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Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T17:38:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 21 / Fundação Universitária para Desenvolvimento do Ensino e da Pesquisa / A despeito da afirmada universalidade dos direitos humanos, a concepção, desenvolvimento histórico e aplicação dos direitos humanos apresenta-se de forma variada no contexto de civilizações distintas. Uma análise comparativa entre as civilizações ocidental, hinduísta, muçulmana e chinesa revela sua diversidade e a influência de suas concepções próprias sobre ser humano, ordem social, direito e direitos humanos. A diferença dos valores está presente no constitucionalismo que passou a fazer parte da história de cada uma e no privilégio dado a direitos sociais e coletivos, ou às liberdades individuais. A resistência ao discurso universalista dos direitos humanos surge também como um aspecto da política internacional, visto que a análise de sua dimensão política na normativa internacional e na prática dos Estados revela desafios civilizacionais à sua implementação, tais como a oposição à seletividade e politização dos direitos humanos e o apelo a particularidades regionais e nacionais e aos vários antecedentes re / In spite of the affirmated universality of Human Rights, the conception, historical development, and its application are presented in a varied way in the context of different civilizations. A comparative analysis among the Occidental, Hindu, Muslim and Chinese civilizations reveals their diversity and the influence of their own conceptions about the human being, social order, Law and Human Rights. The difference of the values is present in the constitutionalism which became part of the history of each civilization, and in the privilege that is given to the social and collective rights or to the individual liberties. The resistance to the universalistic speech of Human Rights also emerges as an aspect of international politics, because the analysis of the Human Rights political dimension in the international Law system and in the States practice reveals civilizational challenges to its implementation, like the opposition to their selectiveness and politicization and the appeal to regional and national parti

This thesis offers a comparison, which rarely, if ever, has been made between Isaiah Berlin and Charles Taylors account of the ideas of Johann Gottfried Herder on the relationship of language, culture and nationality. It argues that Berlin misrepresents Herders ideas in emphasizing the extent to which differences in language and culture necessarily result in ethnic and national conflicts between incompatible cultural worldviews, while Taylor does correctly understand that Herder sees no reason for why such conflict between cultural entities should be inevitable either within a single state or between states. The thesis concludes by offering reasons for why Herder, properly understood, allows us to be optimistic about the future of both intrastate and interstate relationships among diverse cultural groups.