic polymer by John Wesley in 1868, the use of this class of materials has continuously grown. Currently, there is a great interest in adding nobler attributes to these materials, such as their use in biological devices, quality of rapid degradation and, more recently, the preference for those made from renewable feedstock, reducing the environmental impact generated by the use oil and derivatives. The objective of this work is to create materials of renewable material origin and easy degradation, using enzymatic catalysis thus avoiding the use of toxic metal catalysts. Furthermore, we intended to add biologically active molecules, so that the final products may exhibit pharmacological properties. The bioactive substances selected for this study were: panthenol, azelaic acid, citric acid, and pantolactone. From these molecules eight different polymeric materials were synthesized: poly(pantenyl azelate), poly(pantenyl adipate), poly(isosorbyl-co-pantenyl adipate), poly(isosorbyl azelate), poly(isosorbyl adipate-co-azelate) poly(isosorbyl citrate), poly(isosorbyl adipate-co-citrate) and oligomer of polypantolactone. All materials were synthesized using the enzyme Candida antarctica fraction B (CAL-B) as catalyst in organic solvent using molecular sieves to remove the byproduct of the reaction. The characterizations were made by 1H NMR, MALDI-ToF and SEC.

Introdução: Diversas evidências apontam para um papel da disfunção mitocondrial no Transtorno de Humor Bipolar (THB), mas pouco se sabe sobre isso no THB de início recente. Na mitocôndria a atividade da cadeia transportadora de elétrons (CTE) atua juntamente com o ciclo do ácido cítrico na produção de energia, mas não está claro se estão alteradas no THB. O DNA mitocondrial (DNAmt) codifica diversas proteínas da CTE e está associado ao estresse oxidativo, mas nunca foi avaliado em pacientes no THB in vivo. O estresse oxidativo está associado ao THB e à disfunção mitocondrial, mas não se sabe muito das atividades das enzimas antioxidantes no THB de início recente. O óxido nítrico (NO) é uma molécula com efeitos neuromoduladores, mas com um papel no THB ainda não elucidado. O lítio é um tratamento padrão-ouro no THB, tendo mostrado efeitos neuroprotetores. Apesar disso, pouco se conhece do efeito do lítio na CTE, nas enzimas do ciclo do ácido cítrico, no conteúdo de DNAmt e na regulação de NO em humanos. Também não está claro o papel antioxidante do lítio no THB. Metódos: Pacientes com THB em depressão (n=31), não medicados em sua maioria (84%), foram tratados por 6 semanas com lítio. Antes e depois do tratamento, verificaram-se em leucócitos as atividades dos complexos I-IV da CTE, atividades das enzimas citrato sintase, succinato desidrogenase e malato desidrogenase e também o conteúdo de DNAmt; em plasma foram analisados os níveis de NO, substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e as atividades de catalase (CAT), glutationa peroxidase (GPx), superóxido dismutase (SOD) e razão de SOD/CAT. Os pacientes com depressão bipolar foram comparados com 28 controles saudáveis. Resultados: Em comparação com controles, os pacientes com THB tiveram um aumento de GPx (p < 0,001) e CAT (p=0,005) e uma diminuição de SOD/CAT (p=0,001), sem outras diferenças nos demais biomarcadores. Pacientes com THB I mostraram uma diminuição de citrato sintase (p=0,02) e uma discreta diminuição do conteúdo de DNAmt (p=0,05) em comparação com o THB II; o conteúdo de DNAmt esteve ligeiramente diminuído no THB I comparado com controles (p=0,05). Do início ao fim do tratamento com lítio houve aumento da atividade do complexo I da CTE (p=0,02), diminuição de TBARS (p=0,02) e SOD (p=0,03) e aumento de NO (p=0,02), sem haver alteração de outros parâmetros. Depois do tratamento, o TBARS se mostrou diminuído em respondedores comparados a não respondedores (p=0,02) e diminuído no THB II em comparação com o THB I (p=0,04). Discussão: No THB de início recente, houve poucas alterações em biomarcadores. Os achados sugerem aumento de CAT e GPx na depressão bipolar de início recente e uma diminuição de conteúdo mitocondrial no THB I comparado com o THB II, que devem ser confirmadas por outros estudos. Os resultados reforçam um papel neuroprotetor do lítio, sugerindo que a droga aumente a atividade do complexo I da CTE mitocondrial e aumente os níveis de NO na depressão bipolar. Além disso, o lítio reforçou o seu papel antioxidante e modulador das enzimas antioxidantes no THB / Background: Several evidences point to a role for mitochondrial dysfunction in Bipolar Disorder (BD), but few is known about it on short-term BD. In mitochondria the electron transport chain (ETC) acts jointly with citric acid cycle to produce energy, but it is not clear if they are altered in BD. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes several ETC proteins and is associated with oxidative stress, but it was never evaluated in BD in vivo. Oxidative stress is associated with BD and with mitochondrial dysfunction, but few is known about the activities of antioxidant enzymes in short-term BD. Nitric oxide (NO) is a molecule with neuromodulatory effects, but with an unclear role in BD. Lithium is a gold-standard treatment for BD, which has shown neuroprotective effects. However, few is known about lithium effect on ETC, citric acid cycle, mtDNA content, and NO regulation in humans. Also, lithium\'s antioxidant role in BD is unclear. Methods: Patients with BD depression (n=31) unmedicated in majority (84%) received lithium treatment for 6 weeks. Before and after treatment, in leukocytes the activities of ETC complex I-IV, citrate synthase, succinate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase, and mtDNA content were evaluated; in plasma, NO levels, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), the activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and SOD/CAT ratio were evaluated. Bipolar depression patients were compared with 28 healthy controls. Results: When compared with controls, BD patients showed an increase in GPx (p < 0.001) and CAT (p=0.005) and a decrease in SOD/CAT (p=0.001), but showed no difference for other biomarkers. Patients with BD I showed a decrease in citrate synthase (p=0.02) and a slight decrease in mtDNA content (p=0.05) when compared to BD II; mtDNA content was slightly decreased in BD I compared to controls (p=0.05). From baseline to endpoint, there was an increase in ETC complex I activity (p=0.02), a decrease in TBARS (p=0.02) and SOD (p=0.03) and an increase in NO (p=0.02), without change in other parameters. After treatment, TBARS was decreased in responders compared to non-responders (p=0.02) and decreased in BD II compared to BD I (p=0.04). Discussion: In short-term BD few alterations were observed on biomarkers. The findings suggest increase on CAT and GPX in short-term bipolar depression and mitochondrial content decrease in BD I when compared to BD II, which deserve other studies for confirmation. The results reinforce a lithium\'s neuroprotective role and suggest that lithium increases ETC complex I activity and NO levels in bipolar depression. Moreover, lithium reinforced its role as antioxidant and as a modulator of antioxidant enzymes in BD

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, por meio da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), a capacidade de remoção da smear layer dos terços médio e apical do canal radicular utilizando soluções quelantes e desmineralizantes e, quantificar, por meio da espectrometria de absorção atômica com chama, a concentração de íons cálcio presentes nessas soluções após suas utilizações. Vinte e cinco caninos superiores foram preparados pela técnica Free Tip Preparation com 4 instrumentos acima do inicial e irrigados com hipoclorito de sódio 1% a cada troca de instrumento. Os dentes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos, conforme protocolo utilizado para a irrigação final: G1 - EDTA 15%, G2 - quitosana 0,2%, G3 - ácido cítrico 10%, G4 - ácido acético 1%. O grupo controle (G5) não recebeu irrigação. Foram utilizados 5 mL de cada solução por 3 minutos. Após percorrer toda extensão do canal radicular a solução extravasada pelo forame foi coletada e encaminhada para análise espectrométrica. Os espécimes foram seccionados longitudinalmente e preparados para análise em MEV. As fotomicrografias obtidas foram avaliadas qualitativamente por três examinadores, que atribuíram escores às imagens, conforme a quantidade de smear layer. Os dados obtidos pela MEV foram analisados estatisticamente por meio do Teste de Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn. Para avaliação da espectrometria utilizou-se Tukey-Kramer (one-Way ANOVA). Os resultados mostraram que o EDTA 15%, quitosana 0,2% e ácido cítrico 10% removeram a smear layer de forma semelhante entre si e estatisticamente diferente (p<0,05) do ácido ácético 1% e controle. Não houve diferença na capacidade de limpeza das soluções quando os terços médio e apical foram comparados. A maior concentração de íons cálcio foi observada no grupo do EDTA 15% e quitosana 0,2%, sem diferença entre ambos. O grupo do ácido acético 1% apresentou as menores concentrações e o ácido cítrico 10%, concentrações intermediárias e diferentes estatísticamente dos dois grupos (p<0,01). Concluiu-se que as soluções de EDTA 15%, quitosana 0,2% e ácido cítrico 10% foram eficientes na remoção da smear layer do terço médio e apical do canal radicular. As soluções de EDTA 15% e quitosana 0,2% promoveram o maior efeito desmineralizante, seguidas pelo ácido cítrico 10% e acido acético 1%. / This study aimed to evaluate, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the ability to remove the smear layer from the apical and middle thirds of the root canal using chelators and demineralizing solutions, and quantify, by atomic absorption spectrophotometry flame, the concentration of calcium ions present in these solutions after their use. Twenty-five canines were prepared by Free Tip Preparation Technique with four instruments above the initial and irrigated with 1% sodium hypochlorite in each change of instrument. The teeth were randomly divided into four groups, according to the protocol used for the final irrigation: G1 - EDTA 15%, G2 - 0.2% chitosan, G3 - citric acid 10%, G4 - 1% acetic acid. The control group (G5) did not receive irrigation. We used 5 mL of each solution for 3 minutes. After irrigating the entire length of the root canal through the apical foramen, the solution was collected and sent to spectrometric analysis. The specimens were sectioned longitudinally and prepared for SEM analysis. The photomicrographs were qualitatively evaluated by three observers, who attributed scores to the images, equivalent to the amount of smear layer removal. The data obtained by SEM was statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests. To evaluate the spectrometer, the Tukey-Kramer (one-way ANOVA) was used. The results showed that 15% EDTA, 0.2% chitosan and 10% citric acid had a similar smear layer removal with statistically different (p <0.05) when compared to 1% acetic acid and the control group. There was no difference between the solutions cleaning ability when the middle and apical thirds were compared. The highest concentration of calcium ions was observed in 15% EDTA group and 0.2% chitosan, with no statistical difference between them. The 1% acetic acid group had the lowest concentration and the 10% citric acid intermediate concentrations with statistical difference between each other (p <0.01). It can be concluded that the solutions of 15% EDTA, 0.2% chitosan and 10% citric acid were effective in removing the smear layer of the middle and apical thirds of the root canal. 15% EDTA solutions and 0.2% chitosan promoted the greatest effect on the demineralization, followed by 10% citric acid and 1% acetic acid.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:08:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Neivair S Pastore.pdf: 698767 bytes, checksum: 50ab6e7a0b5e56b9103c107289a0ef7a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-18 / It is necessary to use substrates of low cost and wide availability to the industrial production of citric acid. In this way, manipueira a liquid waste from the cassava industrialization possesses characteristics that make use of great interest as a substrate. This work aimed to the production of citric acid by submerged fermentation using cassava wastewater as substrate and supplemented with sucrose by the fungus Aspergillus niger and different sources of nitrogen such as ammonium sulphate, urea and peptone. The fermentation was conducted in Erlenmeyer flasks and bacteriological incubator. Apart from cassava, for comparative purposes of production of citric acid was used the synthetic medium of Prescott & Dunn. Through the results, we found the production of citric acid fermentation in all media tested. The use of peptone associated with the use of ammonium sulfate to the synthetic medium Prescott & Dunn, had a better production (62.9 g/L citric acid) under the conditions studied. For a medium containing cassava the interaction between urea and ammonium sulfate, showed higher yield (78.4 g/L). Regarding the time for fermentation, it was found that the time of 24 h is ideal for higher productivity in the process. By analyzing the concentration of cyanide and COD of the fermentation medium it was obtained a significant reduction in both factors, the pollutant load of cassava was reduced by 53% compared to the initial value of COD content and the initial 0.4 mg/L cyanide decreased to 0.09 mg/L. It was concluded that the feasibility of using cassava to obtain citric acid under the development of clean technologies, converting the residue in a product with higher added value. / É importante a utilização de substrato de baixo custo e grande disponibilidade para a produção industrial de ácido cítrico, desta forma, a manipueira, resíduo líquido proveniente da industrialização da mandioca possui características que tornam sua utilização de grande interesse como substrato. Neste trabalho objetivou-se a produção de ácido cítrico por fermentação submersa utilizando a manipueira como substrato e enriquecida com sacarose utilizando o fungo Aspergillus niger além de diferentes fontes de nitrogênio como o sulfato de amônio, a uréia e a peptona. A fermentação foi conduzida em frascos erlenmeyer e em estufa bacteriológica. Além da manipueira, para fins comparativos de produção do ácido cítrico, foi usado o meio sintético de Prescott & Dunn. Através dos resultados obtidos, constatou-se a produção de ácido cítrico em todos os meios fermentados testados. A utilização de peptona associada a utilização do sulfato de amônio para o meio sintético de Prescott & Dunn, apresentou melhor produção (62,9 g/L de ácido cítrico) sob as condições estudadas. Para o meio contendo a manipueira a interação entre a uréia e sulfato de amônio apresentou maior produção (78,4 g/L). Em relação ao tempo para a fermentação, foi constatado que o tempo de 24 h é o ideal para maior produtividade no processo. Ao analisar a concentração de cianeto e de DQO do meio de fermentação obteve-se uma redução expressiva em ambos os fatores, a carga poluente da manipueira foi reduzida em até 53% em relação ao valor inicial de DQO e o teor inicial 0,4 mg/L de cianeto decaiu para 0,09 mg/L. Conclui-se a viabilidade do uso de manipueira para obtenção de ácido cítrico a título do desenvolvimento de tecnologias limpas, convertendo o resíduo em questão em um produto de maior valor agregado.

Des produits de consommation de première nécessité aux produits les plus fortuits, l'emballage, en particulier plastique, constitue aujourd'hui un élément indispensable de notre vie quotidienne. Son utilisation intensive dans le domaine agroalimentaire pour un usage unique à courte durée de vie incite aujourd'hui à s'orienter vers de nouveaux matériaux d'origine renouvelable et biodégradables, aux caractéristiques similaires que leurs homologues issus des ressources fossiles. Les mélanges à base de biopolymères et de biopolyesters peuvent être une bonne alternative. Dans ce présent travail de thèse, des mélanges de farine de blé, thermoplastifiée par du glycérol et de l'eau, et des polyesters biosourcés et biodégradables tels que le PLA et/ou le PHB ont été obtenus par extrusion bivis et moulés par injection thermoplastique. Les caractéristiques thermiques, thermomécaniques dynamiques, morphologiques, mécaniques et barrières de ces nouveaux matériaux ont été étudiés. De l'acide citrique a été utilisé comme agent de compatibilisant pour améliorer l'interface amidon/PLA. Les différentes investigations nous ont permis de mettre au point différents types de formulations aux caractéristiques mécaniques et barrières à la vapeur d'eau intéressantes pour la fabrication de corps de barquettes d'emballage alimentaire de denrées périssables comme la viande ou les fromages. L'aptitude au contact alimentaire des matériaux farine thermoplastifiée/polyester et l'impact de l'incorporation des polyesters sur la biodégradabilité de ces matériaux ont également été étudiés. / From basic and essential to unnecessary and optional consumer products, packaging, particularly plastic, is today an indispensable part of our daily life. Its extensive use in the food industry for a single use and for a short shelf-life encourages us today to move towards new renewable and biodegradable materials with similar characteristics than their counterparts from fossil resources. Biopolymers and biopolyesters blends can be a good alternative. Within the framework of this present work, wheat flour, thermoplasticised by glycerol and water, and biobased and biodegradable polyesters such as PLA and/or PHB, were blended using an industrial twin screw extruder and were injection-molded into thermoplastic materials. Thermal, dynamic thermomechanical, morphological, mechanical and barriers properties of these new materials were studied. Citric acid was used as a compatibilizer to improve the interface starch/PLA. The different investigations have allowed us to develop various types of formulations, with mechanical characteristics and barrier properties to water vapor, very attractive for manufacturing plastic food packaging which can be used for meats or cheeses. Food contact suitability and biodegradability of thermoplasticised wheat flour/polyester materials have also studied.

Les nanoparticules d’oxyde de fer de structure spinelle ouvrent de nombreuses voies dans le domaine biomédical. Parmi les applications possibles, les propriétés superparamagnétiques des cristallites d'une dizaine de nanomètres permettent de les utiliser pour le diagnostic médical, notamment en Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique (IRM).Ce travail a consisté à élaborer des suspensions colloïdales de nanoparticules de magnétite ou de maghémite (nommées USPIO pour Ultrasmall SuperParamagnetic Iron Oxide) compatibles avec les conditions physiologiques (pH = 7,4 et [NaCl] = 0,15 M).Par co-précipitation classique, des USPIO, de taille de cristallites de 8 nm, de surface spécifique de 110 m².g-1 et agrégés en assemblages d’environ 20 nm ont été obtenus. Pour stabiliser ces nano-objets, deux voies ont été explorées. Des agents électrostatiques (acide citrique et DMSA) ont modifié la charge nette de surface des oxydes de fer. La stabilisation stérique a également été explorée par greffage de méthoxy-PEG couplés à des fonctions silanes (mPEG-Si). Par combinaison de mPEG2000-Si et de DMSA, des suspensions stables ont également été obtenues. De plus, les fonctions thiols apportées par le DMSA et présentes à la surface des agrégats se trouvent protégées de leur oxydation naturelle par l'encombrement stérique des chaînes de polymère (la formation de ponts disulfures est évitée). La post-fonctionnalisation de ces nanoparticules via ces fonctions thiols est alors possible plusieurs semaines après leur synthèse. Ce concept a été validé par post-greffage d’un fluorophore (0,48 RITC/nm²) pour la détection in vitro en microscopie à fluorescence.En parallèle de cette étude en « batch », des nanoparticules d’oxyde de fer ont été synthétisées en continu à l’aide d’un procédé hydrothermal pouvant s’étendre au domaine eau supercritique. En voie hydrothermale classique, des USPIO stabilisés par des ions citrates ont été obtenus en continu. Grâce aux propriétés physicochimiques de l’eau supercritique, la co-précipitation de magnétite a été possible sans l’utilisation de base.La cytotoxicité et l’internalisation cellulaire de ces USPIO ont été évaluées sur trois modèles cellulaires (macrophages RAW, hépatocytes HepG2 et cardiomyocytes) et les efficacités comme agents de contraste en IRM de ces nanoparticles ont été mesurées sur gel et sur modèle murin et comparées à un agent de contraste commercial à base d’oxyde de fer. Les nanohybrides étudiés n’ont pas présenté de cytotoxicité et ont développé des pouvoirs contrastants comparables à l’agent commercial. La biodistribution hépatique des nanoparticules couplées au mPEG-Si a été retardée de plus de 3 heures ouvrant la voie à des détections spécifiques. / Spinel structured iron oxide nanoparticles open the way of biomedical applications of nanomaterials.Superparamagnetic properties of ten nanometer size crystallites permit to use them in diagnosis such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).The aim of this work was to synthesize colloidal suspension of magnetite or maghemite (called USPIO for Ultrasmall SuperParamagnetic Iron Oxide) stable in physiological conditions (pH = 7.4 and [NaCl] = 0.15M).By classical co-precipitation method, UPSIO were synthesized with a mean crystallite size of 8 nm, with a specific surface area of 110 m².g-1 and an aggregate size of 20 nm. To stabilize these nano-objects, two ways were investigated. Electrostatic agents (like citric acid and DMSA) modified iron oxide surface charge. Steric stabilization was also studied by grafting methoxy-PEG coupled with a silane function (mPEG-Si).and the combination mPEG - DMSA also resulted in stable suspensions. Moreover thiols functions coming from DMSA and present on the surface of the nanoparticles were prevented from oxidation thanks to steric protection of polymer chains. Thanks to this method post-functionalization of USPIO was possible several weeks after synthesis. This concept was validated with the post-grafting of a dye (0.48 RITC per nm²) used for in vitro detection in fluorescent microscopy.Nanoparticles were also synthesized in a continuous way with a hydrothermal process which could work from soft chemistry to supercritical water. In classical hydrothermal conditions, USPIO stabilized with citrates were obtained in a continuous way. Thanks to the physico-chemical properties of supercritical water, co-precipitation of magnetite without base adding was possible.Cytotoxicity and cellular internalization assays were done with our USPIO in three cellular models (macrophages RAW, hepatocytes HePG2 and cardiomyocytes). Moreover the efficiency as MRI contrast agents were measured in gels tubes and on mice models and compared to an iron oxide commercial product. Late hepatic biodistribution (more than three hours) was proven with pegylated nanoparticles, which opens the way of specific detections.

L’accumulation de lipides chez une espèce levurienne Yarrowia lipolytica souche sauvage a été caractérisée par l’analyse dynamique et systémique des différents états métaboliques identifiés lors des cultures sous conditions environnementales parfaitement maitrisées, à hautes densités cellulaires selon deux stratégies bien distinctes. En premier lieu sur substrat osidique avec le phosphore comme élément inducteur de l’accumulation de lipides, stratégie originale pour déclencher l’accumulation de lipides chez cette souche. Et deuxièmement sur co-susbtrats glucose et oléate et sans aucune limitation nutritionnelle.Ces stratégies de conduites ont permis de dégager les points suivants :- La limitation phosphore déclenche une accumulation en lipides mais aussi en polysaccharides de réserves mobilisables mais non transitoire contrairement à la limitation azote.- La teneur en phosphore de la biomasse catalytique est très variable. De ce fait, le taux de croissance de la biomasse catalytique n’est pas contrôlable par le débit en phosphore.- Le phosphore joue un rôle dans la régulation de l’entrée de glucose dans la cellule, et permet d’éviter la production de citrate lorsque les voies de production de biomasse et de lipides sont en débordement sur une large gamme de rapport C/P (de 0 à 8000 Cmole.mole-1).- La capacité maximale d’accumulation en réserves carbonées chez Y. lipolytica wT est identique quelle que soit la méthode d’accumulation (limitation azote, limitation phosphore, co-substrats glucose / oléate) et est égale à 0,5 Cmole/CmoleX-1. Il existe donc un phénomène de régulation de la levure encore inconnu et limitant l’accumulation en réserves carbonées chez cette souche.Ces résultats ont permis d’identifier des points clés dans l’accumulation en réserves carbonées de cette espèce levurienne et de proposer un mode de conduite original faisant l’objet d’un dépôt de brevet / Lipid accumulation by the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica wT was characterized by dynamic and systemic analysis of different metabolic states in a microbial culture under fully controlled environmental conditions with high cell concentration and under two different strategies:Glucose as the substrate and phosphorus limitation as an inducer of lipid accumulation, an original strategy for lipid accumulation in Y. lipolytica wT.A co-substrate strategy with glucose and oleic acid and without any nutritional limitation.These strategies allowed showing the following points:- Phosphorus limitation triggers a lipid accumulation and a non-transient accumulation of reserve polysaccharide that can be consumed by biomass when necessary, contrary to nitrogen limitation- Phosphorus rate in catalytic biomass shows great variations. Catalytic growth rate cannot be governed by phosphorus input. - Phosphorus has a role in regulating cellular glucose uptake and allows avoiding citric acid production due to overflow of carbon input over a large range of C/P ratios (0 to 8000 Cmol.mol-1)- Maximum capacity of reserve carbon accumulation in Y. lipolytica wT is similar for any culture strategy tested (under nitrogen limitation, phosphorus limitation or with glucose and oleic acid co-substrates) and is equal to 0,5 Cmol/CmolX-1. There is an unknown phenomenon of carbon regulation limiting reserve carbon accumulation in Y. lipolytica wT. Results allowed identifying key points in reserve carbon accumulation in this particular yeast strain and suggesting an original process, claim of a patent

Cette thèse comporte un volet papetier et un volet textile. Dans le premier volet, de nouveaux produits capables d’améliorer la résistance à l’état humide (REH) du papier et qui soient si possible ‘écologiques’ ont été recherchés. Dans ce but, nous avons synthétisé avec de bons rendements des sels d’ammoniums quaternaires (SAQs) allylés dont beaucoup sont originaux. Ces sels ont été par la suite polymérisés à l‘aide d’un réacteur micro-onde. Les polymères obtenus sont cationiques, hydrosolubles et amphiphiles. Après fixation sur papier, nous avons mis en évidence qu’un traitement bicouche avec un copolymère amphiphile à base de bromure N,N-diallyl-pyrrolidinium (BDAP) et de carboxyméthylcellulose (CMC) apporte de façon inattendu un caractère hydrophobe marqué au papier traité alors que des copolymères réactifs synthétisés à base de N,N-diallyl-3-hydroxy-azétidinium (CDAHA) sont capables de conférer au papier une REH comparable à celle fournie par les résines polyamide-amine-épichlorhydrine (ou PAE) commerciales. Concernant le volet textile, l’objectif était de produire une recette optimale de traitement infroissable pour un tissu 100% coton à base d’acides polycarboxyliques, qui soit performante, non onéreuse et écologique. Pour cela, nous avons choisi l’acide citrique (AC) comme étant l’élément actif de la recette qui est à base de 5% d’AC et d’un mélange de catalyseurs : hypophosphite de sodium / cyanamide (1 éq ; 0,75 : 0,25). La température et le temps de réticulation ont été optimisés respectivement à 170°C et 90 s. L’infroissabilité ainsi conférée peut être estimée au mieux à assez bonne. En contrepartie, ce traitement infroissable engendre une dégradation de la résistance à la traction et du degré de blanc du support. Des supports de coton traités avec la recette optimale et éventuellement d’autres recettes ont été caractérisés par différentes méthodes analytiques. Les résultats trouvés montrent que la réaction d’estérification de la cellulose avec l’AC se produit principalement dans la paroi cellulaire et non pas en surface des fils de coton. En outre, le degré de polymérisation de la cellulose traité chute de 60%, ce qui est en accord avec les mesures dynamométriques déjà réalisées. / This work is divided into two parts: a papermaking part and a textile one. In the first part, new and if possible ‘green’ products, which can improve paper wet-strength, have been designed. For this purpose, unsaturated quaternary ammonium salts (SAQs), many of them unpublished so far, were synthesized. These salts were then polymerized using a microwave reactor. The resulting (co)polymers are cationic, water-soluble and amphiphilic. We demonstrated that papers, once treated by an amphiphilic N,N-diallyl-pyrrolidinium-based copolymer and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) via a bi-layer treatment, were endowed with an obvious hydrophobic character. Moreover, other copolymers synthesized from N,N-diallyl-3-hydroxy-azetidinium (CDAHA) were able to impart to paper sheet a wet-strength comparable to that usually provided by polyamide-amine-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resins. The second part of the present work is dedicated to the development of an optimal anti-wrinkle recipe for cotton fabrics based on polycarboxylic acids. This recipe should be ideally efficient, cheap and eco-friendly. For that goal, citric acid (CA) was used as the active medium of the recipe that was based on 5% aq AC (w/w) solution and a catalyst mixture: sodium hypophosphite / cyanamide (1 eq, 0.75, 0.25). Temperature and heating duration was respectively optimized at 170°C and 90 s. Resulting crease-resistant properties can be estimated at best to good. However, such an anti-wrinkle treatment causes a degradation of both tensile strength and whiteness index. Cottons treated with the optimum recipe and other recipes were characterized by different analytical methods. Data showed that esterification reaction of cellulose with AC occurs mainly in the cell wall and does not affect the yarn surface. In addition, polymerization degree of treated cellulose was reduced of 60% in accordance with already measured mechanical properties.

This diploma thesis deals with preparation and testing of biodegradable materials for use in the packaging indrustry. The task of this work is to prepare set of laboratory made films based on wheat starch, glycerol, polyvinyl alcohol with the addition of a suitable additive, which has been selected as citric acid. A suitable composition meeting the requirements of the packaging foils has been found. Quaternary blends from all components achieve the best results. It has been found that citric acid can influence the chemical structure and thus affect the mechanical and thermal properities and also the degree of solubility. The films were characterized in terms of mechanical properities by tensile testing and thermal stability by means of thermogravimetric analysis with respect to the phase structure. The structure was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The biodegradability of the film was tested by its solubility in aqueous medium.