A atual situação energética global demonstra a dependência pela energia elétrica, evidenciando a importância do uso racional da energia e da redução de poluentes em sua produção. A utilização de hidrogênio como fonte de geração de energia elétrica nas células a combustível utiliza um bem abundante na face terrestre, e produz energia elétrica sem poluição. A célula a combustível constitui-se de um conversor eletroquímico, que converte a energia química proveniente dos reagentes hidrogênio e oxigênio em energia elétrica (corrente contínua), água e calor. Esta tecnologia é promissora e apresenta uma gama de aplicações no cotidiano, sendo atrativa em relação às outras tecnologias convencionais, com incrementos na eficiência, emissão de poluentes, simplicidade, maior vida útil, tamanho e peso, sendo modular e silenciosa. As células a combustível possuem aplicações no setor automobilístico, como geração auxiliar em instalações elétricas, geração de energia para equipamentos portáteis e programas espaciais. Entre as restrições estão o custo da célula e a produção de hidrogênio e como estocá-lo. O hidrogênio não é uma fonte primária de energia, mas pode ser obtida a partir de processos tais como a eletrólise, fontes fósseis, pirólise a plasma, biocombustíveis como o lixo urbano e a biomassa. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo do estado da arte e uma sistematização das formas de utilização de células a combustível como geração auxiliar em instalações elétricas de grande porte. Esta tecnologia é de desenvolvimento recente, intensificando-se com as restrições ambientais às outras fontes, além da previsão da redução futura do custo deste tipo de aproveitamento. O trabalho faz uma comparação entre a geração auxiliar em instalações elétricas de grande porte feita com células a combustível com as outras gerações auxiliares convencionais, como o gerador a diesel, e é sugerido o seu emprego como opção, sendo feitas análises técnica e econômica. Também uma análise de seu funcionamento e um estudo de caso com a viabilidade econômica de seu emprego em um laboratório de informática em uma instituição de ensino. / The current global energy situation shows the dependence on the electric energy, and the importance of the rational use of energy and the reduction of pollutants in the production of energy. The hydrogen as source of generation of electrical energy in fuel cells uses an abundant resource in Earth, and produces electrical energy with no pollution. The fuel cell consists of an electrochemical converter, that converts the chemical energy from the hydrogen and oxygen reagents into electric energy (continuous current), water and heat. This technology is promising and presents a range of applications in every day life, being attractive in relation to the other conventional technologies, due to increments in the efficiency, emission of pollutants, simplicity, longer life and smaller weight, being modular and silent. The cells the fuel have applications in the automotive segment, as auxiliary generation in electrical installations, generation of energy for portable equipment and space programs. Among the restrictions there is the cost of the cell and the hydrogen production and how to store it. The hydrogen is not a primary source of energy, but can be obtained from processes such as fossil electrolysis, plasma pyrolysis, bio fuels as the urban garbage and the biomass. This paper presents a study of the state of the art of this technique and also a systematization of the ways in which it can be used as auxiliary generation in automated electric installations. This technology, of recent development, has its interest increased by the environmental restrictions to the sources of energy and also by the cost reduction that is forecast. There is also a case study with a comparison between fuel cells and other more conventional options as the diesel generation. The paper is carried out for an existing computer processing center in an educational institution.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:56:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Flavio Silva Machado.pdf: 1243667 bytes, checksum: a4dcd3f6ca4e213e694088f27e855547 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-27 / The main aim of this paper is to check the environmental and economical gains of mixtures of fines of vegetal and mineral coal (both Brazilian and imported ones) in the injection in blast furnaces for iron, aiming its use as fuel, the lowering of carbon emission rates, the trading of Reduced Emission Certificates and also restart the production of Brazilian mineral coal for the steel making industry. It was used vegetal coal from Eucalyptus urophylla woods (CVSG). The mineral coal was from Australia and Indonesia (S.Walker Creek Weak and Kaltim Prima coals) and the Brazilian mineral coals from the several coal mines located in the south of Brazil, such as: coal CRM-CE4200 (CN1), coal CRM-CE6700 (CN2), coal COPELMICE5200 (CN3), coal COPELMI-CE6000 (CN4), coal COPELMI-CE6500 (CN5), Carbon?fera Metropolitana-Antracito-CM20 (CN6) and Rio Deserto mineral coal (CN7). The results of elementary and immediate chemical analyses were evaluated as well as the analyses of coal ash components, the binary basicity of scraps, the size of grains, the grindability and the density and porosity of the coals. Vegetal coal fines were mixed to mineral coal fines from abroad and from Brazil in different proportions and the main characteristics of each mix were evaluated; such characteristics are important when the injection in blast furnaces is made. (operational limits). It was also evaluated the efficiency in burning of each coal mix. Having the combustion efficiency rates as base, the 80% mix CVSG 20% CN1 presented the best conditions to be injected in the blast furnace tuyeres. This mix also presented favorable environmental conditions because it allowed the lowering of carbon emission rates, as much as 41,26 kilos per ton of produced pig iron. Such rates improved the trading of Reduced Emission Certificates to US$ 0.86/ton of produced iron. Moreover, there was a reduction in the injection of coal fines of US$ 1.20/ton of iron. Adding up environmental and economical gains, using the 80 % CVSG 20 % CN1 mix, the amount of US$ 2.06/ton of iron is reached. / O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar os ganhos ambientais e econ?micos, de misturas de finos carv?o vegetal com carv?o mineral (importado e nacional), atrav?s da inje??o em alto forno, visando o aproveitamento de matriz energ?tica, a redu??o dos ?ndices de emiss?es de carbono, a comercializa??o de Certificados de Emiss?es Reduzidas e tamb?m a retomada da produ??o de carv?o mineral nacional para o setor sider?rgico. Foram utilizados carv?o vegetal proveniente da madeira de Eucalytus urophylla (CVSG), carv?es minerais importados da Austr?lia e Indon?sia (carv?o S. Walker Creek Weak e carv?o Kaltim Prima) e carv?es minerais nacionais provenientes de diferentes minas localizadas na Regi?o Sul do Brasil, a saber: carv?o CRM-CE4200 (CN1), carv?o CRM-CE6700 (CN2), carv?o COPELMI-CE5200 (CN3), carv?o COPELMI-CE6000 (CN4), carv?o COPELMI-CE6500 (CN5), Carbon?fera Metropolitana-Antracito-CM20 (CN6) e Carv?o mineral Rio Deserto CN7). Foram avaliados os resultados das an?lises qu?micas imediata e elementar, bem como da composi??o das cinzas dos carv?es; da basicidade bin?ria das esc?rias; da granulometria, da moabilidade, da densidade e da porosidade dos carv?es. Finos de carv?es vegetais foram misturados com finos de carv?o mineral importado e nacional em diferentes propor??es, sendo avaliadas as principais caracter?sticas das misturas que s?o importantes quando se procede a inje??o no alto forno sider?rgico (limites operacionais). Para cada mistura foi avaliada tamb?m as efici?ncias de queima dos carv?es. Tendo-se por base os ?ndices de efici?ncia de combust?o das misturas de carv?es, a mistura 80 % CVSG 20 % CN1 apresentou melhores condi??es para ser injetada nas ventaneiras do alto forno. Apresentou tamb?m condi??es ambientais favor?veis, pois permitiu redu??o dos ?ndices de emiss?es de carbono na ordem de 41,26 kg por tonelada de ferro gusa produzido e favorecendo a comercializa??o dos Certificados de Emiss?es Reduzidas em US$ 0,86 por tonelada de ferro produzido. Houve tamb?m uma redu??o do custo de inje??o de finos de carv?o de US$ 1,20 por tonelada de ferro produzido. Somando os ganhos ambientais e comerciais com a mistura 80 % CVSG 20 % CN1 ser?o US$ 2,06 por tonelada de ferro produzido.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2017-08-17T23:38:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thayanya Rodrigues 2016.pdf: 2040843 bytes, checksum: 1bc946a3ab21b7a49ba1d904ba6fbdaf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-17T23:38:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thayanya Rodrigues 2016.pdf: 2040843 bytes, checksum: 1bc946a3ab21b7a49ba1d904ba6fbdaf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The micro-algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii adds genes responsible for anaerobic metabolic pathways, being able to produce molecular hydrogen efficiently. Therefore body is a model for scientific research due to its growth characteristics and because of their nuclear genomes, mitochondrial, chloroplast are known, and modifications allow for obtaining new strains, more productive in relation to H2. The photoproduction H2 for this microalga is observed after incubation in their culture media free of sulfur. This deprivation causes partial and reversible inactivation of hotosynthetic O2 synthesis,creating anaerobic conditions induced by light in the culture medium as well as the expression of two [FeFe] -hidrogenases cells. The H2 is seen as an ideal fuel because it is not a molecule of aggravating due to the greenhouse effect. Moreover, H2 presents environmental and production cost constraints when obtained by other methods such as,electrolysis of water, steam reformed natural gas or hydrocarbons, pyrolysis and gasification of biomass, there being thus a viable alternative to the clean energy production targets. Thus, this research focuses on the training of human resources devoted to science and technology in the area linked to the molecular hydrogen bioproduction in Brazil, from the cultivation of mutant and wild-type strains of Chlamydomonas genre in controlled laboratory conditions. The strains studied were the CC-124, CC-125, CC-602 and CC-1034. These were cultured in medium with sulfur to form stock, and then cultured in medium without the addition of sulfur, to optimize the H2 production. The produced gases, including H2 were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively by chromatographic analysis. This study confirmed that previous studies reported the behavior O2 production, is inversely proportional to H2 production (ie, the higher production of H2represents lower O2 production). The chromatographic analysis also indicates de CC-124 strain as the greatest potential for molecular hydrogen production (H2). / A microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii agrega genes responsáveis por vias metabólicas anaeróbias, sendo capaz de produzir com eficiência o hidrogênio molecular. Assim sendo é um organismo modelo para investigações científicas devido às suas características de crescimento e pelo fato de seus genomas nuclear, mitocondrial e de cloroplasto serem conhecidos e permitirem modificações para a obtenção de novas linhagens, mais produtivas em relação ao H2. A fotoprodução de H2 por essa microalga é observada após incubação de suas culturas em meios livres de enxofre. Tal privação ocasiona a inativação parcial e reversível de síntese de O2 fotossintético, criando condições anaeróbias induzidas pela luz no meio de cultura, bem como a expressão de duas [FeFe]- hidrogenases nas células. O H2 é visto como um combustível ideal por não ser uma molécula de consequência agravante ao efeito estufa. Por outro lado, o H2 apresenta restrições ambientais e de custo de produção quando obtido por outras metodologias como, eletrólise da água, vapor reformado de gás natural ou de hidrocarbonetos, gaseificação de biomassa e pirólises, não sendo, assim, uma alternativa viável para os objetivos de produção limpa de energia. Desse modo, a presente pesquisa tem seu foco na capacitação de recursos humanos voltados à ciência e à tecnologia na área ligada à bioprodução de hidrogênio molecular no Brasil, a partir do cultivo de linhagens mutantes e selvagens do gênero Chlamydomonas em condições controladas de laboratório. As cepas estudadas foram as CC-124, CC-125, CC-602 e CC-1032. Estes foram cultivadas em meio com enxofre, para formação de estoque, sendo posteriormente cultivadas em meio sem adição de enxofre, para otimizar a produção de H2. Os gases produzidos, incluindo o H2, foram então avaliados qualitativamente e quantitativamente por meio de análise cromatográfica. O presente estudo, confirmou relatos de estudos anteriores, que afirmavam ter a produção de O2, comportamento inversamente proporcional â produção de H2 (ou seja, quanto maior a produção de H2, menor a produção de O2). A análise cromatográfica também indicou a cepa CC-124 como a de maior potencial para a produção de hidrogênio molecular (H2).

Essa pesquisa tem como objetivo propor um novo referencial metodológico para estimar a linha de base para projetos de MDL a serem conectados ao sistema interligado nacional SIN, a partir de uma visão do mix futuro das fontes energéticas que serão responsáveis pelas gerações de energia, nos próximos dez anos. Objetiva também aplicar essa nova abordagem para calcular as emissões deslocadas pelas atividades de projetos de MDL, através do cálculo do fator de substituição, medido em tCO2/MWh. Este fator estima a redução das emissões decorrente da substituição de parte da energia gerada pelas usinas térmicas convencionais, pela entrada no sistema de usinas que geram energia limpa e/ou pela redução da demanda agregada do sistema elétrico pela implementação de programas/medidas de eficiência energética pelo lado da demanda Para tanto, usando um modelo que simula o equilíbrio entre a oferta elétrica e os requisitos de energia previstos para o horizonte de 10 anos de energia calcula-se, inicialmente, as emissões dos GEE do sistema elétrico sem considerar a entrada do projeto de MDL. Na seqüência, as emissões do sistema elétrico são novamente calculadas, considerando a entrada do projeto MDL. Atualmente a linha de base do SIN é calculada, mensalmente, com base no Tool to calculate the emission factor for an eletricity system, que é uma ferramenta metodológica aprovada pelo CE do MDL, para determinar o fator de emissão de sistemas elétricos interligados. Essa ferramenta determina o fator de emissão de atividades de projetos que substituem eletricidade gerada na rede elétrica. Sustenta-se nesta pesquisa que é pouco provável, pelo menos no SIN, que as condições observadas em anos recentes e/ou atuais se reproduzam no futuro. Ao contrário do que ocorria até poucos anos atrás, em que a expansão do sistema elétrico era basicamente assentada em empreendimentos hidrelétricos, na atualidade desenha-se uma clara tendência à fossilização da matriz do setor elétrico nacional. Os resultados do trabalho mostraram que há uma tendência de elevação das emissões do SIN, embora o comportamento do Fator de Substituição, em termos anuais apresente variações importantes, em função das reais necessidades do despacho das térmicas inflexíveis que servem ao SIN a cada ano. No entanto, considerando todo o período estudado, os resultados encontrados são coerentes com o aumento da participação das UTE emissoras dos GEE no mix futuro das fontes energéticas que fornecerão eletricidade ao SIN. Os valores obtidos dos fatores de substituição (FSSINp) para todos os experimentos, entre 2008 e 2017, são significativamente superiores à linha de base do SIN de 2007, calculada com base no Tool to calculate the emission factor for an electricity system. / This research has as a goal propose a new methodological reference to assess the baseline for CDM projects designed to be connected to the national connected system SIN, coming from a foreseen sight of the energetic sources mix that will be responsible for the energy generation, in the next ten years and apply the news approach to calculate the emissions move to distinct amounts of entry energies of SIN, either by generation of new plants that do not generate emissions of GHE, except concern nuclear plants, or by the reduction of future demand of electrical energy, originated from the implantation of programs/measures of energetic efficiency considering demand. The factor of emission replacement factor of the electrical system measures the energy movement generated by the plants that serve the electrical system by the entrance of new plants that do not generate emissions of GHE. Thus, using a model that simulates the balance between supply and requirements for electric energy provided to the horizon of 10 years of energy it is estimated, initially, the GHG emissions of the electric system without considering the input of the CDM project. Following the emissions of the electric system are again calculated, considering the entry of the CDM project. Currently, the SIN baseline is calculated, monthly as a base tool to calculate the emission factor for an electricity system, which is a methodological tool approved by the CDM Executive Board, to determine emission factor of electrical systems. This thesis sustains that it is unlikely, at last in the SIN that the conditions noticed in recent years and/or conditions, will reproduce in the future. On the contrary of what has occurred a few years ago, in which the expansion of the electrical system was basically set up in hydro electrical enterprise, nowadays there is a trend toward fossilization of matrix of national electrical sector. The results of the study showed that there is a trend of increased emissions of SIN, but behavior of Factor Substitution in the year, vary in important ways, depending on the needs of the order of thermal inflexible to serve the SIN each year. However, considering the whole period studied, the results are consistent with the increased participation of the GHG emission UTEs in future mix of energy sources that will provide electricity to the SIN. The values of the factors of substitution (FSSINp) for all experiments, between 2008 and 2017 are significantly above the baseline of SIN, 2007, calculated on the Tool do calculate the emission factor for an electricity system.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:54:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Karen Lima Vieira.pdf: 1157511 bytes, checksum: a122c87fc4e009a799b968bc9e8f40ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-14 / Institute recently inserted into the Brazilian legal system, the Clean Record Law, which emerged within the movement for greater transparency and ethics in politics, have contributed to a change in behavior and the Political Culture of the country. In this line, this thesis has in order to promote an approach on the impacts of this law in political frameworks, as well as how to act and interact in society and their representatives. Therefore, analyzes the Clean Record Law Municipal from the preparation process, their dissemination to public servants and popular participation and non-governmental entities as agents of change in the Political Culture in the political environment and the collective imagination, looking it from the context of the differential composition of powers / Instituto recentemente inserido no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, a Lei da Ficha Limpa, que surgiu no seio dos movimentos por maior ética e transparência nos meios políticos, têm contribuído para uma mudança nos costumes e na Cultura Política do País. Nessa linha, a presente dissertação tem o intuito de promover uma abordagem sobre os impactos causados por esta lei nos quadros da política, bem como na forma de agir e de interagir da sociedade e de seus representantes. Para tanto, analisa-se a Lei da Ficha Limpa municipal a partir de seu processo de elaboração, sua difusão aos servidores públicos e a participação popular e de entidades não governamentais como agentes de mudança na Cultura Política, no ambiente político e no imaginário coletivo, olhando-o a partir do contexto dos diferenciais da composição dos poderes

Esta dissertação trata da história e características do Protocolo de Kyoto (PK), seguido do estudo do valor, das perspectivas e da efetividade do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL), definido pelo Artigo 12 daquele Protocolo à Convenção Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança do Clima (CQNUMC). Nesse propósito, foram desenvolvidas análises conceituais das pretensões, possibilidades, valor e mesmo das equivocações do MDL. A grande importância desse instrumento acaba demonstrada que não é o seu objetivo primeiro, de auxilio nos compromissos dos países desenvolvidos (PDs), mas sim as diversas vantagens que promove para os países em desenvolvimento (PEDs). Esse instrumento de flexibilização, que foi concebido para auxiliar o cumprimento das obrigações (redução das emissões de CO2) dos países desenvolvidos (PDs) no Protocolo, pode ir muito além, com projetos de desenvolvimento sustentável (social, econômico, étnico, cultural, técnico e ambientalmente) adequados e favorável aos PEDs. Seus projetos podem e deve travar um bom combate à pobreza, o que garante também um avanço correto na perseguição do controle das causas e efeitos das mudanças climáticas. O MDL permeia todas essas questões e constitui o instrumento já presente e de conscientização, para trazer a necessária capacidade financeira e tecnológica do Norte ao encontro do Sul para que todas essas pretensões possam ocorrer. / This paper deals with the history and characteristics of the Kyotos Protocol (KP), followed by the values study about the prospects and effectiveness of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), as defined by the 12th Article of the Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). In this purpose, conceptual analyses were developed about the objectives, possibilities, values and even mistakes of the CDM. The great importance of this instrument had been demonstrated that it is not its first objective to help the commitments of the developed countries, but the many advantages that promotes to the developing countries. This instrument of facility, which was conceived to assist the fulfillment of the obligations (reducing CO2 emissions) of developed countries in the Protocol, can go far beyond, with sustainable development projects (social, economic, ethnic, cultural, technical and environmentally) appropriated and favorable to developing countries. Their projects can and should fight against poverty, which also ensures a correct advance in pursuit of the causes and effects control of the climatic changes. The CDM permeates all these issues and is the instrument already present and of awareness, to bring the necessary financial and technological capacity from the North to the South, allowing these claims occur.

Thesis (LLM. (Development and Management Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2012 / This study focuses on the right of “everyone to have access to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being; and to have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures that prevent pollution and ecological degradation, promote conservation and secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while promoting justifiable economic and social development”. This study discusses the government policies, domestic legislations and international law.

This study explores the possibility of prediction and modification of some of the physicochemical properties of non-metallic inclusions by considering top slag-steel-ladle equilibria in an ASEA-SKF ladle furnace. To test the reliability of an available computational thermodynamic computer program, the first sub project was done. It was concluded that LiMeS, an interface for Thermo-Calc, is a useful tool for slag-steel equilibrium calculations. The second sub project was set out to find some model/s that could calculate the most accurate oxygen activity of molten steel compared to the measured one. This study concluded that both Wagner’s and Turkdogan's equations are useful. It was further seen that increasing the Al contents in the molten steel, increasing the CaO/Al2O3 ratio in the top slag, and reducing the temperature, resulted in reduction of the oxygen activity of the molten steel. In the third sub project a comparison was made between measured CaO and Al2O3 (normalised to CaO-Al2O3) in top slag, calcium aluminate inclusions, and the results of theoretical calculations. The average contents of CaO and Al2O3 in all inclusions were close to the composition of the phase Ca12Al14O33 and the contents of CaO and Al2O3 in the slags were close to the composition of the phase Ca3Al2O6 in the binary phase diagram of CaO-Al2O3. The forth sub project set out to study the effect of vacuum degassing time on non-metallic inclusions. It was concluded that during the vacuum degassing process the share of calcium aluminates compared to spinels, Ca content of the oxides, and the average equivalent circle diameters of the oxides were increasing, and oxides tended to form spherical shapes. Finally, based on the preceding four sub projects, the fifth sub project aimed to optimize the steel treatment in an ASEA-SKF ladle furnace. The final results showed that by adding 200 kg fluorite to the top slag of 1200 kg, it was possible to achieve a sulphur content of less than 10 ppm in the steel and a sulphur ratio between slag and steel of 1570, and at the same time reduce the oxygen activity of the molten steel and the degassing time. / <p>QC 20120917</p>

In Cape Town, South Africa, households' acces to modern and clean energy services needs to be increased. However, use of coal-powered electricity stresses the environment and power cuts create an urgent need to reduce the demand. Solar water heaters (SWH) could enable increasing access and affordability of energy services in the townships without stressing the environment or increasing the demand for coal-powered electricity. However, it is an expensive solution and the majority of the city-level efforts still target the high-consuming households. The benefits for the poor households from using a SWH could though outweigh the high capital investements and meet the needs of the city's environmental management. The results from this study of 20 households showed that by having an affordable, clean and reliable source of energy for heating water, households were able to use more warm water for bathing and reduce their use of electricity and paraffin. This resulted in improvements in health and quality of life. Also, households' general spending on energy was reduced, which for some enabled an increase in income-generating activities. The use of solar-heated showers was found to be restricted by the issue of sharing and it is argued that the benefits would be greater if each households had their own solar water heater. The estimated increase in water use might raise questions of the solution's future feasibility. Despite this, it can be argued that the changes in the households' energy and water use are likely to result in significant improvements in the households' well-being which could also benefit the city as a whole.

The ‘hydrogen economy’ represents an energy system in which hydrogen and electricity are the dominant energy carriers for use in transportation applications. The ‘hydrogen economy’ minimizes the use of fossil fuels in order to lower the environmental impact of energy use associated with urban air pollution and climate change. An integrated energy system is required to deal with diverse and distributed energy generation technologies such a wind and solar which require energy storage to level energy availability and demand. A distributed ‘energy hub’ is considered a viable concept in envisioning the structure of an integrated energy system. An energy hub is a system which consists of energy input/output, conversion and storage technologies for multiple energy carriers, and would provide an interface between energy producers, consumers, and the transportation infrastructure. Considered in a decentralized network, these hubs would form the nodes of an integrated energy system or network. In this work, a model of a clean energy hub comprising of wind turbines, electrolyzers, hydrogen storage, a commercial building, and a fleet of plug-in fuel cell vehicles (PFCVs) was developed in MATLAB, with electricity and hydrogen used as the energy carriers. This model represents a hypothetical commercial facility which is powered by a renewable energy source and utilizes a zero-emissions fleet of light duty vehicles. The models developed herein capture the energy and cost interactions between the various energy components, and also calculate the CO2 emissions avoided through the implementation of hydrogen economy principles. Wherever possible, similar models were used to inform the development of the clean energy hub model. The purpose of the modelling was to investigate the interactions between a single energy hub and novel components such as a plug-in fuel cell vehicle fleet (PFCV). The final model reports four key results: price of hub electricity, price of hub hydrogen, total annual costs and CO2 emissions avoided. Three scenarios were analysed: minimizing price of hub electricity, minimizing total annual costs, and maximizing the CO2 emissions avoided. Since the clean energy hub could feasibly represent both a facility located within an urban area as well as a remote facility, two separate analyses were also conducted: an on-grid analysis (if the energy hub is close to transmission lines), and an off-grid analysis (representing the remote scenarios). The connection of the energy hub to the broader electricity grid was the most significant factor affecting the results collected. Grid electricity was found to be generally cheaper than electricity produced by wind turbines, and scenarios for minimizing costs heavily favoured the use grid electricity. However, wind turbines were found to avoid CO2 emissions over the use of grid electricity, and scenarios for maximizing emissions avoided heavily favoured wind turbine electricity. In one case, removing the grid connection resulted in the price of electricity from the energy hub increasing from $82/MWh to $300/MWh. The mean travel distance of the fleet was another important factor affecting the cost modelling of the energy hub. The hub’s performance was simulated over a range of mean travel distances (20km to 100km), and the results varied greatly within the range. This is because the mean travel distance directly affects the quantities of electricity and hydrogen consumed by the fleet, a large consumer of energy within the hub. Other factors, such as the output of the wind turbines, or the consumption of the commercial building, are largely fixed. A key sensitivity was discovered within this range; the results were ‘better’ (lower costs and higher emissions avoided) when the mean travel distance exceeded the electric travel range of the fleet. This effect was more noticeable in the on-grid analysis. This sensitivity is due to the underutilization of the hydrogen systems within the hub at lower mean travel distances. It was found that the greater the mean travel distance, the greater the utilization of the electrolyzers and storage tanks lowering the associated per km capital cost of these components. At lower mean travel distances the utilization of the electrolyzers ranged from 25% to 30%, whereas at higher mean travel distances it ranged from 97% to 99%. At higher utilization factors the price of hydrogen is reduced, since the cost recovery is spread over a larger quantity of hydrogen.