Este trabalho investigou a sociocriosfera nos Andes Centrais e examinou as percepções, adaptações e os impactos dos desastres glaciais nos povoados do Callejón de Huaylas, Peru. Trata-se de um estudo de caso que se utiliza de conceitos de cultura, adaptação, risco, perigo e desastre para compreender de forma integrada os efeitos advindos de mudanças climáticas regionais e as relações existentes entre os povoados do Callejón de Huaylas com as geleiras adjacentes. O trabalho teve como base os aportes teórico-metodológicos da Geografia Física e da abordagem cultural na Geografia para entender os problemas físicos e humanos advindos da ocupação de uma região inóspita. A investigação foi estruturada em três momentos: primeiramente, foi realizada a construção dos cenários físicos dos desastres glaciais, por meio de uma série de instrumentos – como mapas geológico, geomorfológico, de declividade, de uso e ocupação do solo e dos principais riscos glaciais do flanco ocidental do Nevado Huascarán (Cordilheira Branca). Posteriormente, foi investigado o processo civilizatório andino no Callejón de Huaylas – com base, principalmente, em evidências arqueológicas, foi gerado o mapa de localização dos assentamentos pré-colombianos, de acordo com os estágios de desenvolvimento cultural. O terceiro momento refere-se à identificação dos efeitos pós-coloniais e de ocupação humana em zonas de alto perigo na região periglacial, aumentando o risco dessas comunidades. Assim, no campo dos cenários físicos, a integração dos registros geológicos e geomorfológicos mostrou o dinamismo das regiões periglaciais andinas, ou seja, desde longa data a paisagem vem sendo definida pela dinâmica glacial Os principais vetores da dinâmica do fluxo de massas, desencadeada por ação glacial direta e indireta, permitiu a delimitação das principais regiões de perigo. Nessas regiões, situa-se grande parte da infraestrutura agrícola atual, e no caso da cidade de Huaraz (9°31'42"S e 77°31'37"O), grande parte das áreas urbanas, mostrando o grande risco ao qual está submetida. Por outro lado, sítios arqueológicos como Keushu (9°5'24"S e 77°41'59"O), não se encontram em zonas de grande perigo de fluxos decorrentes da dinâmica glacial. No cenário do processo civilizatório, os assentamentos das culturas pré-colombianas localizavam-se, predominantemente, em zonas elevadas, distantes dos trajetos de aluviões. Portanto, consideramos que as culturas pré-colombianas adaptaram-se aos perigos dos desastres glaciais. Nesse sentido, é pertinente reconhecer que essas populações gestaram um essencial etnoconhecimento andino. As cidades modernas mais populosas, como Huaraz, que estão em áreas de alto risco de desastres glaciais, tem origem na época colonial. Assim, o período colonial resultou não apenas na espoliação das riquezas dos Andes, mas, sobretudo, na desestruturação de um sistema cognitivo milenar. O processo de desterritorialização produzido pelos desastres glaciais provocou, para além de perdas econômicas, perdas de relações, que afetam a existência da pessoa produzindo, portanto, perdas irreparáveis. A reterritorialização dos locais suscetíveis aos desastres glaciais se dá pela necessidade de se ter um lugar (para plantar, para viver), mas também devido aos sentimentos topofílicos que se referem ao elo afetivo existente entre a pessoa e o lugar. Em suma, este trabalho mostra que o modelo de sociedade pós-colonial tende a inviabilizar possíveis estratégias de adaptação às mudanças climáticas no Callejón de Huaylas. / This work investigated the sociocryosphere of the central Andes, examining perceptions, adaptations and impacts of glacial disasters on the towns of the Callejón de Huaylas, Peru. It is a case study that uses concepts of culture, adaptation, risk, hazard and disaster to comprehend in an integrated way the effects of regional climate changes and the existing relations between the villages of the Callejón de Huaylas and adjacent glaciers. The work is based on the Physical Geography theoretical-methodological contributions and the cultural approach in Geography to understand the physical and human problems arising from the occupation of an inhospitable region. The research was structured in three moments. Firstly, the physical scenarios of glacial disasters were constructed through a series of instruments - such as geological, geomorphological, slope, land use and occupation maps and the main glacial hazards of the western flank of the Nevado Huascarán (Cordillera Blanca). Subsequently, the Andean civilization process was investigated in the Callejón de Huaylas - based, mainly, on archaeological evidence, the map of the pre-Columbian settlements location was generated, according to the cultural development stages. The third point concerns the identification of post-colonial effects and human occupation in the periglacial region high-danger zones, increasing the risk of these communities. Thus, in the field of physical scenarios, the integration of geological and geomorphological records showed the dynamism of Andean periglacial regions, that is, the landscape has long been defined by glacial dynamics. The main mass flow dynamics vectors, triggered by direct and indirect glacial action, allowed the delimitation of the main danger regions A large part of the present agricultural infrastructure is located in these regions, and in the case of the city of Huaraz (9°31'42"S e 77°31'37"O), a great part of the urban areas, showing the great risk to which it is submitted. On the other hand, archaeological sites like Keushu (9°5'24"S e 77°41'59"O) are not in zones of great danger of flows from glacial dynamics. In the civilization process scenario, the pre-Columbian cultures settlements were located, mainly, in elevated zones, far from the alluvial paths. Therefore, we consider that pre-Columbian cultures have adapted to the hazards of glacial disasters. In this sense, it is pertinent to recognize that these populations have generated an essential Andean ethno-cognition. The most populous modern cities, such as Huaraz, in areas of high risk of glacial disasters, originated in the colonial time. Thus the colonial period resulted not only in the spoliation of the riches of the Andes, but above all, in the deconstruction of a millenarian cognitive system. The process of deterritorialization produced by glacial disasters has caused, in addition to economic losses, loss of relationships, which affect the person's existence, thus producing irreparable losses. The reterritorialization of sites susceptible to glacial disasters is due to the need to have a place (to plant, to live), but also due to the topophilic feelings that refer to the affective link between the person and the place. In short, this work shows that the postcolonial society model tends to make impossible strategies to adapt to climate change in the Callejón de Huaylas.

A pesquisa consiste numa análise comparativa entre três eventos no contexto das comemorações dos 500 anos da chegada dos portugueses ao Brasil: uma mostra cultural em São Paulo, intitulada Bienal + 500; um ato oficial em Porto Seguro, onde foi assinado um Tratado de Cooperação e Amizade entre Brasil e Portugal e um projeto alternativo de arte e tecnologia denominado Projeto Perforum este último concebido por Artur Matuck em colaboração com um grupo de artistas inovadores, que contestavam a representação eurocêntrica e triunfalista dos eventos oficialmente propostos. O Projeto Perforum pretendia envolver grupos étnicos e culturas que participaram do processo de formação da nação brasileira, buscando o diálogo entre elas. Por outro lado, em termos de linguagem artística, experimentava-se com a Arte Telemática compreendendo-se esta como a arte desenvolvida no eixo das telecomunicações, ou seja, aquela que ocorre da transmissão eletrônica de informações, pelo uso de telefones, equipamentos de fax, redes de computadores, televisão, satélites ou videoconferências. / This research aims to provide a comparative analysis of three events in the context of the celebrations of the 500th anniversary of the discovery of Brazil: A cultural exhibition in Sao Paulo, titled Bienal + 500, an official diplomatic act in Porto Seguro, where it was signed a Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between Brazil and Portugal, and an alternative project of art and technology called Project Perforum the latter designed by Artur Matuck in collaboration with a group of innovative artists who challenged the triumphalist eurocentric officially proposed celebrations by the time. The Project Perforum intended to involve ethnic groups and cultures who participated in the process of formation of the Brazilian nation, intending a dialogical paradigm between these cultures. Moreover it proposed a series of experiments with the emerging telematic art this being understood as the art developed in the sphere of telecommunication, that is, one that occurs while transmitting electronic information through the use of mobile equipment, fax, computer networks, television, satellites, or videoconferencing.

This Master's Thesis deals with the famous work of a Clash of Civilizations by Samuel Huntington. The topic is described to full extent. First of all, there are defined basic terms connected with culture. Afterwards, the conception of a Clash of Civilizations is described in its basic concepts, whereas there are not omitted consequences connected with the author's other works as well as his life. A special chapter is dedicated to the impact that this work caused. This chapter is devided into two parts. In the first part, there are presented general references of several authors. In the other part, there are discussed comprehensive conceptions of certain authors. Concretely, they are represented by Francis Fukuyama, Immanuel Wallerstein, Alvin Toffler and Michael Novak. After description of basic ideas of these big thinkers, there is made a comparison of their conceptions, which is based on the following terms -- universalism, democracy a capitalism, world order and modernization. In the last part of this Master's Thesis, there are deduced conclusions from the comparison of these conceptions that deal with the international system, which makes this issue more clear for both public and academic people.

The purpose of this bachelor thesis was to examine how traditional news media vis-à- vis alternative news media in Sweden portrayed the Quran burnings and the riots which followed during august in the summer of 2020. With the basis in framing theory and intermedia agenda setting we examined these research questions: How do the news papers frame the Quran burnings? What discourses are reproduced? How do the traditional news papers and the alternative news papers framing of the Quran burnings differ from each other?  The qualitative methods used in this bachelor thesis were Robert Entmans framing theory combined with Rens Vliegenthart &amp; Stefaan Walgraves intermedia agenda setting theory. Also, we used different theories regarding populism, clash of civilizations and freedom of speech in order to find various themes in the reporting. For instance, the study applies Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory of the carnivalesque to examine how the alternative news paper Samnytt framed the Quran burnings.  Through examining news articles, we discovered several preexisting frames and some additional ones. The results showed that the traditional news papers framed the Quran burnings in a laconic way as an intolerant act against Muslims, while the alternative news papers framed the Quran burnings as a clash of civilizations and simultaneously as an act of freedom of speech. In relation to the alternative news papers overly dramatic and sensationalistic discourse, the traditional news papers discourse was more moderate. In this way the populist discourse in the alternative news media and their focus on the “man on the street” is an example of how the alternative news media defines itself as an opposition to the hegemonic “elite” news media institutions. In the alternative news papers, we also found one specific frame concerning anti-Semitism in Malmö, which was not given the same amount of attention by the traditional news papers.  The result of this study shows differences in framing, in line with previous research regarding alternative news media and populism, that could be an example of how the alternative news media is born and defines itself as an alternative to a narrative they deem wrong or lacking in traditional news media. This is primarily an effect of the fact that the traditional news papers lacked diversity in their interviewees since they mostly relied on authority sources, or in one case their own opinion piece writer, to tell the story. The results of this study highlights processes and effects that lies at the core of several phenomenon in this sphere, therefore it should be used to further the research on framing, alternative news media and populism. / <p>En kvalitativ analys av traditionella kontra alternativa nyhetsmediers gestaltning av koranbränningarna i Malmö 2020. </p>

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