Preventing oxidative deterioration of fish oil is a significant challenge for the food industry. Natural antioxidants are widely incorporated into foods and oils to prevent oxidation and extend shelf life. The goal of the study is to investigate the activity of novel antioxidants in menhaden oil and to develop optimum formulations containing mixed tocopherols to control oxidation of menhaden oil. Alpha tocopherol, gamma tocopherol, and delta tocopherol in menhaden oil were found at 0.18mg/g, 0.37mg/g, and 0.14mg/g, respectively, using HPLC analysis. Teng Cha extract effectively delayed oxidation of menhaden oil (MO) when stored at 40°C for eight days by measuring primary oxidation products and secondary oxidation products. The combinations of Teng Cha extract and rosemary extract and combinations of ascorbyl palmitate, citric acid, Teng Cha extract and rosemary extract more effectively improved stability of MO containing mixed tocopherols than Teng Cha extract alone at 40°C storage for eight days by measuring primary oxidation products and secondary oxidation products. From this study, Teng Cha extract can be used as a potential natural antioxidant in food industry, especially in combinations with rosemary extract and tocopherols, extending shelf life of menhaden oil. / Master of Science in Life Sciences

The ultimate goal of this work is providing insights into fundamental (physico-) chemical (redox) behavior of hexavalent uranium (U(VI)), trivalent europium (Eu(III)) and selenium (Se), and upon their interaction with ubiquitous small biomolecules (in case of U(VI) and Eu(III)) or alkaline earth metal ions (in case of Se(IV) and Se(VI)) by application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. NMR spectroscopy is a powerful method proving its usefulness also to environmental and nuclear waste related studies in aqueous solutions by determination of (potential) binding sites, molecular structures (even conformation and configuration) as well as intra- and intermolecular dynamics, (redox) reaction pathways and mechanisms. The present work comprises extensive NMR spectroscopic investigations in aqueous (D2O) solutions on (i) glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) interactions with trivalent lanthanides (Ln(III), particularly Eu(III)) and U(VI), (ii) molecular structures of citrate (Cit) complexes of U(VI), and their reactions upon light-irradiation, as well as (iii) pH- and temperature-dependent speciation of selenium oxyanions, i.e., Se(VI) (selenate) and Se(IV) (selenite and, notably, hydrogen selenite) as well as Se(VI) and Se(IV) interaction with alkaline earth metal ions. These investigations are supported by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS), ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-Vis-NIR), IR/Raman, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), as well as quantum chemical calculations on density functional theory (DFT) level. For NMR spectroscopic data on GSH/GSSG complexation towards both Eu(III) and U(VI) are lacking, the herein presented results are new, and nicely complement other spectroscopic studies. Ln(III) complexes of GSH are characterized by their high solubility at least up to 300 mM and pD 5. However, the formation constant of the Eu(III)–GSH 1:1 complex is quite low with log K = 1.71 ± 0.01 as determined by Eu(III)-TRLFS. The diamagnetic La(III) and Lu(III) showed only little effect on the NMR spectra (< 2 ppm) while analogous Eu(III) solutions revealed hyperfine shifts up to 40 ppm. Eu(III)-induced 1H chemical shift changes are solely upfield and attributed to be predominantly due to pseudocontact contribution caused by dipolar interaction. In contrast, Eu(III)-induced 13C chemical shift changes of adjacent atoms – at least for the carboxyl and α-carbons – show alternating signs, indicating spin polarization effects owing to contact contribution. As expected for hard LEWIS acids and shown by other spectroscopies, complexation facilitates by the carboxyl groups. Qualitative differences between the glutamyl and glycyl carboxylate in metal ion complexation are ascribed to COULOMB repulsion due to the positively charged NH3+ in direct vicinity. Investigations of the U(VI)–GSH system covered experiments under both oxidizing and reducing conditions, performed with GSH’s oxidized form, GSSG, at ambient conditions, while samples with reduced GSH were handled under N2 atmosphere. For either condition, U(VI) showed interaction in aqueous (D2O) solution with both GSH and GSSG as determined by U(VI)-induced 1H and 13C chemical shift changes and U(VI) TRLFS, the latter comprising measurements at 25 °C and –120 °C. In principle, the interactions are stronger as compared to the Ln(III) system, and the speciation in both solution and solid is more complex owing to the aqueous chemistry of uranium. Observed binary GSH complexes are [UO2(H2GSH)]2+ for pD values up to ≈ 2.3, and [UO2(HGSH)]+ predominating for pD > 2.3. Complementary to the Eu(III) results, whenever net neutral binary GSH/GSSG or ternary hydroxo GSH/GSSG U(VI) complexes form in solution, both these U(VI) systems revealed extensive precipitation because of the low solubility of these complexes. Binary U(VI) GSSG and ternary U(VI) hydroxo GSSG complexes yield solid phases from pD 2 through 8, even in carbonatic media. The largest quantities of aqueous GSSG–U(VI) complexes are observed for pD ≈ 3.5, with the association constant for pH 3 determined by TRLFS as log K = 4.81 ± 0.08 for a 1:1 complex. GSH cannot compete with hydroxo ligands for complexation as of pD 6, whereas GSSG can at least partially compete with hydroxo and carbonate ligands upon formation of both quaternary U(VI) hydroxo carbonate GSSG, and ternary U(VI) carbonate GSSG (poly-)anionic species of high solubility. Under reducing and near-neutral conditions (pD 6 – 9) GSH immediately reduced U(VI) with subsequent formation of nanocrystalline UO2+x. After centrifugation of the starting material and allowing the decanted supernatant to age, the dissolved nanocrystals assemble network-like as disclosed by TEM, and further analysed by selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and UV-Vis spectroscopy, revealing hyper-stoichiometric UO2+x phases. Such network-like assembled actinide containing nanocrystals, with the arrangement most likely provoked by the presence of GSSG, have never been shown before. Complementary, the precipitate that has also been allowed to age as a wet paste, showed color changes from yellow via olive to black, indicating a reaction to proceed. The repeatedly probed and dissolved material exhibited GSSG in NMR spectra, and UV-Vis-NIR absorption bands attributed to U(IV) and, notably, U(V), the latter implying a one-electron transfer with subsequent disproportionation of U(V) to U(IV) and U(VI). Therefore, obtained results advance the understanding of both fundamental redox behavior of uranium and the role of GSH (and related molecules) in U(VI) detoxification processes in vivo. Although investigated for over 70 years, there are still controversial discussions on both speciation and structures of U(VI)–Cit complexes. By means of NMR’s strength in both structure determination and sensitivity to dynamic processes, studies regarding the U(VI)–Cit system allowed further fundamental insights into the structures of the formed complexes on a molecular level. Upon complexation a chiral center is induced in Cit’s central carbon, resulting in the formation of two diastereomeric pairs of enantiomers, whereupon the dimeric complexes exhibit syn and anti configured isomers. In fact, the combination of 17O NMR (note: at natural abundance) and quantum chemical calculations allowed an unambiguous decision on complex geometry and overall configurations. It is evidenced for the first time that the syn isomer is favored in aqueous solution in contrast to the preferably crystallizing anti isomer. Both isomers coexist and interconvert among one another, with a rate estimated to be in the order of 102 s–1 at 25 °C in acidic media, and a corresponding activation energy of approximately 60 kJ mol–1. Moreover, clear indications for uranium chirality is observed for U4+, with the 1:1 U(IV)–Cit complexes also forming two diastereomeric pairs of enantiomers. Comprehensive spectroscopic experiments combined with quantum chemical calculations improved basic understanding of the photo-reaction mechanism in the U(VI)–Cit system. Regardless of sample conditions, Cit is degraded to β-ketoglutarate, acetoacetate, and acetone, while U(VI) was reduced to U(IV) at pD 2 and U(V) at pD 5, suggesting a two- and a one-electron transfer, respectively. NMR signals observed for pD 5 samples at remarkable 1H chemical shift values between 25 and 53 ppm, in combination with UV-Vis-NIR absorptions at about 750 and 930 nm, are assigned to U(V) complexes of citrate. With regard to reported pH dependence on reaction rate and yield in the literature combined with observations in this work, H+/D+ are considered mechanistically crucial constituents. Furthermore, the photoreaction proceeds intermolecularly, requiring for free Cit to be present in solution. In consideration of both the U(VI)–Cit photoreaction and the U(VI)–GSH chemical redox reaction, regardless of the particular mechanism, in both cases the process is intermolecular. This is not only a highly interesting, but the more a very important result, rendering the reductants not required to be bound to U(VI) in order to reduce it. Owing to the suitability of 77Se as NMR-active but non-radioactive Se isotope, this spectroscopy was also applied to study chemical behavior of the nuclear waste related long-lived 79Se. For the first time spectroscopic evidence is given for hydrogen selenite dimerization in aqueous solution upon formation of homo-dimers by hydrogen bonding that are stable up to 60 °C and so are other selenium oxyanionic species. Additionally, a remarkably higher 77Se chemical shift temperature coefficient of the dimer – as compared to corresponding selenite and selenous acid – was found. These findings are attributed to a significant deshielding upon heating due to remarkably different rovibrational modes upon stretching the dimer as a whole instead of its dissociation into monomers owing to the rather strong hydrogen bonds. Interaction of selenium oxyanions with ubiquitous alkaline earth metals, i.e., Ca2+ and Mg2+, showed formation of weak aqueous complexes of both selenite and hydrogen selenite dimer for excessive selenium, however, at high ionic strength (5.6 M) for equimolar Ca2+ and Se(IV) even at pHc 5 crystalline calcium selenite is formed.

Stomata are small pores that are located on the surface of epidermal leaves, and they can regulate the uptake of CO2 and prevent water lose by opening and closing the pores. Stomata of plants can be regulated by external condition such as CO2, biotic and abiotic stresses and internal factors. CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) plants adapt to hot and dry environments by closing stomata during the day and opening stomata during the cool night. However, it is still unclear how CAM plants open their stomata during the night and close them during the day. In this study, a number of factors were evaluated for their potential roles in promoting stomatal opening in the model CAM plant Kalanchoe laxiflora. Citrate is an important organic acid and it accumulates during the night in CAM plants. It is shown in this study that citrate promoted stomatal opening in detached leaf epidermis of Kalanchoe laxiflora. Further, the cytokinin zeatin is also shown to stimulate stomatal opening in detached leave of Kalanchoe laxiflora. Melatonin is an important regulator of circadian rhythms in mammals and has been implicated in regulation of plant abiotic stress responses. Melatonin was detected in the leaves of Kalanchoe laxiflora. It promoted stomatal opening in detached epidermis of Kalanchoe laxiflora. Together, these results suggest that stomata of Kalanchoe laxiflora respond to citrate and malate which are the main organic acids accumulate during nighttime and also to some signaling molecules (zeatin, melatonin, and serotonin) by opening stomata during dark period.

No description available.

<i>Cryptosporidium parvum</i> is a protozoan parasite historically associated with waterborne and more recently foodborne outbreaks of diarrheal illness. Contamination of certain foods, such as unpasteurized apple cider, with infective oocysts may occur as oocysts are shed in the feces of common ruminants like cattle and deer that graze in and around orchards. Cryptosporidiosis can result in a severe illness for previously healthy individuals and a life-threatening illness in immunocompromised individuals. Disease occurs after the ingestion of small infective oocysts (4 to 5 mm in size). The relatively thick membrane of the oocysts allows them to be resistant to chlorine and many other environmental pressures, making oocysts difficult to inactivate. In this study, alternative treatments to pasteurization were evaluated for their ability to inhibit <i>C. parvum</i> oocyst viability in fruit juices. Oocyst viability was analyzed with a cell culture infectivity assay, using a human illeocecal cell line (HCT-8) that is most similar to human infection. The percent inhibition of infection by each treatment was determined along with the corresponding log reduction for the treatments found to be most effective. Infection by treated oocysts was compared to that of control untreated oocysts. Cell monolayers were infected with 10⁶ treated oocysts or a series of 10-fold dilutions. Parasitic life stages were visualized using an immunohistochemistry system and 100 microscope fields counted per monolayer. Organic acids and H₂O₂ were added on a wt/vol basis to apple cider, orange juice, and grape juices. Malic, citric, and tartaric acids at concentrations from 1%-5% inhibited <i>C. parvum</i> infectivity of HCT-8 cells by up to 88%. Concentrations ranging from 0.025%-3% H₂O₂ were evaluated where addition of 0.025% H₂O₂ to each juice resulted in a >5 log reduction of C. parvum infectivity as determined with an MPN-based cell culture infectivity assay. Treating apple cider, orange juice, and grape juice with ozone for a time period of 30 seconds up to 15 minutes at 6° and 22°C (0.9 g/L flow rate) inhibited C. parvum viability to > 90% as monitored in the cell culture assay. It is hypothesized that oocyst wall proteins that are necessary for infection are oxidized by the reactive oxygen species generated from the decomposition of the ozone and hydrogen peroxide treatments. These treatments or combinations thereof may offer potential alternatives to traditional pasteurization for fruit juices to successfully inhibit <i>C. parvum</i> viability. / Ph. D.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, por meio da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), a capacidade de remoção da smear layer dos terços médio e apical do canal radicular utilizando soluções quelantes e desmineralizantes e, quantificar, por meio da espectrometria de absorção atômica com chama, a concentração de íons cálcio presentes nessas soluções após suas utilizações. Vinte e cinco caninos superiores foram preparados pela técnica Free Tip Preparation com 4 instrumentos acima do inicial e irrigados com hipoclorito de sódio 1% a cada troca de instrumento. Os dentes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos, conforme protocolo utilizado para a irrigação final: G1 - EDTA 15%, G2 - quitosana 0,2%, G3 - ácido cítrico 10%, G4 - ácido acético 1%. O grupo controle (G5) não recebeu irrigação. Foram utilizados 5 mL de cada solução por 3 minutos. Após percorrer toda extensão do canal radicular a solução extravasada pelo forame foi coletada e encaminhada para análise espectrométrica. Os espécimes foram seccionados longitudinalmente e preparados para análise em MEV. As fotomicrografias obtidas foram avaliadas qualitativamente por três examinadores, que atribuíram escores às imagens, conforme a quantidade de smear layer. Os dados obtidos pela MEV foram analisados estatisticamente por meio do Teste de Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn. Para avaliação da espectrometria utilizou-se Tukey-Kramer (one-Way ANOVA). Os resultados mostraram que o EDTA 15%, quitosana 0,2% e ácido cítrico 10% removeram a smear layer de forma semelhante entre si e estatisticamente diferente (p<0,05) do ácido ácético 1% e controle. Não houve diferença na capacidade de limpeza das soluções quando os terços médio e apical foram comparados. A maior concentração de íons cálcio foi observada no grupo do EDTA 15% e quitosana 0,2%, sem diferença entre ambos. O grupo do ácido acético 1% apresentou as menores concentrações e o ácido cítrico 10%, concentrações intermediárias e diferentes estatísticamente dos dois grupos (p<0,01). Concluiu-se que as soluções de EDTA 15%, quitosana 0,2% e ácido cítrico 10% foram eficientes na remoção da smear layer do terço médio e apical do canal radicular. As soluções de EDTA 15% e quitosana 0,2% promoveram o maior efeito desmineralizante, seguidas pelo ácido cítrico 10% e acido acético 1%. / This study aimed to evaluate, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the ability to remove the smear layer from the apical and middle thirds of the root canal using chelators and demineralizing solutions, and quantify, by atomic absorption spectrophotometry flame, the concentration of calcium ions present in these solutions after their use. Twenty-five canines were prepared by Free Tip Preparation Technique with four instruments above the initial and irrigated with 1% sodium hypochlorite in each change of instrument. The teeth were randomly divided into four groups, according to the protocol used for the final irrigation: G1 - EDTA 15%, G2 - 0.2% chitosan, G3 - citric acid 10%, G4 - 1% acetic acid. The control group (G5) did not receive irrigation. We used 5 mL of each solution for 3 minutes. After irrigating the entire length of the root canal through the apical foramen, the solution was collected and sent to spectrometric analysis. The specimens were sectioned longitudinally and prepared for SEM analysis. The photomicrographs were qualitatively evaluated by three observers, who attributed scores to the images, equivalent to the amount of smear layer removal. The data obtained by SEM was statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests. To evaluate the spectrometer, the Tukey-Kramer (one-way ANOVA) was used. The results showed that 15% EDTA, 0.2% chitosan and 10% citric acid had a similar smear layer removal with statistically different (p <0.05) when compared to 1% acetic acid and the control group. There was no difference between the solutions cleaning ability when the middle and apical thirds were compared. The highest concentration of calcium ions was observed in 15% EDTA group and 0.2% chitosan, with no statistical difference between them. The 1% acetic acid group had the lowest concentration and the 10% citric acid intermediate concentrations with statistical difference between each other (p <0.01). It can be concluded that the solutions of 15% EDTA, 0.2% chitosan and 10% citric acid were effective in removing the smear layer of the middle and apical thirds of the root canal. 15% EDTA solutions and 0.2% chitosan promoted the greatest effect on the demineralization, followed by 10% citric acid and 1% acetic acid.

Desde a invenção do primeiro polímero sintético por John Wesley em 1868, vem crescendo continuamente a utilização desta classe de materiais. Atualmente, é grande o interesse em agregar aos mesmos atributos mais nobres, tais como sua utilização em dispositivos biológicos, qualidade de rápida degradação e, mais recentemente, a preferência por aqueles provenientes de matéria prima renovável, que possam diminuir o impacto ambiental gerado pelo uso de petróleo e derivados. O objetivo deste trabalho é sintetizar materiais provenientes de fonte de matéria prima renovável e de fácil degradação, através de sínteses enzimáticas, evitando assim o uso de catalisadores metálicos tóxicos. Além disso, pretendeu-se agregar moléculas biologicamente ativas, de forma que os produtos finais possam exibir propriedades farmacológicas. As substâncias bioativas selecionadas para este trabalho foram: pantenol, ácido azeláico, ácido cítrico, e pantolactona. Destas moléculas, foram sintetizados 8 materiais poliméricos: poli(azelato de pantenila), poli(adipato de pantenila), poli(adipato de isosorbila-co-pantenila), poli(azelato de isosorbila), poli(adipato-co-azelato de isosorbila), poli(citrato de isosorbila), poli(adipato de isosorbila-co-citrato) e oligômero de polipantolactona. Todos os materiais foram sintetizados utilizando a enzima Candida antarctica fração B (CAL-B) como catalisador, em solvente orgânico, utilizando peneira molecular para remoção do subproduto da reação. As caracterizações foram feitas através de RMN-1H, MALDI-ToF e GPC. / Since the invention of the first synthetic polymer by John Wesley in 1868, the use of this class of materials has continuously grown. Currently, there is a great interest in adding nobler attributes to these materials, such as their use in biological devices, quality of rapid degradation and, more recently, the preference for those made from renewable feedstock, reducing the environmental impact generated by the use oil and derivatives. The objective of this work is to create materials of renewable material origin and easy degradation, using enzymatic catalysis thus avoiding the use of toxic metal catalysts. Furthermore, we intended to add biologically active molecules, so that the final products may exhibit pharmacological properties. The bioactive substances selected for this study were: panthenol, azelaic acid, citric acid, and pantolactone. From these molecules eight different polymeric materials were synthesized: poly(pantenyl azelate), poly(pantenyl adipate), poly(isosorbyl-co-pantenyl adipate), poly(isosorbyl azelate), poly(isosorbyl adipate-co-azelate) poly(isosorbyl citrate), poly(isosorbyl adipate-co-citrate) and oligomer of polypantolactone. All materials were synthesized using the enzyme Candida antarctica fraction B (CAL-B) as catalyst in organic solvent using molecular sieves to remove the byproduct of the reaction. The characterizations were made by 1H NMR, MALDI-ToF and SEC.

Introdução: Diversas evidências apontam para um papel da disfunção mitocondrial no Transtorno de Humor Bipolar (THB), mas pouco se sabe sobre isso no THB de início recente. Na mitocôndria a atividade da cadeia transportadora de elétrons (CTE) atua juntamente com o ciclo do ácido cítrico na produção de energia, mas não está claro se estão alteradas no THB. O DNA mitocondrial (DNAmt) codifica diversas proteínas da CTE e está associado ao estresse oxidativo, mas nunca foi avaliado em pacientes no THB in vivo. O estresse oxidativo está associado ao THB e à disfunção mitocondrial, mas não se sabe muito das atividades das enzimas antioxidantes no THB de início recente. O óxido nítrico (NO) é uma molécula com efeitos neuromoduladores, mas com um papel no THB ainda não elucidado. O lítio é um tratamento padrão-ouro no THB, tendo mostrado efeitos neuroprotetores. Apesar disso, pouco se conhece do efeito do lítio na CTE, nas enzimas do ciclo do ácido cítrico, no conteúdo de DNAmt e na regulação de NO em humanos. Também não está claro o papel antioxidante do lítio no THB. Metódos: Pacientes com THB em depressão (n=31), não medicados em sua maioria (84%), foram tratados por 6 semanas com lítio. Antes e depois do tratamento, verificaram-se em leucócitos as atividades dos complexos I-IV da CTE, atividades das enzimas citrato sintase, succinato desidrogenase e malato desidrogenase e também o conteúdo de DNAmt; em plasma foram analisados os níveis de NO, substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e as atividades de catalase (CAT), glutationa peroxidase (GPx), superóxido dismutase (SOD) e razão de SOD/CAT. Os pacientes com depressão bipolar foram comparados com 28 controles saudáveis. Resultados: Em comparação com controles, os pacientes com THB tiveram um aumento de GPx (p < 0,001) e CAT (p=0,005) e uma diminuição de SOD/CAT (p=0,001), sem outras diferenças nos demais biomarcadores. Pacientes com THB I mostraram uma diminuição de citrato sintase (p=0,02) e uma discreta diminuição do conteúdo de DNAmt (p=0,05) em comparação com o THB II; o conteúdo de DNAmt esteve ligeiramente diminuído no THB I comparado com controles (p=0,05). Do início ao fim do tratamento com lítio houve aumento da atividade do complexo I da CTE (p=0,02), diminuição de TBARS (p=0,02) e SOD (p=0,03) e aumento de NO (p=0,02), sem haver alteração de outros parâmetros. Depois do tratamento, o TBARS se mostrou diminuído em respondedores comparados a não respondedores (p=0,02) e diminuído no THB II em comparação com o THB I (p=0,04). Discussão: No THB de início recente, houve poucas alterações em biomarcadores. Os achados sugerem aumento de CAT e GPx na depressão bipolar de início recente e uma diminuição de conteúdo mitocondrial no THB I comparado com o THB II, que devem ser confirmadas por outros estudos. Os resultados reforçam um papel neuroprotetor do lítio, sugerindo que a droga aumente a atividade do complexo I da CTE mitocondrial e aumente os níveis de NO na depressão bipolar. Além disso, o lítio reforçou o seu papel antioxidante e modulador das enzimas antioxidantes no THB / Background: Several evidences point to a role for mitochondrial dysfunction in Bipolar Disorder (BD), but few is known about it on short-term BD. In mitochondria the electron transport chain (ETC) acts jointly with citric acid cycle to produce energy, but it is not clear if they are altered in BD. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes several ETC proteins and is associated with oxidative stress, but it was never evaluated in BD in vivo. Oxidative stress is associated with BD and with mitochondrial dysfunction, but few is known about the activities of antioxidant enzymes in short-term BD. Nitric oxide (NO) is a molecule with neuromodulatory effects, but with an unclear role in BD. Lithium is a gold-standard treatment for BD, which has shown neuroprotective effects. However, few is known about lithium effect on ETC, citric acid cycle, mtDNA content, and NO regulation in humans. Also, lithium\'s antioxidant role in BD is unclear. Methods: Patients with BD depression (n=31) unmedicated in majority (84%) received lithium treatment for 6 weeks. Before and after treatment, in leukocytes the activities of ETC complex I-IV, citrate synthase, succinate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase, and mtDNA content were evaluated; in plasma, NO levels, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), the activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and SOD/CAT ratio were evaluated. Bipolar depression patients were compared with 28 healthy controls. Results: When compared with controls, BD patients showed an increase in GPx (p < 0.001) and CAT (p=0.005) and a decrease in SOD/CAT (p=0.001), but showed no difference for other biomarkers. Patients with BD I showed a decrease in citrate synthase (p=0.02) and a slight decrease in mtDNA content (p=0.05) when compared to BD II; mtDNA content was slightly decreased in BD I compared to controls (p=0.05). From baseline to endpoint, there was an increase in ETC complex I activity (p=0.02), a decrease in TBARS (p=0.02) and SOD (p=0.03) and an increase in NO (p=0.02), without change in other parameters. After treatment, TBARS was decreased in responders compared to non-responders (p=0.02) and decreased in BD II compared to BD I (p=0.04). Discussion: In short-term BD few alterations were observed on biomarkers. The findings suggest increase on CAT and GPX in short-term bipolar depression and mitochondrial content decrease in BD I when compared to BD II, which deserve other studies for confirmation. The results reinforce a lithium\'s neuroprotective role and suggest that lithium increases ETC complex I activity and NO levels in bipolar depression. Moreover, lithium reinforced its role as antioxidant and as a modulator of antioxidant enzymes in BD

Die Adsorption von Additiven an den Oberflächen eines Kristallisates wird als eine hauptsächliche Ursache für die Beeinflussung von Kristallwachstum und Morphologie angesehen und spielt bei vielen Kristallisationsprozessen eine entscheidende Rolle. Gerade für die Calciumsulfate, die im Millionen-Tonnen-Maßstab jährlich in Deutschland verarbeitet werden, stellt der Additiv-Einsatz einen Hauptkostenfaktor dar, während gleichzeitig die Additivwirkung mechanistisch nicht ausreichend gut verstanden und damit derzeit nicht vorhersagbar ist. Zur Erlangung eines besseren Verständnisses wurden mit Hilfe von molekulardynamischen Computersimulationen die Prozesse in den Grenzflächen zwischen festen Calciumsulfaten und wässriger Additivlösung auf atomarer Ebene analysiert. Wesentlicher Untersuchungsschwerpunkt war dabei die Rolle des polaren Lösungsmittels Wasser auf die Wechselwirkung zwischen verschiedenen ionischen Additivspezies und den Salzkristallen.

Μελετήθηκε ο μεταβολισμός της γλυκερόλης στη ζύμη Yarrowia lipolytica ACA–DC 50109 με έμφαση στη μετατροπή της σε λιπίδια και κιτρικό οξύ, μεταβολικά προϊόντα που παρουσιάζουν ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον για τη βιοτεχνολογία. Σε καλλιέργειες που πραγματοποιήθηκαν σε βιοαντιδραστήρα διαλείποντος έργου, επί πολλαπλώς περιοριστικού μέσου, διαπιστώθηκε η ύπαρξη τριών διακριτών φάσεων αύξησης που χαρακτηρίζονται από ιδιαίτερα μορφολογικά και βιοχημικά χαρακτηριστικά: η φάση βιοσύνθεσης κυτταρικής μάζας (κατά την οποία συντέθηκαν 4–4,5 g/l βιομάζας), η ελαιογόνος φάση (κατά την οποία πραγματοποιήθηκε συσσώρευση λιπιδίων 20–22% wt/wt επί ξηρής βιομάζας, 90% wt/wt των οποίων ήταν ουδέτερα) και η φάση παραγωγής κιτρικού οξέος (κατά την οποία εκκρίθηκαν στο περιβάλλον της αύξησης 14–30 g/l κιτρικού οξέος). Κατά τη διάρκεια των ανωτέρω φάσεων η ζύμη διήλθε από διάφορα μορφολογικά στάδια: μικρού μήκους αληθή μυκήλια και ψευδομυκήλια που κυριάρχησαν των κυττάρων ζύμης κατά τη φάση βιοσύνθεσης κυτταρικής μάζας, ευμεγέθη κύτταρα κατά τη φάση της ελαιογένεσης και μικρού μεγέθους κύτταρα ζύμης κατά τη φάση παραγωγής κιτρικού οξέος. Η γλυκερόλη διαπερνά την κυτταροπλασματική μεμβράνη με διευκολυνόμενη διάχυση και καταβολίζεται μέσω των αντιδράσεων της κινάσης της γλυκερόλης – GK και της NAD+ εξαρτώμενης αφυδρογονάσης της 3–P–γλυκερόλης. Την υψηλή ενεργότητα της NAD+ εξαρτώμενης ισοκιτρικής αφυδρογονάσης (NAD+–ICDH) κατά τη διάρκεια της φάσης βιοσύνθεσης κυτταρικής μάζας διαδέχθηκε σημαντική πτώση της ενεργότητάς της, επάγοντας τη λιπογένεση. Απρόσμενη αποδόμηση των αποθεματικών (ουδέτερων) λιπιδίων και σημαντική βιοσύνθεση γλυκολιπιδίων, σφιγγολιπιδίων και φωσφολιπιδίων – Ρ παρατηρήθηκε κατά τη διάρκεια της φάσης παραγωγής κιτρικού οξέος, φάση κατά την οποία η ενεργότητα της GK είχε μειωθεί σημαντικά ενώ η ενεργότητα της NAD+–ICDH είχε σχεδόν μηδενιστεί. Το ελαϊκό οξύ ήταν το κυριότερο λιπαρό οξύ ενώ η φωσφατιδυλχολίνη – PC το κύριο Ρ. Σε συνεχές σύστημα καλλιέργειας επί θρεπτικού υλικού περιοριστικού σε άζωτο, βιοσυντέθηκαν περιορισμένες μόνο ποσότητες λιπιδίων (~10% wt/wt, επί της ξηρής βιομάζας), γεγονός που μπορεί αποδοθεί στο ότι δεν υπήρχε μια περιοχή του ειδικού ρυθμού αραίωσης (D, h–1) στην οποία τα ένζυμα – κλειδιά που εμπλέκονται στη λιπογένεση (όπως η ΑΤΡ:κιτρική λυάση – ATP:CL και το μηλικό ένζυμο – ME) να παρουσιάζουν συγχρόνως υψηλές ενεργότητες, ενώ η ενεργότητα της NAD+–ICDH μειώθηκε, όχι όμως σημαντικά, στους χαμηλούς D. Η ενεργότητα της ATP:CL χαρακτηρίστηκε από υψηλές τιμές (60–300 Units/mg DW) σε D 0,033 h–1 ενώ οι μέγιστες τιμές ενεργότητας του ME (650 Units/mg DW) εμφανίστηκαν σε D=0,104 h–1. Τα λιπίδια της ζύμης ήταν περισσότερο ακόρεστα σε ενδιάμεσες τιμές D. Σε όλους τους D η φωσφατιδυλαιθανολαμίνη – PE, η φωσφατιδυλινοσιτόλη – PI και η PC αντιπροσωπεύουν τις κυριότερες κλάσεις των Ρ. Όσον αφορά τη μορφολογία της ζύμης, βρέθηκε ότι σε D<0,055 h–1 επικρατούσαν αληθή μυκήλια και ψευδομυκήλια ενώ σε D 0,055 h–1 παρατηρήθηκαν μόνο κύτταρα ζύμης. Σε πειράματα που πραγματοποιήθηκαν επί θρεπτικού υλικού περιοριστικού σε άζωτο, σε D=0,026 h–1, σε διαφορετικές συγκεντρώσεις διαλυμένου οξυγόνου – DO παρατηρήθηκε αυξημένο ποσοστό του κλάσματος των Ρ επί των ολικών λιπιδίων στις ακραίες σε τιμές DO ( 70% και 7%). Ανεξάρτητα των τιμών DO η PC ήταν η κλάση με το μεγαλύτερο ποσοστό, ακολουθούμενη από την PI και PE. Ειδικότερα το ποσοστό της ΡΕ παρουσιάστηκε ιδιαίτερα αυξημένο σε ενδιάμεσες τιμές DO (20% και 30%). Σε DΟ 50% επικρατούσαν αληθή μυκήλια και ψευδομυκήλια ενώ σε DΟ 50% εμφανίστηκαν στην καλλιέργεια περισσότερα κύτταρα ζύμης. Σε πειράματα που πραγματοποιήθηκαν σε D=0,026 h–1 βρέθηκε ότι ο περιορισμός της αύξησης από ιχνοστοιχεία όπως το μαγνήσιο και το ασβέστιο τα οποία εμπλέκονται σε πολλαπλές κυτταρικές λειτουργίες, είχαν δυσμενή επίδραση στη φυσιολογία της ζύμης, ωστόσο η σύσταση των λιπιδίων σε λιπαρά οξέα δεν επηρεάστηκε από τη φύση του περιοριστικού για την αύξηση παράγοντα. Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή φιλοδοξεί να συμβάλει στη μελέτη της φυσιολογίας των ελαιογόνων μικροοργανισμών και στη χρήση της γλυκερόλης ως υποστρώματος σε μελλοντικές βιοτεχνολογικές εφαρμογές. / In this thesis the metabolism of glycerol in Yarrowia lipolytica ACA–DC 50109, with emphasis on glycerol conversion into value–added biotechnological products, such as single cell oils and citric acid, was studied. The growth of Y. lipolytica was studied in bioreactor batch cultures in multiple limited medium and three distinct phases were identified during growth cycle. In each phase, yeast cells were characterized by specific morphological and biochemical features: biomass formation phase (in which 4–4.5 g/l of biomass were synthesized), lipogenic phase (in which 20–22% lipids wt/wt in dry weight were accumulated in biomass, containing 90% wt/wt neutral lipids) and citric acid production phase (in which 14–30 g/l of citric acid were secreted in the growth environment). Distinct cellular forms of Y. lipolytica were developed during the above phases: in biomass formation phase short true mycelia and pseudo–mycelia were predominant while a few yeast–like cells were observed, in lipogenic phase large obese cells were predominant and in citric acid production phase cells size was diminished. Glycerol passes into the microbial cell by facilitated diffusion. Y. lipolytica successfully converts glycerol via phosphorylation pathway, in which glycerol kinase (GK) and glycerol–3–P–dehydrogenase are implicated. Though high activity of NAD+ dependent isocitric dehydrogenase (NAD+–ICDH) was detected during biomass formation phase, this activity was significantly decreased afterwards inducing lipogenesis. Surprisingly, storage (neutral) lipid turnover and synthesis of glycolipids, sphingolipids and phospholipids – Ρ simultaneously occurred with citric acid production, and happened when GK activity was considerably reduced and NAD+–ICDH activity was minimised. Oleic acid was the major fatty acid in all lipid fractions and phosphatidylcholine – PC was the main Ρ. In continuous culture in nitrogen limited medium Y. lipolytica accumulated low quantities of lipids (~10% w/w, in dry weight), maybe due to the fact that there was not a region of specific dilution rate (D, h–1) in which the key–enzymes that are implicated in lipogenesis (i.e. ΑΤΡ:citrate lyase – ATP:CL and malic enzyme – ME) presented simultaneously high activity while NAD+–ICDH activity was insignificantly decreased in low D. ATP:CL presented high activity (60–300 Units/mg DW) in D 0,033 h–1 while ME presented maximum activity (650 Units/mg DW) in D=0,104 h–1. Lipids were more unsaturated in intermediate D values while phosphatidylethanolamine – PE, phosphatidylinositol – PI and PC are the main Ρ classes. As far as the morphology is concerned, in D<0,055 h–1 short true mycelia and pseudo–mycelia were predominant in culture medium while in D 0,055 h–1 only yeast cells were observed. In experiments performed in nitrogen limited medium in D=0,026 h–1 in different dissolved oxygen – DO concentrations, it was found that in extreme DO values ( 70% and 7%) the percentage of P was increased. Independently the DO concentration PC was the main class followed by PI and PE. The morphology of Y. lipolytica was influenced by the different concentration of DO and it was observed that in DΟ 50% short true mycelia and pseudo–mycelia were predominant in culture medium while in DΟ 50% more yeast cells were appeared. In experiments performed in D=0,026 h–1, it was found that the absence of micronutrients from the growth medium, i.e. magnesium and calcium that are implicated in multiple cellular functions, had severe effects in yeast physiology, while the fatty acid composition of cellular lipids was not affected by the nature of the growth limiting factor. The present thesis aspires to contribute in the study of oleaginous microorganisms’ physiology and in use of glycerol as substrate in future biotechnological applications.