The cleanness of toilets in parks is an important aspect of the quality of public leisure and health. It is also closely related to the image of the community where the park is located. However, many parks are still regarded as dirty by the public. This study is aimed to find out what are the factors affecting the cleanness of men¡¦s toilets in parks, with Kaohsiung City as the area of study. Both interviews and ratings were used to look for the factors. The interviews were given to samples from five populations: (1) government officers who are in charge of park toilets, (2) cleaning companies that are commissioned to keep the toilets clean, (3) janitors who are responsible for the cleaning, (4) scholars who have studied the cleaning problems of public toilets, and (5) users of public toilets. Based on results from the interviews, photos were taken for eight factors (e.g., outside appearance, floor) of 38 toilets. A sample of ten users then rated these photos in terms of the cleanness they represented. The ratings given to the photos for each toilet were then summed to give a rating for the overall cleanness of each toilet. The interrater reliability of these ratings, as measured by Cronbach¡¦s alpha, was .98. Results showed that compared with other six factors, the outside appearance and walls of a toilet were the most important factors for discriminating clean toilets from dirty ones¡Xfrom the users¡¦ perspective. Within all eight factors, conditions ¡§whether the plumbing is hidden¡¨, ¡§size of wall tiles¡¨ and ¡§wetness of floor¡¨ affected the users¡¦ rating most. The users¡¦ ratings were, however, unrelated to the government¡¦s past ratings for the toilets (r = .02, p = .92). Based on the interview findings and ratings, I proposed that the city government might try to improve the conditions of park toilets by taking several measures. For example, the procedures for recruiting janitors and evaluating their performance should be revised, and prompts (such as signs urging users¡¦ to keep clean) should be changed more often.

While excellent scholarly work exists on medieval space, especially in cultural geography, no book-length study of the conceptual implications of medieval vertical space exists. Attention has been lavished on the surface of the medieval world, while the heights go unseen and the depths go unplumbed. Using theories of space by scholars such as Henri Lefebvre and Jacques Le Goff, this project explores this lacuna through close reading of three late medieval English texts. The emphasis within Christian theology on a vertically-oriented model of virtue and the afterlife (ascending to Heaven, falling to Hell) was likely the initial reason for the prominence of verticality in the Middle Ages; the work of religious writers such as Bernard of Clairvaux and Walter Hilton set the stage for an explosion of the vertical imagination, as a blossoming of the incredible variety of what could be called "vertical thought." These ideas foreshadowed and accompanied similar developments in the secular arena, soon becoming an integral part of medieval life. By the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, closely interrelated--and strongly vertical--frameworks arose to structure complex concepts such as moral virtue, social class and kinship relations. The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries saw several major developments in what can be called "vertical thought." The evolution of Augustinian ideas of religion and morality led to a nuanced vertical hierarchy of virtues and vices, while the rise of the middle class helped define the explicit division of class into vertical tiers. A shift in conceptions of kinship, from a synchronous network to a diachronic tree of ancestry, affected perceptions of gender and family. Finally, the growth of parliamentary and urban political capital in late medieval England, especially in response to the reign of child-king Henry VI, led to a battle of wills between the powerful men of London and their king. These concerns with verticality were not limited to the realms of religious belief or temporal power, but manifested themselves in medieval literature and iconography as well. Highness and lowness feature in the plots, characters, and settings of many texts, and tropes of height and depth and rising and falling make frequent appearances textually and visually. Depictions of Heaven and Hell, for example, frequently make use of height and depth, and instances such as the Virgin Mary's ascension to Heaven or Lucifer's fall from Heaven to Hell involve explicitly vertical movement which parallels the perceived virtue of said figures. The Jesse tree, a genealogy of Christ, is usually illustrated as a tree emerging from a recumbent man's body, and reflects a newly vertical visualization of familial ties, while the concept of degree or scale, often represented as a ladder or stairs, is explicitly used as a framework for both moral virtue and socioeconomic status. Through discussion of three specific medieval tropes in literature and art-- the tree of Jesse in Chaucer's Merchant's Tale, the Dead Sea in Cleanness, and the giant of Lydgate's Triumphal Entry of Henry VI--this project attempts to demonstrate the importance of verticality in late medieval English literature from 1300-1500 and show how these tropes responded to and influenced changes in the way medieval, and modern, audiences perceived social class, kinship, politics, and religion.

Cleanliness is one of the most essential virtues needed for a healthy lifestyle. While there have been several attempts made to characterize the cleanness of food, water and air by quality monitoring, there has been very little attention given to the cleanness characterization of clothing. Clothing worn next to the skin is easily contaminated by solid particles and fluid substances picked up from the surrounding environment and the skin surface. The fluid contamination could be either aqueous or oily in nature. Human sweat and sebum are one of the major constituents of oily organic soils found in worn clothing. Studies show that oily organic contaminations tend to remain in the clothing even after laundering, thereby creating malodors. While there are several industry established standards to evaluate visible solid contamination such as dust, dirt and colored stains, measuring the amount of invisible oily contaminations has been difficult. Moreover, many of the cleanness evaluation methods are subjective. This exploratory research aimed at measuring the level of sweat and sebum soiling in textile fabrics. Due to the affinity of ozone towards the unsaturated components of sebum, the feasibility of using the reaction rates of ozone as a metric to quantify the level of organic soiling in clothing was tested. The fabrics selected for this study were representative of the commonly used fiber composition in activewear and innerwear. The sweat and sebum used for fabric soiling were synthetic in nature. The fabric swatches were soiled with synthetic sebum at two extreme levels of soiling (0.3% and 1% of the fabric weight). A lab built four-chamber ozonation equipment was used for the experimentation with ozone. The reactivity of ozone with the soiled fabrics was measured in terms of ozone concentrations in ppb. The data obtained was plotted against time and the slopes were recorded. The plots showed a significant difference in the slopes indicating that the rate of ozone reactivity varied with the level of soiling. The slopes were steeper for higher levels of soils, particularly in the cotton samples. There was also a marked difference in the reaction rates between the cotton and polyester fabrics at the same level of soiling. The results obtained from the study fulfilled the hypothesis and looks promising for developing an objective method of measuring cleanness of clothing. Moreover, an adjunct qualitative study was conducted to assess the sensitivity of the human odor sensor to acknowledge the difference in the level of soiling through sensory analysis. The results from the study substantiated the need for an objective method of cleanness measurement. / text

Objetivou-se avaliar a limpeza das paredes dos canais radiculares instrumentados e a permeabilidade dentinária, após o uso da solução de EGTA isolada ou em associação com tensoativos. Para a análise da capacidade de limpeza, foram usados 25 incisivos centrais superiores humanos, instrumentados pela técnica step-back com limas tipo K e irrigados com hipoclorito de sódio a 2%. Após a instrumentação, os canais foram irrigados por um período de 5 minutos, com 10ml das seguintes soluções a serem testadas: Grupo 1- água destilada (controle negativo); Grupo 2 - EGTA a 15%; Grupo 3 - EGTA-C a 15%; Grupo 4 - EGTA-T a 15%; Grupo 5 - EDTA a 17% (controle positivo). Em seguida, os canais foram lavados com 10ml de água destilada, secos com cones de papel e as raízes foram fraturadas longitudinalmente e preparadas para microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Uma grade quadriculada, confeccionada digitalmente, foi sobreposta às fotomicrografias, obtidas dos terços cervical, médio e apical dos canais de cada grupo experimental, o que permitiu o cálculo da porcentagem de limpeza da superfície dentinária pela contagem do número de quadrantes limpos. Para a avaliação da permeabilidade dentinária, foram usadas 25 raízes de incisivos centrais superiores humanos instrumentados com as seguintes soluções irrigadoras: Grupo 1 - água destilada (controle negativo); Grupo 2 - EGTA a 15%; Grupo 3 - EGTA-C a 15%; Grupo 4 - EGTA-T a 15%; Grupo 5 - EDTA a 17%. Foram utilizados 3ml da solução estudada a cada troca de instrumento. Os canais foram, então, irrigados com 10ml de água destilada, e secos. A superfície externa das raízes foi impermeabilizada com exceção do ápice e da superfície cervical. Em seguida as raízes foram imersas em sulfato de cobre e, posteriormente, em ácido rubeânico, ambos sob vácuo. Foram, então, obtidos fragmentos dos terços cervical, médio e apical, por meio de cortes transversais das raízes de cada grupo experimental. Estes fragmentos foram fotografados, e a área de penetração dos íons cobre na dentina, evidenciada pela reação com o ácido rubeânico (coloração negra), foi mensurada em computador (programa ImageTool 3.0), o que possibilitou quantificar a permeabilidade dentinária. Os testes estatísticos permitiram concluir que, tanto em relação à capacidade de limpeza da superfície dentinária, como em relação à capacidade de promover o aumento da permeabilidade dentinária, as soluções irrigadoras estudadas puderam ser agrupadas em ordem decrescente do seguinte modo: EDTA, EGTA-T, EGTA-C, EGTA, Água destilada. A adição de tensoativos à solução de EGTA resultou em uma melhora de sua capacidade de limpeza da superfície dentinária e no aumento da permeabilidade da dentina. Apenas a solução de EGTA-T a 15% apresentou resultados estatisticamente semelhantes à solução de EDTA a 17%, tanto em relação à limpeza, quanto à permeabilidade da dentina. Houve uma correlação diretamente proporcional entre os resultados obtidos nos dois experimentos realizados: quanto maior a capacidade de limpeza promovida pela solução quelante estudada, maior a permeabilidade da dentina das paredes do canal. / The objective was to evaluate the root canal dentin cleanness and the dentin permeability, after the use of the EGTA solution isolated or in association with tensoactives. For the analysis of the dentin cleanness capacity, 25 human upper central incisors were used, prepared by the step-back technique with K type files and irrigated with 2% sodium hypoclorite. Then, the root canals were irrigated for 5 minutes, with 10ml of the following solutions: Group 1 - distilled water (negative control); Group 2 - 15% EGTA; Group 3 - 15% EGTA-C; Group 4 - 15% EGTA-T; Group 5 - 17% EDTA (positive control). Soon afterwards, the root canals were irrigated with 10ml of distilled water and dryed with paper points. The roots were fractured longitudinally and prepared for scanning electronic microscopy. A digitally manufactured grid was superposed to the obtained digital photomicrographs of the cervical, middle and apical thirds of each specimen of the experimental groups. That allowed the calculation of the cleanness percentage of the root canals dentinal surface by counting the number of clean quadrants. For the evaluation of the dentin permeability, 25 roots of human upper central incisors were prepared with the following irrigating solutions: Group 1 - distilled water (negative control); Group 2 - 15% EGTA; Group 3 - 15% EGTA-C; Group 4 ? 15% EGTA-T; Group 5 - 17% EDTA (positive control). During instrumentation, at each instrument change, the root canals were irrigated with 3ml of the studied solution. After instrumentation, the root canals were irrigated with 10ml of distilled water and dryed. The external surface of the roots was made waterproof, except for the apex and the cervical surface. Then, the roots were immersed in copper sulfate and, later, in rubeanic acid, both under vacuous condition. Fragments of the cervical, middle and apical thirds were obtained through transverse cuts of the roots of each experimental group. These fragments were photographed, and the area of penetration of the copper ions into the dentine, evidenced by its reaction with the rubeanic acid (black coloration), was mensured in the computer (ImageTool 3.0 software). That made possible to quantify the dentin permeability. The data obtained in both experiments were submitted to the statistical analysis. The results showed that the studied solutions could be arranged in a decreasing order of dentin cleanness capacity and dentin permeability: EDTA, EGTAT, EGTA-C, EGTA, distilled Water. The tensoactive addition to the EGTA solution resulted in an improvement of its dentin cleanness capacity and an increase of the dentin permeability. Only the 15% EGTA-T experimental solution presented statistical similar results as the ones presented by the 17% EDTA solution (p>0,05) (for both the dentin cleanness, and the dentin permeability). There was a directly proportional correlation among the results obtained in the two accomplished experiments: the greater the cleanness capacity promoted by the studied solution, the greater the dentin permeability of the root canal walls.

Objetivou-se avaliar a limpeza das paredes dos canais radiculares instrumentados e a permeabilidade dentinária, após o uso da solução de EGTA isolada ou em associação com tensoativos. Para a análise da capacidade de limpeza, foram usados 25 incisivos centrais superiores humanos, instrumentados pela técnica step-back com limas tipo K e irrigados com hipoclorito de sódio a 2%. Após a instrumentação, os canais foram irrigados por um período de 5 minutos, com 10ml das seguintes soluções a serem testadas: Grupo 1- água destilada (controle negativo); Grupo 2 - EGTA a 15%; Grupo 3 - EGTA-C a 15%; Grupo 4 - EGTA-T a 15%; Grupo 5 - EDTA a 17% (controle positivo). Em seguida, os canais foram lavados com 10ml de água destilada, secos com cones de papel e as raízes foram fraturadas longitudinalmente e preparadas para microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Uma grade quadriculada, confeccionada digitalmente, foi sobreposta às fotomicrografias, obtidas dos terços cervical, médio e apical dos canais de cada grupo experimental, o que permitiu o cálculo da porcentagem de limpeza da superfície dentinária pela contagem do número de quadrantes limpos. Para a avaliação da permeabilidade dentinária, foram usadas 25 raízes de incisivos centrais superiores humanos instrumentados com as seguintes soluções irrigadoras: Grupo 1 - água destilada (controle negativo); Grupo 2 - EGTA a 15%; Grupo 3 - EGTA-C a 15%; Grupo 4 - EGTA-T a 15%; Grupo 5 - EDTA a 17%. Foram utilizados 3ml da solução estudada a cada troca de instrumento. Os canais foram, então, irrigados com 10ml de água destilada, e secos. A superfície externa das raízes foi impermeabilizada com exceção do ápice e da superfície cervical. Em seguida as raízes foram imersas em sulfato de cobre e, posteriormente, em ácido rubeânico, ambos sob vácuo. Foram, então, obtidos fragmentos dos terços cervical, médio e apical, por meio de cortes transversais das raízes de cada grupo experimental. Estes fragmentos foram fotografados, e a área de penetração dos íons cobre na dentina, evidenciada pela reação com o ácido rubeânico (coloração negra), foi mensurada em computador (programa ImageTool 3.0), o que possibilitou quantificar a permeabilidade dentinária. Os testes estatísticos permitiram concluir que, tanto em relação à capacidade de limpeza da superfície dentinária, como em relação à capacidade de promover o aumento da permeabilidade dentinária, as soluções irrigadoras estudadas puderam ser agrupadas em ordem decrescente do seguinte modo: EDTA, EGTA-T, EGTA-C, EGTA, Água destilada. A adição de tensoativos à solução de EGTA resultou em uma melhora de sua capacidade de limpeza da superfície dentinária e no aumento da permeabilidade da dentina. Apenas a solução de EGTA-T a 15% apresentou resultados estatisticamente semelhantes à solução de EDTA a 17%, tanto em relação à limpeza, quanto à permeabilidade da dentina. Houve uma correlação diretamente proporcional entre os resultados obtidos nos dois experimentos realizados: quanto maior a capacidade de limpeza promovida pela solução quelante estudada, maior a permeabilidade da dentina das paredes do canal. / The objective was to evaluate the root canal dentin cleanness and the dentin permeability, after the use of the EGTA solution isolated or in association with tensoactives. For the analysis of the dentin cleanness capacity, 25 human upper central incisors were used, prepared by the step-back technique with K type files and irrigated with 2% sodium hypoclorite. Then, the root canals were irrigated for 5 minutes, with 10ml of the following solutions: Group 1 - distilled water (negative control); Group 2 - 15% EGTA; Group 3 - 15% EGTA-C; Group 4 - 15% EGTA-T; Group 5 - 17% EDTA (positive control). Soon afterwards, the root canals were irrigated with 10ml of distilled water and dryed with paper points. The roots were fractured longitudinally and prepared for scanning electronic microscopy. A digitally manufactured grid was superposed to the obtained digital photomicrographs of the cervical, middle and apical thirds of each specimen of the experimental groups. That allowed the calculation of the cleanness percentage of the root canals dentinal surface by counting the number of clean quadrants. For the evaluation of the dentin permeability, 25 roots of human upper central incisors were prepared with the following irrigating solutions: Group 1 - distilled water (negative control); Group 2 - 15% EGTA; Group 3 - 15% EGTA-C; Group 4 ? 15% EGTA-T; Group 5 - 17% EDTA (positive control). During instrumentation, at each instrument change, the root canals were irrigated with 3ml of the studied solution. After instrumentation, the root canals were irrigated with 10ml of distilled water and dryed. The external surface of the roots was made waterproof, except for the apex and the cervical surface. Then, the roots were immersed in copper sulfate and, later, in rubeanic acid, both under vacuous condition. Fragments of the cervical, middle and apical thirds were obtained through transverse cuts of the roots of each experimental group. These fragments were photographed, and the area of penetration of the copper ions into the dentine, evidenced by its reaction with the rubeanic acid (black coloration), was mensured in the computer (ImageTool 3.0 software). That made possible to quantify the dentin permeability. The data obtained in both experiments were submitted to the statistical analysis. The results showed that the studied solutions could be arranged in a decreasing order of dentin cleanness capacity and dentin permeability: EDTA, EGTAT, EGTA-C, EGTA, distilled Water. The tensoactive addition to the EGTA solution resulted in an improvement of its dentin cleanness capacity and an increase of the dentin permeability. Only the 15% EGTA-T experimental solution presented statistical similar results as the ones presented by the 17% EDTA solution (p>0,05) (for both the dentin cleanness, and the dentin permeability). There was a directly proportional correlation among the results obtained in the two accomplished experiments: the greater the cleanness capacity promoted by the studied solution, the greater the dentin permeability of the root canal walls.

An examination of the influence of medieval numerology and number theory upon the works of the Gawain poet, this essay seeks to connect the importance of numbers to the construction of the four poems. By examining such number theories as the Divine Proportion and marriage numbers, as well as Pythagorean number concepts of masculine and feminine numbers, a clear connection between the literature and the number can be found. The poet not only seeks to use numbers to impart important Christian doctrine to his readers in a subconscious way, he also demonstrates an extreme pre-planning of every line and layout of each poem upon the page. Continuing in current critical traditions of examining this manuscript as whole, "Pearl, " "Patience, " "Cleanness, " and "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" are shown to join together in an interweaving of connectivity through number pattern and the repetition of important numerological concepts.

AMORIM, Mariza Vieira da Fonseca Saboia. Desenvolvimento de um novo processo de limpeza e condicionamento de grãos de trigo. 2007. 68 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Fortaleza, 2007 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-06-21T13:07:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_mvfsamorim.pdf: 1135311 bytes, checksum: 47ee7e76d9aebf9d7160c879e5c42ed9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-06-21T13:08:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_mvfsamorim.pdf: 1135311 bytes, checksum: 47ee7e76d9aebf9d7160c879e5c42ed9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-21T13:08:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_mvfsamorim.pdf: 1135311 bytes, checksum: 47ee7e76d9aebf9d7160c879e5c42ed9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / The wheat milling process currently used by millers all over the world comprises four unit operations: the cleaning of the grains - with the aim to separate the sound grains of its impurities; the tempering – for grains reach its ideal moisture and to get the best flour extraction rate; the milling of the grains and the flour classification through a sieving system where some flours with different particle sizes are produced. In the present work, it was developed a new wheat cleaning process based on the densities of the sound grains and its impurities making use of two unit operations. The first one is made in a two stage calcium chloride pools of different concentrations followed by an air drying of the grains at room temperature (the second one) to get rid of the superficial grain solution. The water content of the grains at the end of the first operation was 17,96 % for a 45 second operation time and 12,74% after the air drying of the grains that was up in 4,0 minutes in the room temperature at an air outflow of 0,507 m3.s-1. The yield of the experimental milling of the grains by the new process was 60,02% versus 47,67 % by the traditional process. The ash amounts of the flours obtained from the grains cleaned by the new and traditional processes were respectively: 0,58 % and 0,59%. The chloride amounts of the flours obtained from the grains cleaned by the new and traditional processes were respectively: 15,52 mg.100g-1; 0,95 mg.100g-1 , and the calcium amounts of the same flours were respectively: 43,53 mg.100g-1 and 5,89 mg.100g-1 .The total counting of the yeast, fungus and Bacillus cereus spp. Before and after cleaning the grains by the new and the traditional process were as following: 10 UFC.g-1 ; 3 x 102 UFC.g-1 ; < 10 UFC.g-1 ; <102 UFC.g-1 ; < 10 UFC.g-1 and 3 x 102 UFC.g- 1. The taste of the breads made with the flours from the grains cleaned by the two process were not significantly different at 5,0% level. The overall results showed that wheat grains could be cleaned by the proposed method without either developing gluten during milling nor causing bitter taste to bread when calcium chloride solutions were used to separate sound grains of its impurities. / O processo utilizado pelas indústrias na moagem do trigo é composto de quatro operações unitárias que consiste na sua primeira etapa, da limpeza dos grãos, tendo como finalidade separar suas impurezas; o condicionamento, permitindo que os grãos atinjam teor de umidade ideal para a máxima extração da farinha; a moagem propriamente dita e a classificação, realizada por peneiras em que são obtidas as farinhas desejadas. No presente trabalho foi desenvolvido um processo de limpeza de trigo, baseado nas diferenças de densidade dos grãos e suas impurezas, em soluções salinas, através de duas operações unitárias, em substituição ao processo tradicional. A primeira operação é realizada em dois tanques contendo soluções de cloreto de cálcio com diferentes concentrações e uma segunda operação consiste na secagem para retirada da umidade superficial dos grãos. O teor de umidade dos grãos no final da primeira etapa do processo foi de 17,96% para um tempo de operação de 45 segundos e de 12,74% no final da segunda etapa, com uma vazão de ar à temperatura ambiente de 0,507 m3.s-1 após 4,0 minutos. O teste de moagem experimental dos grãos de trigos limpos pelo processo proposto apresentou rendimento de 60,02% e pelo processo tradicional, 47,67%. Os teores de cinzas das farinhas obtidas nos processos proposto e tradicional foram respectivamente: 0,58% e 0,59%. Os teores de cloreto das farinhas obtidas nos processos proposto e tradicional foram respectivamente: 15,52 mg.100g-1 e 0,95 mg.100g-1; e os teores de cálcio das mesmas frações foram respectivamente: 43,53 mg.100g-1 e 5,89 mg.100g-1. A contagem total de bolores e leveduras e de Bacillus cereus sp. antes e após a limpeza dos grãos pelo processo proposto e tradicional foram de, respectivamente: 10 UFC.g-1 ; 3 x 102 UFC.g-1 ; < 10 UFC.g-1 ; <102 UFC.g-1 ; < 10 UFC.g-1 e 3 x 102 UFC.g-1. O sabor dos pães elaborados a partir das farinhas obtidas pelos processos proposto e tradicional não apresentou diferença significativa em nível de 5%. Os resultados mostra que os grãos de trigo podem ser limpos através da metodologia proposta, sem haver o desenvolvimento de glúten durante o processo de moagem e da presença de sabor amargo ao pão, quando se utiliza cloreto de cálcio nas soluções salinas de separação dos grãos e suas impurezas.

Orientador: Antonia Dalla Pria Bankoff / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T05:17:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DeMarchiNetto_FranciscoLuiz_M.pdf: 783777 bytes, checksum: 3ddfd2416cedb89a7b1d4498b362ac20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal estudar a aptidão física e alguns hábitos de vida relacionados à saúde em trabalhadores da limpeza pública da cidade de Goiânia, a partir dos aspectos morfofisiológicos do condicionamento físico promovidos pelas características do próprio trabalho e do consumo de álcool e tabaco com os fatores de risco às doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. A metodologia utilizada neste estudo é do tipo descritiva, no modelo Survey Normativo (transversal) para a análise dos resultados dos testes motores da aptidão física e na discussão dos dados do inquérito referente aos hábitos de vida e histórico familiar de doenças. Foram selecionados dois grupos de trabalhadores da limpeza urbana da cidade de Goiânia assim constituídos, 54 homens e 52 mulheres, totalizando uma amostra de 106 sujeitos adultos.O estudo verificou as variáveis antropométricas de peso, estatura, Índice de Massa Corporal ¿ IMC, Relação Cintura/quadril ¿ RCQ, determinação do Percentual de Gordura Corporal (% Gordura)e Pressão Arterial (PAS e PAD). As variáveis motoras analisadas foram a força muscular de membros inferiores (pernas) e superiores (mão), resistência muscular abdominal, resistência cardiorrespiratória e flexibilidade coluna-quadril. Também foram analisados os dados relativos ao consumo de álcool e fumo dos sujeitos, bem como o histórico familiar e individual das doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis dos sujeitos. Os resultados do estudo são apresentados e discutidos em duas fases distintas. Na primeira parte são discutidos resultados do inquérito epidemiológico quanto a incidência e prevalência das doenças crônicas nãotransmissíveis. Na segunda parte discutem-se os resultados dos testes de aptidão física relacionados à saúde. As análises parciais realizadas a partir dos resultados obtidos em cada uma das variáveis investigadas nos permitem concluir que as atividades físicas laborais, realizadas pelos trabalhadores da limpeza urbana da cidade de Goiânia, não são suficientes para promover o desenvolvimento da aptidão física relacionada à saúde, bem como na proteção ou prevenção da incidência e prevalência de doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis nos sujeitos aqui investigados / Abstract: The present study has as its main aim the study of physical aptitude and health-related habits of public cleaning workers of the city of Goiânia. This study focuses on morphophysiological aspects of physical conditioning imposed by the characteristics of the job and on alcohol and tobacco consumption and its relation with risk factors of non-transmitted chronic diseases. The methodology adopted in this study is descriptive of the normative survey model (transversal) and was employed in the analysis of results of motor tests of physical aptitude as well as in the discussion of report data regarding habits and family history of illnesses. Two groups of public cleaning workers of the city of Goiânia were selected and consisted of 54 men and 52 women, totaling a sample of 106 adult subjects.This study verified anthropometric variables of weight, stature, Body Mass Index -BMI, Waist/Hip Ratio -WHR, determination of Body Fat Percentage (% Fat), and Arterial Pressure (SAP and DAP). The motor variables under analysis were: muscular strength of lower limbs (legs) and upper limbs (hand), abdominal muscular resistance, cardiorespiratory resistance, and column-hip flexibility. Data related to alcohol and tobacco consumption were also analyzed, as well as individual and family history of the subjects¿ non-transmitted chronic diseases. Results are presented and discussed in two distinct stages. In the first part results of the epidemiologic report regarding incidence and prevalence of non-transmitted chronic diseases are discussed, whereas in the second part results of the health-related physical aptitude tests are discussed. Partial analyses which were carried out based on the results obtained in each of the variables under investigation made it possible to conclude that work-related physical activities performed by public cleaning workers of the city of Goiânia fail to promote the development of health-related physical aptitude or offer protection or prevention of the incidence and prevalence of non-transmitted chronic diseases for the individuals under investigation / Mestrado / Ciencias do Esporte / Mestre em Educação Física

nÃo hà / O processo utilizado pelas indÃstrias na moagem do trigo à composto de quatro operaÃÃes unitÃrias que consiste na sua primeira etapa, da limpeza dos grÃos, tendo como finalidade separar suas impurezas; o condicionamento, permitindo que os grÃos atinjam teor de umidade ideal para a mÃxima extraÃÃo da farinha; a moagem propriamente dita e a classificaÃÃo, realizada por peneiras em que sÃo obtidas as farinhas desejadas. No presente trabalho foi desenvolvido um processo de limpeza de trigo, baseado nas diferenÃas de densidade dos grÃos e suas impurezas, em soluÃÃes salinas, atravÃs de duas operaÃÃes unitÃrias, em substituiÃÃo ao processo tradicional. A primeira operaÃÃo à realizada em dois tanques contendo soluÃÃes de cloreto de cÃlcio com diferentes concentraÃÃes e uma segunda operaÃÃo consiste na secagem para retirada da umidade superficial dos grÃos. O teor de umidade dos grÃos no final da primeira etapa do processo foi de 17,96% para um tempo de operaÃÃo de 45 segundos e de 12,74% no final da segunda etapa, com uma vazÃo de ar à temperatura ambiente de 0,507 m3.s-1 apÃs 4,0 minutos. O teste de moagem experimental dos grÃos de trigos limpos pelo processo proposto apresentou rendimento de 60,02% e pelo processo tradicional, 47,67%. Os teores de cinzas das farinhas obtidas nos processos proposto e tradicional foram respectivamente: 0,58% e 0,59%. Os teores de cloreto das farinhas obtidas nos processos proposto e tradicional foram respectivamente: 15,52 mg.100g-1 e 0,95 mg.100g-1; e os teores de cÃlcio das mesmas fraÃÃes foram respectivamente: 43,53 mg.100g-1 e 5,89 mg.100g-1. A contagem total de bolores e leveduras e de Bacillus cereus sp. antes e apÃs a limpeza dos grÃos pelo processo proposto e tradicional foram de, respectivamente: 10 UFC.g-1 ; 3 x 102 UFC.g-1 ; < 10 UFC.g-1 ; <102 UFC.g-1 ; < 10 UFC.g-1 e 3 x 102 UFC.g-1. O sabor dos pÃes elaborados a partir das farinhas obtidas pelos processos proposto e tradicional nÃo apresentou diferenÃa significativa em nÃvel de 5%. Os resultados mostra que os grÃos de trigo podem ser limpos atravÃs da metodologia proposta, sem haver o desenvolvimento de glÃten durante o processo de moagem e da presenÃa de sabor amargo ao pÃo, quando se utiliza cloreto de cÃlcio nas soluÃÃes salinas de separaÃÃo dos grÃos e suas impurezas. / The wheat milling process currently used by millers all over the world comprises four unit operations: the cleaning of the grains - with the aim to separate the sound grains of its impurities; the tempering â for grains reach its ideal moisture and to get the best flour extraction rate; the milling of the grains and the flour classification through a sieving system where some flours with different particle sizes are produced. In the present work, it was developed a new wheat cleaning process based on the densities of the sound grains and its impurities making use of two unit operations. The first one is made in a two stage calcium chloride pools of different concentrations followed by an air drying of the grains at room temperature (the second one) to get rid of the superficial grain solution. The water content of the grains at the end of the first operation was 17,96 % for a 45 second operation time and 12,74% after the air drying of the grains that was up in 4,0 minutes in the room temperature at an air outflow of 0,507 m3.s-1. The yield of the experimental milling of the grains by the new process was 60,02% versus 47,67 % by the traditional process. The ash amounts of the flours obtained from the grains cleaned by the new and traditional processes were respectively: 0,58 % and 0,59%. The chloride amounts of the flours obtained from the grains cleaned by the new and traditional processes were respectively: 15,52 mg.100g-1; 0,95 mg.100g-1 , and the calcium amounts of the same flours were respectively: 43,53 mg.100g-1 and 5,89 mg.100g-1 .The total counting of the yeast, fungus and Bacillus cereus spp. Before and after cleaning the grains by the new and the traditional process were as following: 10 UFC.g-1 ; 3 x 102 UFC.g-1 ; < 10 UFC.g-1 ; <102 UFC.g-1 ; < 10 UFC.g-1 and 3 x 102 UFC.g- 1. The taste of the breads made with the flours from the grains cleaned by the two process were not significantly different at 5,0% level. The overall results showed that wheat grains could be cleaned by the proposed method without either developing gluten during milling nor causing bitter taste to bread when calcium chloride solutions were used to separate sound grains of its impurities.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:19:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Perpetuo Caldeira Ribeiro.pdf: 25644730 bytes, checksum: e2926a21f40d5823599683276bcdf0d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-09 / Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de São Paulo / This research is a debate about solid residues management, as modeled and standardized by Belo Horizonte´s Executive Office, whose goal of attending the environmental regulations, promoting sustainability and the administration of socioenvironmental conflicts in the urban area, thus fulfilling its social function. This research will analyze the evolution of municipal Urban Cleaning management and its present status, trying to assert the viability and adequacy of the chosen paths and actions pursued by the present municipal administration. It approaches the serious urban problem that garbage represents, especially, when one considers the increasing consumption and disposal; the garbage in the public pathways, obstructing mouth-of-wolf and galleries; the garbage dumps, focus of attraction of vectors and, of animals and scavengers; the undignified situation of needed people, oblivious to scavenging risks; the contamination of soil, water and air; amongst others. The city of Belo Horizonte was adopted as the object of analysis. We have analyzed public documents from the city hall, the state and the federation besides politic, historical, social, economic, environmental and technical texts. Interviews were made with public employees of the Urban Cleaning Superintendence of Belo Horizonte SLU; the Municipal Secretary of Environment SMMA; the State Environmental Foundation FEAM; the Center for Treatment of Solid Residues at BR-040 CTRS BR-040 and the Agency for the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte Agency RMBH. Two other interviews had been granted by the presidents of two Associations of Inhabitants of districts surrounding the landfill and a third, given by a Hoje em Dia newspaper editor. Public documents were consulted at Abílio Barreto Historical Museum MHAB, Mineiro Public Archive APM, and the Public Archive of the City of Belo Horizonte APCBH. The management of the solid residues in Belo Horizonte is in the right way, studying and adopting advanced actions and instruments, based on the 3 Rs, on social participation and on the solidary economy. Finally, the great jump was planted and is germinating: the inter-municipal shared public management / Esse trabalho é um debate sobre a gestão dos resíduos sólidos, modelada e normatizada pelo executivo de Belo Horizonte, cuja meta é atender a regulamentação ambiental, promovendo a sustentabilidade e a administração de conflitos sócio-ambientais no meio urbano, cumprindo assim sua função social. A pesquisa pretende analisar a evolução da gestão da Limpeza Urbana no município e sua situação atual, buscando constatar a viabilidade e a adequação dos caminhos e ações visados pela atual administração municipal. Ela aborda o grave problema urbano, que o lixo representa, especialmente, quando consideramos o consumo e o descarte crescente; o lixo nas vias públicas, entupindo bocas-de-lobo e galerias; os lixões, focos de atração de vetores e, de animais e catadores; a indigna situação de pessoas carentes, alheias aos riscos da catação; a contaminação dos solos, das águas e do ar; dentre outros. Foi adotado o município de Belo Horizonte como unidade de análise, a consulta e análise de documentos públicos municipal, estadual e federal, além de obras e textos políticos, históricos, sociais, econômicos, ambientais e técnicos. Entrevistas foram concedidas por funcionários dos órgãos públicos: Superintendência de Limpeza Urbana de Belo Horizonte SLU, Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente SMMA, Fundação Estadual do Meio Ambiente FEAM, Central de Tratamento de Resíduos Sólidos da BR-040 CTRS BR-040 e Agência RMBH. Mais duas entrevistas foram concedidas pelos presidentes de duas Associações de Moradores de bairros no entorno do aterro e uma terceira, concedida por um editor do jornal Hoje em Dia . As consultas em documentos públicos foram efetuadas no Museu Histórico Abílio Barreto MHAB, no Arquivo Público Mineiro APM e no Arquivo Público da Cidade de Belo Horizonte APCBH. A gestão dos resíduos sólidos em Belo Horizonte está no caminho certo, estudando e adotando ações e instrumentos avançados, baseados nos 3 Rs, na participação social e na economia solidária, Por fim, o grande salto foi plantado e está germinando: a gestão pública compartilhada intermunicipal