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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The goal of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a small-scale biomass gasification system within the context of a cooperative wine cellar operation in the Western Cape of South Africa. Central to this goal was the questions whether the time for the implementation of such small-scale renewable energy technologies in South Africa has arrived, in light of the status quo which has changed drastically from the days of abundant and cheap coal-based electricity, and whether the new opportunities afforded by the CDM can help foster financial feasibility. There are various macro-drivers contributing to the current-day emphasis on renewable energy and cogeneration projects. The first and most pressing driver is the global climate change imperative, while the others include the increased aspiration of countries towards energy security, the realization of the importance of sustainable development and the subsequent renewable energy policies that falls within the ambit of sustainable development. Small-scale biomass gasification technology still poses some challenges, particularly when it comes to the gasification of agricultural residues, as with grape residues in the case of this project. The most important technical feasibility problem to overcome is the low ash agglomeration temperature of grape residues reported in the literature. Although the local equipment manufacturer foresees no problem in this regard with their system design - since they have conducted tests on sunflower seed residues, which have similar ash properties, without experiencing any agglomeration problems - the seriousness of this aspect will be confirmed during pilot trials. In order to be eligible for emissions reduction trading under the CDM, the project must adequately demonstrate that the emissions reductions are additional to the business-as-usual scenario, in both the environmental and financial sense. The project will satisfy the environmental additionality requirement, since in its absence the wine cellar will continue its full reliance on coal-based electricity from the grid. Financial additionality, in its strictest sense, requires for the project to be infeasible if it does not pursue CDM participation, which the financial feasibility modeling results indicated to be true in this case. A feasibility model was developed to - subject to the input parameter values assumed and basic assumptions made - be able to assess the financial viability of the project. The main assumptions were that the private feed-in into the national electricity grid was available to all IPPs, in spite of the fact that in its Medium Term Power Purchase Program me (MTPPP) of May 2008 Eskom had only requested expressions of interest from IPPs that had a generating capacity of 5MW and higher to install private base load capacity. This assumption is commensurate with the country's renewable energy targets and the official government aim of achieving a 30% contribution from IPPs to the national electricity mix. The second assumption was that the 65 to lOOclkWh offered by Eskom in its MTPPP will be applicable to sub-SMWe IPPs as well (Creamer, 2008), and that this lower bound electricity price of 65clkWh can be applied over the whole project lifetime. Inherent to this assumption is the further supposition that the progressive decline of electricity prices to an eventual level of 35clkWh by 2018 foreseen by Eskom will not materialize, due both to the sustained pressure an expanding South African economy will put on the considerable but time-consuming supply-side initiatives launched by Eskom, and the likelihood for price premiums to be introduced for clean electricity in order to meet the country's renewable energy targets. From the assumed input parameter values the initial capital and COM expenditures, operating revenues and costs over the project lifetime were determined, and then used to calculate the net cash flows, where after the NPV was computed to serve as the deciding criterion on financial feasibility. A discount rate of 18% was assumed, corresponding with the subjectively judged risks that the project posed as a small-scale renewable energy system within the wine cellar operations. In the case where the project excluded all CDM aspects, the NPV was negative at - ZAR342 573, but this improved to ZAR325 193 if the project participated in the CDM. Thus it was concluded that the project will only be financially feasible if it includes CDM participation, and that this positive contribution can be leveraged by pursuing a programmatic CDM approach. This entails the development of this project as part of a larger program in which similar projects are implemented as they arise, up to the official UN limit of 15MWe in total to still qualify as a small-scale program. The nature of the assumptions that form the backbone of this study indicate that the positive financial feasibility result in the case where the project includes COM participation will become practically relevant only over the short- to medium-term as these assumptions become reality in South Africa. Therefore, although the time for such small-scale renewable energy projects has clearly not arrived as yet, it would seem that it is indeed around the corner. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die mikpunt van die navorsing was om die lewensvatbaarheid van 'n klein-skaal biomassa vergassing sisteem binne die konteks van 'n kooperatiewe wynkelder in die Wes-Kaap van Suid-Afrika te ondersoek. 'n Sentrale aspek was die vrae of die tyd aangebreek het om klein-skaal volhouhare energie projekte in Suid-Afrika tot uitvoering te bring, gesien in die lig van 'n status quo wat drasties weg beweeg het van die tydperk toe elektrisiteit volop en goedkoop was, en of die geleentheid wat die CDM bied sulke projekte finansieel lewensvatbaar kan maak. Daar is verskeie eksterne makro-drywers wat bydrae tot die huidige fokus op sulke volhoubare energie projekte. Hieronder tel globale klimaatsverandering as die dringendste drywer, terwyl die res onder andere die hernuwe strewe van lande tot verbeterde energie-sekuriteit, die besef van die belangrikheid van volhoubare ontwikkeling en die daaropvolgende volhoubare energie beleid stappe insluit. Daar bestaan nog etlike tegniese uitdagings tot die toepassing van klein-skaal biomassa vergassing tegnologie, spesifiek met betrekking tot die vergassing van afval landbou byprodukte, soos wat die geval is met druiwe afval in hierdie projek. Die belangrikste tegniese uitvoerbaarheids-aspek wat aandag verg is die lae smeltpunt van druifafval-as wat in die literatuur rapporteer word. Alhoewel die plaaslike toerustings-vervaardiger nie enige probleme in hierdie verhand voorsien nie, aangesien toetse met sonneblom afval - met as-eienskappe rofweg identies aan die van druiwe-afval - geen smelting van die as getoon het nie, sal dit tog nogsteeds aan verdere toetse onderwerp word. Vir die projek om te kwalifiseer as geskik vir verhandeling in kweekhuisgas vermindering deur middel van die COM, moet dit voldoende bewys kan word dat alle uitlaatgas vermindering addisioneel is tot wat die geval sou wees in die gewone gang van besigheid. Hierdie addisionaliteit is relevant in beide 'n omgewings- en finansiele sin. Hierdie projek sal orngewings-addisionaliteit bevredig deurdat die wynkelder in sy afwesigheid volkome afhanklik van die steenkool-gebaseerde elektrisiteit vanaf die nasionale netwerk sou bly, terwyl finansiele addisionaliteit bewys is deur die finansiele lewensvatbaarheids-model wat getoon het dat die projek slegs ekonomies uitvoerbaar sal wees indien dit CDM deelname insluit. Die lewensvatbaarheids-model is ontwikkel om die ekonomiese uitvoerbaarheid van die projek te evalueer, onderworpe aan die aangenome inset parameter waardes en basiese aannames in die studie. Die hoof-aanname was naamlik dat privaat terugvoer in die nasionale elektrisiteits-netwerk vir alle grootte IPPs moontlik is, ten spyte van die feit dat Eskom se MTPPP van Mei 2008 slegs kapasiteite van 5MW en groter aanvaar bet. Hierdie aanname is gebaseer op Suid-Afrika se volhoubare energie teikens en die regering se offisiele mikpunt om 30% van alle krag-voorsiening vanaf IPPs te bekom. Die tweede hoof-aanname was dat die 65 tot 100clkWh wat Eskom in sy MTPPP aangebied het, ook van toepassing sal wees op sub-SMW IPPs (Creamer, 2008), en dat die laer prys-limiet van 65c/kWb oor die hele projek-leeftyd toegepas kon word. Inherent tot hierdie aanname is die verdere veronderstelling dat die progressiewe daling in elektrisiteits-pryse tot 'n eventuele vlak van 35clkWh voorsien deur Eskom nie sal realiseer nie, beide as gevolg van die volgehoue druk wat die groeiende Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie op die aansieniike, maar tydrowende, opwekkings-kapasiteit uitbreidings van Eskom behoort te plaas, en ook die hoe waarskynlikheid dat prys premiums vir skoon elektrisiteit ingestel word sodat Suid-Afrika sy volboubare energie telkens kan bereik. Die aanvanklike kapitaal en CDM uitgawes, en bedryfsuitgawes en - inkomstes oor die projekleeftyd is vanaf die aangenome inset parameter waardes afgelei, waarop die NPV van die projek uitgewerk is om te dien as die beslissende maatstaf van ekonomiese haalbaarheid. 'n Diskontokoers van 18% is gebruik, ooreenstemmend met die subjektief beraamde risikos wat die projek inhou as 'n klein-skaal volhoubare energie sisteem. Die resultate van die finansiele lewensvatbaarheids-model het getoon dat in die geval waar die projek geen CDM aspekte bevat nie, die NPV hoogs negatief sou wees met 'n waarde van -ZAR342 573, terwyl dit verbeter na ZAR325 193 as die projek CDM deelname insluit. Die gevolgtrekking is dus gemaak dat die spesifieke projek slegs ekonomies haalbaar sal wees indien dit wel CDM deelname insluit, en dat hierdie positiewe finansiele bydrae van die CDM geoptimaliseer kan word deur 'n programmatiese CDM benadering te volg. Dit behels die ontwikkeling van die projek as deel van 'n groter program waarin soortgelyke projekte mettertyd geimplementeer word soos hulle ontstaan, tot by die offisiele VN limiet van 15MWe om sodoende nog te kwalifiseer as 'n algehele klein-skaalse program. Die aard van die hoof-aannames in hierdie studie is indikatief dat die positiewe finansiele lewensvatbaarheid in die geval waar die projek CDM deelname insluit, eers oor die kort- tot medium-termyn prakties relevant sal word soos die aannames bevredig word. Dus, alhoewel die era van klein-skaalse volhoubare energie projekte nog nie aangebreek het in Suid-Afrika nie, lyk dit tog asof dit om die draai is.

The Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism (‘CDM’) allows developed countries to invest in developing country projects, to effect both greenhouse gas emission reductions and sustainable development, in exchange for carbon credits. This study considers how Brazilian CDM projects currently promote or inhibit sustainable development in Brazil. Brazil originally proposed the CDM-type framework, led the developing countries in the multilateral negotiations, and now ranks third globally for CDM project investment. The critical legal geography literature and corresponding hybrid analytical framework is applied to analyse the overlapping and multi-layered legal space of CDM projects in the context of an uneven physical and human geography. It applies legal and qualitative social research methods including textual analysis of English and Portuguese-language documents, onsite visits, semi-structured and unstructured interviews, focus groups and case studies of twelve Brazilian CDM projects of varying project types to consider: • The environmental policymaking processes underlying Brazil’s position in the international climate negotiations and how that position impacts Brazil’s assessment of proposed CDM projects’ sustainable development benefits; • The role of the Brazilian Proposal from the 1997 Kyoto Protocol negotiations in Brazil’s ongoing assessment of proposed CDM projects; • Brazil’s enunciated sustainable development criteria for CDM projects against the criteria actually applied; • The role of state environmental licensing authorities and nonstate actors in defining appropriate sustainable development benefits for CDM projects; and • The resulting (neo-)regulatory framework for Brazilian CDM projects’ sustainable development benefits in the context of legal pluralism. This dissertation concludes that Brazil’s CDM-specific domestic regulation is driven by the negotiating positions Brazil has taken in the international climate negotiations, most notably the 1997 Brazilian Proposal. As a result, Brazilian government-based CDM-specific regulation only considers the CDM projects’ Greenhouse Gas emission reductions benefits. Brazilian approval of domestic CDM projects also entails confirmation of administrative compliance with certain non-CDM specific regulatory frameworks, but institutional capacity issues within state and local regulatory agencies tend to undermine the effectiveness of assessing administrative compliance rather than legal and regulatory compliance. This government based regulatory framework is augmented by non-state actors, who have a neo-regulatory impact on corporate activity through demands for sustainable development benefits, giving rise to corporate sustainability programmes. There is scope for this neo-regulatory impact to extend to addressing sustainable development issues more broadly through NGO engagement with local and state environmental licensing authorities in the determination of appropriate environmental licensing conditions. In each case, the achievement of substantial sustainable development benefits is impeded by the lack of a mature multi-stakeholder dialogue involving a local government and civil society. As a result, corporate actors dominate consideration of appropriate sustainable development benefits.

Cette thèse propose une évaluation du contenu environnemental des relations économiques entre le Japon et la Chine, en se basant sur l'analyse de trois canaux de transfert de technologies vertes. Afin de déterminer des dynamiques de diffusion de technologies environnementales (amélioration de l'efficacité énergétique, récupération des polluants, dépollution ou exploitation de sources d'énergie renouvelables), la démonstration s'est concentrée sur trois vecteurs particuliers : les flux commerciaux, les familles internationales de brevets et les Mécanismes pour un Développement Propre (MDP) du Protocole de Kyoto. L'analyse des flux commerciaux depuis le Japon vers la Chine révèle que les importations chinoises de biens environnementaux, de biens d'équipement et de biens de haute technologie sont des canaux de diffusion technologique. En particulier, les estimations économétriques montrent que les importations de biens de haute technologie affectent négativement l'intensité énergétique et carbonique du PIB chinois. L'analyse des données sur les familles internationales de brevets souligne que les technologies facilitant la diminution des niveaux de pollution atmosphérique dominent les transferts du Japon vers la Chine. Enfin, des transferts de connaissances et d'équipements environnementaux apparaissent également dans le cadre des projets MDP financés par des firmes nippones et implantés en Chine. L'analyse empirique de ces MDP fait apparaître que des plans de formation sont mis en œuvre parallèlement à la transmission d'équipements environnementaux, sachant que les transferts apparaissent principalement dans le cadre de projets hydrauliques et éoliens. L'analyse révèle bien que la densité des relations économiques entre le Japon et la Chine s'accompagne de la diffusion de technologies environnementales. L'écart de développement entre le Japon et la Chine ainsi que la présence de capacités d'absorption sur le territoire chinois favorisent la diffusion technologique au travers des flux économiques. L'impact positif de ces flux sur la qualité de l'environnement chinois est renforcé par les incitations gouvernementales aux transferts de technologies ainsi que les législations chinoises sur l'orientation géographique et sectorielle des investissements. / This dissertation provides an evaluation of the environmental content of economic relations between Japan and China, analysing three channels of climate-friendly technology transfers To identify the dynamics of green technology transfers (improvement of energy efficiency, pollutant recovery, cleaning up, exploitation of renewable energy sources), the demonstration is concentrated on three vectors: trade flows, international patent families and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects of the Kyoto Protocol. The analysis of trade flows from Japan to China shows that Chinese imports of environmental goods, capital goods and high technology goods are channels of technological diffusion. In particular, the econometric estimations reveal that imports of high technology goods affect negatively the energy and carbon intensity of the Chinese GDP. The analysis of international patent family data enable to identify that technologies aiming at reducing air pollution are dominant in transfers from Japan to China. Finally, transfers of knowledge and capital goods appear in the implementation of CDM projects financed by Japanese firms and implanted in China. The empirical analysis reveals that training plans are implemented in parallel to the transmissions of environmental equipments, knowing that transfers occur mainly through wind and water projects. This dissertation reveals that the density of economic relations between Japan and China is accompanied by the diffusion of green technologies. The development gap between Japan and China as well as the presence of absorptive capacity in China fosters technology diffusion through economic flows. The positive impact of these flows in terms of environmental quality is strengthened by the Chinese Government dedicated to technology transfers and the legislation concerning foreign investment.

Este trabalho apresenta a avaliação das externalidades relativas ao ciclo produtivo da cana de açúcar, dando um enfoque para a questão da geração de energia elétrica. Os objetivos principais do estudo são realizar um levantamento uma análise das externalidades sociais, ambientais e econômicas do ciclo produtivo da cana-de-açúcar desde sua fase inicial (período agrícola) até a conversão energética da biomassa em energia elétrica (objeto de ênfase nesse projeto). Repartindo os impactos, quando possível nos subsistemas elaborados a partir da análise do ciclo produtivo do setor, cujos resultados de uma forma geral eram até então conhecidos, mas nunca segregados e tratados de forma integrada sob a ótica de avaliação das externalidades relacionadas à atividade de produção. A geração de eletricidade excedente traz consigo externalidades positivas e negativas. Elas envolvem aspectos prejudiciais sob a ótica das emissões atmosféricas sobre a saúde humana e o meio biótico; positivo, mediante a utilização de fontes renováveis para geração de eletricidade provendo o deslocamento de derivados do petróleo tanto para geração de energia térmica quanto de elétrica, reduzindo assim o consumo de combustíveis fósseis que são os principais componentes fomentadores da acentuação do efeito estufa; além dos benefícios associados à geração distribuída, discutidos neste trabalho. Ambas qualificam esta forma de geração dentro dos requisitos do mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo, que será avaliado com a visão de ser um instrumento para internalizar o benefício de gerar energia com recursos renováveis. Dos impactos avaliados correspondentes ao ciclo produtivo da cana-de-açúcar, 32,68 % estão associados com a etapa de geração de eletricidade. Os principais impactos e efeitos avaliados na etapa qualitativa e quantitativa deste trabalho nas externalidades de produção foram ratificadas como efeitos predominantes também nas externalidades avaliadas via simulação computacional (ECOSENSE LE) do projeto ExternE. / This work presents the evaluation of externalidades in production from sugarcane life cycle, with emphasis at electric power generation. The main objective of this study is to assess the health, social, environmental and economical externalities related with the production process of sugarcane industry from the start point of the productive chain (agricultural period) until the energy conversion of the biomass in electric power (main emphasis). Distributing the impacts, when possible, in subsystems that main productive cycle were divided, whose results, in general, were known but never segregated and treated by an integrated view under the optics of externalities evaluation at the production activity chain at sugarcane sector. The surplus generation of electricity brings with itself positive and negative externalities. The negative ones involve harmful aspects under the atmospheric emissions and human health and the biotic environment; as positive ones, are the use of renewable sources for electricity generation providing displacement of fossil fuels and indirectly thermal and electrical energy, reducing the consumption of this kind of fuels that are the main promoting components from the accentuation of the greenhouse effect and the benefits associated to the distributed generation, also discussed in this work. Both of these positive aspects, qualify this form of generation to participate at the clean development mechanism, that it will be treated as an instrument for incorporate the benefit of generating energy with renewable resources. From the main productive chain impacts related to the life cycle of the sugarcane, 32,68 % are associated with the stage of electricity generation. The main impacts assessed in the qualitative and quantitative way as production externalities were confirm as predominant effects also using the computational simulation tool (ECOSENSE LE) from the ExternE project.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a relação entre a emissão de CH4 e temperaturas finais de carbonização de madeira de Eucalyptus urograndis, conforme a metodologia AMSIIIK (UNFCCC, 2008). Da mesma forma, pretendeu-se avaliar a relação entre a emissão de CH4 e o rendimento gravimétrico em carvão (base seca), conforme preconizado pela metodologia AM0041 (UNFCCC, 2006). Com base nas informações encontradas, buscou-se analisar a adequação de ambas as metodologias com relação ao arcabouço teórico sobre a emissão de GNC no processo de pirólise, assim como ao incentivo, via Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo, à adoção de práticas de carbonização mais eficientes, que possam resultar na redução da emissão de CH4. O experimento consistiu na condução de pirólises de cavacos da madeira a temperaturas finais de 400, 500, 600 e 700°C, a diferentes tempos de carbonização (2,5; 5,0; 7,5 e; 10 horas), em um forno-mufla conjugado a um sistema de coleta de gases. Foram calculados os rendimentos gravimétricos em carvão, licor pirolenhoso e gases não condensáveis. Os compostos químicos presentes nos gases nãocondensáveis foram identificados e quantificados mediante análise em cromatógrafo gasoso dotado de detectores de condutividade térmica, onde foi aplicado o ensaio dos seguintes gases: H2, CH4, CO e CO2. Além dessas análises foram realizadas regressões, conforme preconizam as metodologias AMSIIIK e AM0041, para identificar qual o melhor modelo obtido e, portanto, o mais indicado para a estimativa da emissão de CH4 no processo de carbonização. Concluiu-se que: a) aumentos na temperatura final de carbonização ocasionam aumento e diminuição no rendimento em gases e carvão, respectivamente; b) as diferentes taxas de aquecimento aplicadas nos ensaios laboratoriais não influenciaram o rendimento gravimétrico dos produtos da pirólise e a emissão de CO2, CO, CH4 e H2. Fugiram a essa tendência, os resultados de rendimento gravimétrico em carvão (base seca) obtidos a temperatura de 700oC; c) houve aumento na emissão de praticamente todos os gases com o aumento da temperatura final de carbonização; d) as regressões propostas pela metodologia AMSIIIK obtiveram melhores resultados do que aquela preconizada na metodologia AM0041, sendo o modelo de regressão que adota a temperatura como parâmetro de inferência da emissão de CH4 no processo de pirólise, o mais indicado para a estimativa de linhas de base em carvoarias que buscam a obtenção de créditos de carbono via melhoria da eficiência do processo de carbonização. / The objective of this work was to assess the relation between CH4 emissions and carbonization final temperatures of Eucalyptus urograndis wood, according to the AMSIIIK methodology (UNFCCC, 2008). On the same way, the correlation between CH4 emissions and the charcoal gravimetric yield (dry basis), as praised by the AM0041 methodology (UNFCCC, 2006), was evaluated. The results found were analyzed regarding the adequacy of both methodologies with the theoretical knowledge of noncondensable gases emissions in the pyrolysis process, as well as the incentive, through the Clean Development Mechanism, to the more efficient adoption of carbonization procedures that contribute to the reduction of CH4 emissions. The experiment consisted of the conduction of wood chips pyrolysis, in the temperatures of 400, 500, 600 and 700oC, at different times of carbonization (2,5; 5,0; 7,5 e; 10 hours), in an oven-muffle conjugated to a gas collector system. The gravimetrical yields of charcoal, pyroligneous liquor and non-condensable gases were calculated. The chemical composition of noncondensable gases were identified and quantified in gaseous chromatograph endowed with thermal conductivity detector, where the essay of the following gases was applied: H2, CH4, CO and CO2. Besides these analyses, regressions regarding the methodologies AMSIIIK and AM0041, have been carried through, to indentify the best model and, therefore, the most indicated for estimating CH4 emission in the carbonization process. Conclusions: a) increases in the carbonization final temperatures caused increase and reduction in the yields of gases and charcoal, respectively; b) the different heating rates applied in the laboratorial analysis have not influenced the gravimetric yield of the pyrolysis products, nor the emission of CO2, CO, CH4 and H2. The gravimetric yield of charcoal (dry basis) obtained at the temperature of 700oC, was the only data not to show this same trend; c) increases in the carbonization final temperatures lead to an increase in the emission of all gases; d) the AMSIIIK methodology regressions have gotten better results than those praised in methodology AM0041. Thus, the regression model which adopts the temperature as a parameter of CH4 emission inference in the pyrolysis process, is the most indicated for baseline estimate in charcoal facilities that seek carbon credits through the improvement of the carbonization process efficiency.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:45:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Danielle Fernandes Limiro Hanum.pdf: 1414935 bytes, checksum: 6cdc3e86d4ac6360653d4c2698cf5f54 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-18 / In the face of climate change and its catastrophic effects, reported daily in the media, the Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement that determined, based on the principles of common but differentiated responsibilities and the polluter pays, that industrialized countries reduce their emissions greenhouse gases, a general average, by 5% to the levels of 1990, during the years of 2008 to 2012. It, moreover, mechanisms for flexibility within which highlighted the clean development mechanism (CDM), which provides for developing countries to reach sustainable development and the industrialized countries that meet their targets for the reduction of emissions through the purchase of the certifieds emissions reductions (CERs). The activities which qualify the condition of the CDM project must meet a series of requirements and procedures to be certified. In the scope of the activities set for mitigating the effect of greenhouse gases is the landfill because emits methane (CH4), which is one of the main components of biogas, from the anaerobic decomposition of organic waste. The capture and processing of biogas by flare, and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, also generates heat, which can be used as fuel vehicles in public and/or private and can be injected in the network of electric energy council. The objective of this study is to determine the environmental, social and economic activity of a project of CDM can provide to Goiânia is deployed in its landfill. / Diante das mudanças climáticas e seus efeitos catastróficos, noticiados diariamente pelos meios de comunicação, o Protocolo de Kyoto é um acordo internacional que determinou, com base nos princípios das responsabilidades comuns mas diferenciadas e no do poluidor pagador, que os países industrializados reduzam suas emissões de gases de efeito estufa, numa média geral, em 5% aos níveis de 1990, durante os anos de 2008 a 2012. Criou, ademais, mecanismos de flexibilização, dentro os quais destaca-se o mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo (MDL), o qual propicia aos países em desenvolvimento o alcance ao desenvolvimento sustentável e aos países industrializados que atinjam suas metas de redução de emissão através da aquisição das reduções certificadas de emissão (RCEs). As atividades que se habilitarem à condição de projeto de MDL deverão cumprir uma série de requisitos e procedimentos até serem certificadas. No escopo das atividades estabelecidas para a mitigação dos gases de efeito estufa está o aterro sanitário, pois emite metano (CH4), que é um dos principais componentes do biogás, oriundo da decomposição anaeróbia dos resíduos orgânicos. A captação e o tratamento do biogás pelo flare, além de reduzir as emissões de gases de efeito estufa, também gera energia térmica, que pode ser utilizada como combustível em veículos públicos e/ou privados, bem como pode ser injetada na rede de energia elétrica do município. O objetivo deste estudo é verificar os benefícios ambientais, sociais e econômicos que uma atividade de projeto de MDL pode proporcionar ao município de Goiânia se implantada em seu aterro sanitário.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2016-08-18T12:39:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULO RAFAEL FENELON ABRAO.pdf: 1496695 bytes, checksum: 063bc186f5a524ffbd97a1a16a24d116 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T12:39:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULO RAFAEL FENELON ABRAO.pdf: 1496695 bytes, checksum: 063bc186f5a524ffbd97a1a16a24d116 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-03 / Through the case study of the CDM process conducted in 2008 by the company Jalles Machado Inc, the sugarcane industry, this paper contributes to the chemical analysis of the ash from burning (bagasse) from sugar cane, to generate energy, with the scope of verifying the presence of heavy metals, as this ash is administered mostly in soils, such as fertilizer. To perform the analysis were assembled in triplicate columns of polypropylene filled with sample Rhodic, Oxisol and mixing, and Typic Grey, which underwent 4 rainy episodes. Later analysis of statistics collected percolating solution were performed using the SAS statistical program. With respect to the water flow, it was found that the flows were higher for the sample mixture as compared to the other treatments. It was also found that the variation of metal concentrations was not significant for soil (control), indicating that the application of 4 rainy episodes did not affect the content of the analyzed metals; there is a significant increase in concentrations of Manganese (Mn), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr) and Potassium (K) in the soil after application of gray and mix. Thus, the use of incineration residue of sugarcane bagasse in agriculture can lead to increased levels of some micronutrients in the soil, they can reach toxic levels and become sources of contamination. Another factor of great relevance of the CDM, as can be seen in the case study company Jalles Machado S / A, is advancing the development of new energy matrices and to obtain carbon credits, the company burns through modern boilers bagasse from sugar cane processed, and produces energy for own consumption and sale to the local power company. With this study, it appears that Brazil has a prominent place in the number of CDM projects in development, and that the state of Goiás is responsible for 6% (six percent) of the total number of national projects. The aim is thus to the development of the subject, encourage new CDM projects, contributing to the regional development of the state of Goiás and across the country. / Através de estudo de caso concreto do processo de MDL realizado no ano de 2008 pela empresa Jalles Machado S/, do setor canavieiro, o presente trabalho contribui com a análise química da cinza proveniente da queima do bagaço da canade- açúcar, para geração de energia, com o escopo da verificação da presença de metais pesados, visto que esta cinza é administrada em sua grande maioria nos solos, como forma de adubo. Para realização da análise foram montadas, em triplicatas, colunas de polipropileno preenchidas com amostra de Latossolo Vermelho, Latossolo Vermelho e mistura, e Latossolo Vermelho e Cinza, as quais foram submetidas a 4 episódios chuvosos. Posteriormente foram realizadas analises estatísticas da solução percolante coletada utilizando-se o programa estatístico SAS. Com relação ao fluxo de água, verificou-se que os fluxos foram maiores para a amostra com mistura, quando comparado com os outros tratamentos. Verificou-se ainda, que a variação das concentrações de metais não foi significativa para o solo (controle), indicando que a aplicação dos 4 episódios chuvosos não interferiu no teor dos metais analisados; havendo o aumento significativo das concentrações de Manganês (Mn), Cobre (Cu), Cromo (Cr) e Potássio (K) no solo após aplicação da cinza e mistura. Desta forma, a utilização do resíduo de incineração do bagaço de cana na lavoura pode levar ao aumento dos teores de alguns micronutrientes no solo, podendo estes atingirem níveis tóxicos e se tornarem fontes de contaminação. Outro fator de grande relevância do MDL, como pode ser observado no estudo de caso da empresa Jalles Machado S/A, é o avanço do desenvolvimento de novas matrizes energéticas, sendo que, para a obtenção dos créditos de carbono, a empresa queima através de modernas caldeiras o bagaço da cana-de-açúcar processada, e produz energia para o consumo próprio e comercialização com a empresa de energia local. Com o presente trabalho, constata-se que o Brasil possui um lugar de destaque no número de projetos de MDL em desenvolvimento, e que o estado de Goiás é responsável por 6% (seis por cento) do número total de projetos nacionais. Busca-se assim, com o desenvolvimento do tema abordado, incentivar novos projetos de MDL, contribuindo com o desenvolvimento regional do estado de Goiás e de todo o país.

O Protocolo de Quioto foi ratificado em Fevereiro de 2005 e com isso um mercado que vinha caminhando sem regras formais, contando com o pioneirismo de algumas empresas interessadas em aprender a lidar com esta nova commodity e preocupadas com a sua imagem corporativa, passou de fato às vias da formalidade. Assim, uma vez que o mercado de Reduções Certificadas de Emissões (RCEs) possui um arcabouço institucional estabelecido, é interessante estudar com base na Economia dos Custos de Transação (ECT), como os custos de transação induziram modos alternativos de governança, em particular os contratos entre empresas proponentes de projetos de MDL (Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo) e os canais de comercialização constituídos por organizações multilaterais. E esse estudo, conforme as recomendações de Williamson (1993; 1991; 1985), foi feito analisando as características das transações em termos de especificidade de ativos, freqüência e incerteza, dados os pressupostos comportamentais dos agentes (racionalidade limitada e oportunismo). Para tanto, a pesquisa lançou mão do método do estudo de caso para obter informações privadas sobre as transações de RCEs, e seus respectivos contratos, entre as empresas brasileiras e uma organização multilateral, o Banco Mundial. Um resultado é que, diferente das relações via mercado, as empresas brasileiras se beneficiaram - em termos de redução dos custos de transação - da transação de RCEs (via contrato) com o Banco Mundial, já que este exerce todas as funções de um típico canal de distribuição, exceto a de aquisição dos direitos de propriedade sobre os créditos. / The Kyoto Protocol was approved in February 2005 and the carbon market that was without rules, played by some pioneer companies interested in learning by doing with this new commodity and worried about their corporate image, started working in the ways of the formality. As the market of Certified Emissions Reduction (CER) has already an established Institutional Environment, it’s interesting to study, based on the Transaction Costs Economics (TCE) theory, how the transaction costs induced alternative ways of governance, in particular the contracts between Brazilian companies – with CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects - and the commercialization channels in multi-lateral organizations. This study, as the recommendations of Williamson (1993; 1991; 1985), was made analyzing the characteristics of the transactions in terms of asset specificity, frequency and uncertainty, considering the human behavior assumptions (limited rationality and opportunism). For this, the research used the case studies method to obtain private information about the transactions of CER, and their contracts, between Brazilian companies and a multi-lateral organization, the World Bank. A result is that, differently of the spot market relationship, the Brazilian CDM projects benefited - in terms of reduction of transaction costs – with the CERs transactions (contracts) involving the World Bank, since this bank realizes every distribution channel functions, except the acquisition of CERs property rights.

Este trabalho apresenta a avaliação das externalidades relativas ao ciclo produtivo da cana de açúcar, dando um enfoque para a questão da geração de energia elétrica. Os objetivos principais do estudo são realizar um levantamento uma análise das externalidades sociais, ambientais e econômicas do ciclo produtivo da cana-de-açúcar desde sua fase inicial (período agrícola) até a conversão energética da biomassa em energia elétrica (objeto de ênfase nesse projeto). Repartindo os impactos, quando possível nos subsistemas elaborados a partir da análise do ciclo produtivo do setor, cujos resultados de uma forma geral eram até então conhecidos, mas nunca segregados e tratados de forma integrada sob a ótica de avaliação das externalidades relacionadas à atividade de produção. A geração de eletricidade excedente traz consigo externalidades positivas e negativas. Elas envolvem aspectos prejudiciais sob a ótica das emissões atmosféricas sobre a saúde humana e o meio biótico; positivo, mediante a utilização de fontes renováveis para geração de eletricidade provendo o deslocamento de derivados do petróleo tanto para geração de energia térmica quanto de elétrica, reduzindo assim o consumo de combustíveis fósseis que são os principais componentes fomentadores da acentuação do efeito estufa; além dos benefícios associados à geração distribuída, discutidos neste trabalho. Ambas qualificam esta forma de geração dentro dos requisitos do mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo, que será avaliado com a visão de ser um instrumento para internalizar o benefício de gerar energia com recursos renováveis. Dos impactos avaliados correspondentes ao ciclo produtivo da cana-de-açúcar, 32,68 % estão associados com a etapa de geração de eletricidade. Os principais impactos e efeitos avaliados na etapa qualitativa e quantitativa deste trabalho nas externalidades de produção foram ratificadas como efeitos predominantes também nas externalidades avaliadas via simulação computacional (ECOSENSE LE) do projeto ExternE. / This work presents the evaluation of externalidades in production from sugarcane life cycle, with emphasis at electric power generation. The main objective of this study is to assess the health, social, environmental and economical externalities related with the production process of sugarcane industry from the start point of the productive chain (agricultural period) until the energy conversion of the biomass in electric power (main emphasis). Distributing the impacts, when possible, in subsystems that main productive cycle were divided, whose results, in general, were known but never segregated and treated by an integrated view under the optics of externalities evaluation at the production activity chain at sugarcane sector. The surplus generation of electricity brings with itself positive and negative externalities. The negative ones involve harmful aspects under the atmospheric emissions and human health and the biotic environment; as positive ones, are the use of renewable sources for electricity generation providing displacement of fossil fuels and indirectly thermal and electrical energy, reducing the consumption of this kind of fuels that are the main promoting components from the accentuation of the greenhouse effect and the benefits associated to the distributed generation, also discussed in this work. Both of these positive aspects, qualify this form of generation to participate at the clean development mechanism, that it will be treated as an instrument for incorporate the benefit of generating energy with renewable resources. From the main productive chain impacts related to the life cycle of the sugarcane, 32,68 % are associated with the stage of electricity generation. The main impacts assessed in the qualitative and quantitative way as production externalities were confirm as predominant effects also using the computational simulation tool (ECOSENSE LE) from the ExternE project.