The current proposed unmanned aircraft system (UAS) detect and avoid standards require the same safety metrics, even when in close proximity to the ground or structures. This requirement has the potential to hinder low altitude small unmanned aircraft operations, such as local package delivery and utility inspection. One of the main safety metrics for UASs to adhere to is a ``well clear" volume that quantifies the vertical and horizontal separation UASs are required to maintain from manned aircraft. The current volume of 2000 feet horizontal and +/- 250 feet vertical does not provide credit for the safety benefit of being close to an obstacle where manned aircraft do not fly and could prove to be too restricting for low-level flight operations (i.e., under 400 feet above ground level). This thesis suggests using smaller safety metric volumes than the well clear volume to demonstrate that operations at lower altitudes can still be proven to be just as safe as if they were held to the larger well clear volume standard by using obstacle and terrain shielding. The research leverages simulation to analyze different safety metrics and provides an example use case in which the methodology of shielded operations is applied to demonstrate how this methodology can be applied for a safety case. / Master of Science / With the development of small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS) technologies have come many practical and regulatory challenges, especially in low altitude airspaces. At lower altitudes, manned aircraft are likely to be operating at lower velocities and restricting standards require UASs to maneuver against aircraft that may not present a significant risk of collision. The excessive avoidance maneuvering can cause the successful execution of even simple operations such as package delivery or survey operations to become difficult. The strict requirements have the potential to specifically inhibit sUAS beyond visual line-of-sight commercial operations, which are of great interest to the industry. This thesis describes a method for demonstrating an equivalent level of safety of small UAS operations when utilizing avoidance algorithms that leverage obstacle and terrain awareness. The purpose of this research is to demonstrate that by remaining close to obstacles, which pose a hazard to other aircraft, an unmanned aircraft can lower the risk of a mid-air collision and to demonstrate an equivalent level of safety for operations using a reduced safety metrics.

Magistro darbe tiriami neplyni miško kirtimai, vertinama jų atlikimo kokybė ir daromos klaidos. Darbo objektas – Šiaulių ir Kuršėnų miškų urėdijos. Darbo tikslas – Nustatyti miškotvarkos projektuotų ir girininkijose vykdytų pagrindinių kirtimo rūšių atitikimą teoriniams reikalavimams (plynų ir neplynų kirtimų santykis) ir įvertinti atliktų neplynų kirtimų kokybę. Darbo metodai - dokumentų analizės, tyrimo duomenų analizės. Darbo rezultatai. Neplyni kirtimai Šiaulių miškų urėdijoje per paskutinius 3 metus sudarė 9-19 % nuo bendros pagrindinių kirtimų apimties, tai mažiau nei šiandien yra reikalaujama. 2003-2007 metais Šiaulių girininkija teoriškai plynai turėjo kirsti 91-98 % bendro pagrindiniais kirtimais kertamo ploto, o neplynai – 2-9 % bendro kertamo ploto. Miškotvarka per paskutinius 5 metus Šiaulių girininkijoje projektavo 2-7 % plynų kirtimų daugiau negu reikėtų pagal Pagrindinių kirtimų taisykles, o neplynų kirtimų apimtys sudarė tik 13-30 % nuo teorinio varianto. Tuo tarpu girininkijos per tą patį laikotarpį atlikti plyni kirtimai teorinį variantą viršijo 1-6 %, o neplyni kirtimai sudarė 32-97 % nuo teorinio varianto. 2008-2009 metams miškotvarka projektuodama Šiaulių girininkijai plynus kirtimus 2-6 % viršijo teorinį variantą, o neplyni kirtimai sudarė 29-72 % nuo teorinio varianto. Šiaulių miškų urėdijoje supaprastinti atvejiniai kirtimai medynuose su pakankamu pomiškio kiekiu sudaro net 66 % bendros neplynų kirtimų apimties. Kuršėnų miškų urėdijoje dviejų ciklų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This study contains non-clear cuttings analysis, evaluation of their quality and made mistakes. Object of the study – State forest enterprises of Šiauliai and Kuršėnai. The aim of the study – Estimate how do the main cuttings, made by the organization of forest exploration match their theoretical specifications (clear and non-clear cuttings proportion) and evaluate the quality of non-clear cuttings made. Methods of the study – document analysis, research data analysis Results of the study. During the past three years non-clear cuttings in the state forest enterprise of Šiauliai took from 9 to 19% of main cuttings made and this rate is less then it should be. During the period of 2003-2007 forestry of Šiauliai theoretically should have cut from 91 to 98% clearly and from 2 to 9 % non-clearly of main cuttings planned. During the past five years in the organization of forest exploitation plans for clear cutting were 2-7% larger than it should theoretically be and plans for non-clear cuttings were only 13-30% of the theoretical value. Whereas actual clear cuttings in the forestries were 1-6% higher and non-clear cutting took from 32 to 97% of their theoretical value. During the period of year 2008-2009 organization of forest exploitation made plans for forestry of Šiauliai, that where 2-6% higher for clear-cuttings and were form 29 to 72% from theoretical value for non-clear cuttings. In the state forest enterprise of Šiauliai the shelter wood cuttings in the stands with... [to full text]

"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en droit, option recherche (LL.M.)" / En imposant une obligation constitutionnelle de négocier aux autres parties de la fédération, les juges de la Cour suprême dans le Renvoi sur la sécession rendent légitimes les aspirations des souverainistes québécois. Le processus menant à l'obligation constitutionnelle de négocier souffre toutefois d'imprécision et est à l'origine de la situation juridique contradictoire actuelle. La doctrine est divisée sur la signification des expressions «acteurs politiques», «question claire» et «majorité claire» et l'ambiguïté de ces expressions a permis aux partis politiques au pouvoir de justifier leur loi respective portant sur la sécession du Québec. Les deux lois en vigueur, la Loi sur les droits fondamentaux et la Loi sur la clarté, sont à des pôles opposés sur des sujets aussi importants que la formulation de la question et la majorité requise. Chacune des législatures a procédé unilatéralement sans se soucier de créer un cadre juridique cohérent. Les représentants élus devraient envisager la constitutionnalisation des règles menant à la sécession d'une province comme voie de solution pour régler l'impasse juridique actuelle. Le Canada ne serait pas le premier pays à prévoir de telles règles dans sa Constitution. / By imposing a constitutional obligation to negotiate to aIl parties of the federation, the Supreme Court of Canada in the Secession Reference legitimizes the aspirations of Quebec's sovereignist movement. However, the Supreme Court's ambiguity, in regards to the process leading up to the constitutional obligation to negotiate, is the cause of the current juridical debate. The doctrine is divided on the meaning of the expressions "political actors", "clear question" and "clear majority" and the lack of precision of these expressions allows the political parties in power to justify their respective laws on Quebec secession. The two laws in force, an Act respecting the exercise of the fundamental rights and prerogatives of the Quebec people and the Quebec State and the Clarity Act, are at polar opposites on issues as important as the formulation of the question and the required majority. Both legislatures have proceeded unilaterally without any concem in creating a coherent juridical framework. Elected representatives should consider the constitutionalisation of the mIes leading to secession as a solution to solve the current juridical deadlock. Canada would not be the first country to provide such provisions in its Constitution.

In this thesis I use both Dense Clarity - Clear Density as well as qualitative interviewing as methods to guide me through this examination of sound design. Through studying other works and executing personal tests I try to find out if there is a need to use sound and silence in a creative way to evoke emotion. I examine films as well as literature from the 1960s all the way to the 2000s, to see how the use of silence has unfolded over the years. I also create a visual production that strengthens my theory that silence affects narrative more than its credited for. But the essay isn’t just about silence, it’s revolved around sound too, expanding into how sound correlates with emotion and how one can apply it to their production. / I detta kandidatarbete använder jag både Dense Clarity - Clear Density samt Kvalitativ Intervju som metoder för att vägleda mig igenom denna forskning om ljuddesign. Jag kommer att studera andra verk och utföra egna experiment, med detta vill jag se om det finns ett behov av att använda ljud och tystnad på ett kreativt sätt för att väcka känslor. Jag granskar, samt undersöker både film och litteratur från 1960-talet, ända fram till 2000-talet för att se hur användningen av tystnad i film har utfällt sig genom åren. Med att jag skapar en visuell produktion, så stärks min teori, som är att tystnad kan påverka filmens narrativ, oerhört. Men denna uppsats kretsar inte bara runt tystnad, utan även runt ljud som korrelerar med känslor och hur man kan använda sig av deras relation för att skapa en starkare produktion.

Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) is the turbulence experienced at high altitude on board an aircraft. The main mechanisms for its generation are often said to be Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and mountain waves. CAT is an issue to the aviation industry in the sense that it is hard to predict its magnitude and exact location. Mostly, it is just a nuisance for the crew and passengers, but occasionally it causes serious injuries and aircraft damage. It also prevents air-to-air refuelling to be conducted in a safe manner. The micro scale nature of CAT makes it necessary to describe it with turbulence indices. The first part of this study presents a verification of the two commonly used turbulence indices, TI1 and TI2, developed by Ellrod and Knapp in 1992. The verification is done with AMDAR (Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay) reports and computed indices from ERA-Interim data. The second part presents a 33-year climatology of the indices for describing CAT. Results show that the index TI1 is generally the better of the two indices based on hit rate, but TI2 performs better based on false alarm rate. The climatology suggests that CAT is more frequent at the northern east coast of the U.S., over the island of Newfoundland and east of Greenland. In the vertical, CAT seems to occur most frequently at the 225 hPa level but also occur frequently at the 300 hPa level at the aforementioned areas. Based on AMDAR reports from 2011, only 0.014% of the reports were positive turbulence observations. The low amount of reports suggests that CAT can be avoided effectively with current CAT predicting skills and flight planning. / Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) är den turbulens på hög höjd som upplevs ombord på flygplan och orsaken till denna turbulens sägs ofta vara Kelvin-Helmholtz-instabilitet och lävågor. På grund av svårigheten att förutsäga dess styrka och exakta position är CAT ett problem inom flygbranschen. Ofta är CAT bara ett irritationsmoment för besättning och passagerare, men kan ibland orsaka personskador och flygplansskador. Den mikroskaliga strukturen som CAT har gör det nödvändigt att beskriva den med turbulensindex. Den första delen av denna studie tar upp pålitligheten av två ofta använda turbulensindex, TI1 och TI2, utvecklade av Ellrod och Knapp år 1992. Verifikationen görs med hjälp av AMDAR-rapporter (Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay) och turbulensindex beräknade med data från ERA-Interim. Den andra delen består av en 33-års klimatologisk studie av CAT baserat på dessa index. Baserat på träffgrad presterar TI1 generellt bättre än TI2, men TI2 presterar bättre än TI1 vad gäller falsklarmsgrad. Den klimatologiska studien tyder på att CAT är mer frekvent över USAs norra ostkust, över Newfoundland och öster om Grönland. I vertikalled verkar CAT förekomma mest frekvent omkring 225 hPa-nivån, men även runt 300 hPa-nivån över de geografiska områden som nämnts ovan. AMDARrapporter från 2011 visar att endast 0.014% av rapporterna observerade turbulens. Den låga andelen antyder att man effektivt kan undvika CAT över nordatlanten med branschens nuvarande förmåga att förutse CAT och god färdplanering. / Research on a CRuiser Enabled Air Transport Environment, RECREATE

En imposant une obligation constitutionnelle de négocier aux autres parties de la fédération, les juges de la Cour suprême dans le Renvoi sur la sécession rendent légitimes les aspirations des souverainistes québécois. Le processus menant à l'obligation constitutionnelle de négocier souffre toutefois d'imprécision et est à l'origine de la situation juridique contradictoire actuelle. La doctrine est divisée sur la signification des expressions «acteurs politiques», «question claire» et «majorité claire» et l'ambiguïté de ces expressions a permis aux partis politiques au pouvoir de justifier leur loi respective portant sur la sécession du Québec. Les deux lois en vigueur, la Loi sur les droits fondamentaux et la Loi sur la clarté, sont à des pôles opposés sur des sujets aussi importants que la formulation de la question et la majorité requise. Chacune des législatures a procédé unilatéralement sans se soucier de créer un cadre juridique cohérent. Les représentants élus devraient envisager la constitutionnalisation des règles menant à la sécession d'une province comme voie de solution pour régler l'impasse juridique actuelle. Le Canada ne serait pas le premier pays à prévoir de telles règles dans sa Constitution. / By imposing a constitutional obligation to negotiate to aIl parties of the federation, the Supreme Court of Canada in the Secession Reference legitimizes the aspirations of Quebec's sovereignist movement. However, the Supreme Court's ambiguity, in regards to the process leading up to the constitutional obligation to negotiate, is the cause of the current juridical debate. The doctrine is divided on the meaning of the expressions "political actors", "clear question" and "clear majority" and the lack of precision of these expressions allows the political parties in power to justify their respective laws on Quebec secession. The two laws in force, an Act respecting the exercise of the fundamental rights and prerogatives of the Quebec people and the Quebec State and the Clarity Act, are at polar opposites on issues as important as the formulation of the question and the required majority. Both legislatures have proceeded unilaterally without any concem in creating a coherent juridical framework. Elected representatives should consider the constitutionalisation of the mIes leading to secession as a solution to solve the current juridical deadlock. Canada would not be the first country to provide such provisions in its Constitution. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en droit, option recherche (LL.M.)"

Dehydration process is an important histotechnical method of tissue samples undergoing histopathological analysis. Using different alcohols and intermedium, the samples are processed for diffusing the water out of the tissue. Impregnation with paraffin of the tissue in the later stagesis crucial for tissue stability in the remaining histotechnical methods. Sakura Tissue-Tek VIP 6 is atraditional dehydration instrument that realizes dehydrations during longer times with xylene asthe intermedium. However, LOGOS is another dehydration instrument operating with shorter times using Histolab Clear, a more environmental and cheaper intermedium.In the current study tissue samples were used from three different patient cases of each tissue:cutis, breast, intestine and prostate. Two different, new LOGOS- dehydration programs with Histolab Clear as intermedium were tested and validated in accordance with specific qualitycriteria. Parallel were tissue samples dehydrated from the same tissues in the traditional routineprogram, in order to evaluate by comparison, sections and staining quality of the new programs.Immunohistochemistry and routine staining were used for evaluation. The pathologist approved allroutine stains and disapproved some immunohistochemical analyses, depending on poorer staining and the quality of the sections.Because the amounts of the samples were insufficient in some cases, the number of the samples were determined to be expanded in order to investigate if the error occurs systematically or onlyto individual cases. Insufficient dehydration seemed to be fundamental as a cause of inferior results. Therefore, even the time of dehydration in Histolab Clear will increase by one hour, in the further validation. Optimization of dehydration time is required for approval of immunohistochemical analyzes. These analyzes are very important and definitive for the treatment of the patient, and therefore the new dehydration programs must give at least as good results as the conventional. / Dehydreringsprocessen är en viktig histoteknisk metod av vävnadsproverna som genomgår histopatologiska analyser. Med hjälp av olika alkoholer och intermedier, bearbetas proverna för att diffundera ut vattnet ur vävnaden. Impregnering av vävnaden i senare steg med paraffin, är avgörande för vävnadens stabilitet i resterande histotekniska metoder. Sakura Tissue-Tek VIP 6 är en traditionell dehydreringsmaskin som genomför dehydreringar under längre tid med Xylen som intermedium. En annan dehydreringsmaskin är LOGOS som är snabbare och som andvänder Histolab Clear, ett miljömässigare och billigare intermedium.I den aktuella studien användes vävnadsprover från tre olika patientfall vardera med vävnadstyperna cutis, bröst, intestinum och prostata. Två olika, nya LOGOS-dehydreringsprogram med Histolab Clear som intermedium utprövades samt validerades enligt bestämda kvalitetskriterier. Parallellt dehydrerades vävnadsprover från samtliga patientfall med det traditionella rutinprogrammet, med syfte att utvärdera genom jämförelse av snittens och infärgningarnas kvalité från det nya programmen.Immunhistokemiska- och rutininfärgningar användes för utvärdering. Patologerna godkände samtliga rutinfärgningar och underkände en del immunhistokemiska på grund av sämre infärgningar och dåligkvalité på snittet.Eftersom provmängden i några fall betraktades vara för få, bestämdes det att utöka antalet för att utreda om felet förekommer systematisk eller enbart vid enstaka fall. Otillräcklig dehydrering verkade vara fundamentalt vid sämre resultat. Därför kommer även dehydreringstiden i Histolab Clear att utökas meden timme till, vid den fortsatta valideringen. Optimering av dehydreringstiden krävs för godkännande av de immunhistokemiska analyserna. Analyserna är mycket viktiga och definitiva för patientens behandling och därför måste de nya dehydreringsprogrammen åtminstone ge lika bra resultat som det konventionella.

Detta kandidatarbete undersöker ljudbilder i film och vad som påverkar ljudbildens mättnad. Med stort fokus på Walter Murchs Dense Clarity, Clear Density (2005) bryter vi ner uppbyggnaden av en ljudbild för att få bättre förståelse kring detta. Med en egenframtagen analysmetod som fokuserar på filmers ljudbild analyserar vi scener ifrån flertalet filmer och tv-program, hittar mönster kring deras ljudläggning och hur det påverkar ljudbilden. Därefter bygger vi upp en lista med förhållningspunkter för olika typer av ljudbilder. Resultatet av undersökningen blir en förklaring av hur man uppnår olika former av ljudbilder i film och varför det blir så.

This dissertation examines how age affects the ability to produce intelligibility- enhancing speaking style adaptations in response to environment-related difficulties (noise-adapted speech) and in response to listeners’ perceptual difficulties (clear speech). Materials consisted of conversational and clear speech sentences produced in quiet and in response to noise by children (11-13 years), young adults (18-29 years), and older adults (60-84 years). Acoustic measures of global, segmental, and voice characteristics were obtained. Young adult listeners participated in word-recognition-in-noise and perceived age tasks. The study also examined relative talker intelligibility as well as the relationship between the acoustic measurements and intelligibility results. Several age-related differences in speaking style adaptation strategies were found. Children increased mean F0 and F1 more than adults in response to noise, and exhibited greater changes to voice quality when producing clear speech (increased HNR, decreased shimmer). Older adults lengthened pause duration more in clear speech compared to younger talkers. Word recognition in noise results revealed no age-related differences in the intelligibility of conversational speech. Noise-adapted and clear speech modifications increased intelligibility for all talker groups. However, the acoustic changes implemented by children when producing noise-adapted and clear speech were less efficient in enhancing intelligibility compared to the young adult talkers. Children were also less intelligible than older adults for speech produced in quiet. Results confirmed that the talkers formed 3 perceptually-distinct age groups. Correlation analyses revealed that relative talker intelligibility was consistent for conversational and clear speech in quiet. However, relative talker intelligibility was found to be more variable with the inclusion of additional speaking style adaptations. 1-3 kHz energy, speaking rate, vowel and pause durations all emerged as significant acoustic-phonetic predictors of intelligibility. This is the first study to investigate how clear speech and noise-adapted speech benefits interact with each other across multiple talker groups. The findings enhance our understanding of intelligibility variation across the lifespan and have implications for a number of applied realms, from audiologic rehabilitation to speech synthesis. / text

Tyrimų tikslas - Nustatyti beržynų atsikūrimo galimybes plynose kirtavietėse. Darbo objektas – Šiaulių miškų urėdijos 4 ir 6 metų amžiaus plynos kirtavietės Lc, Ld, Ud, Pcn ir Pdn augavietėse. Metodai – Beržo žėlinių kiekybiniai tyrimai atlikti stačiakampėse apskaitos aikštelėse, kurios atidėtos vadovaujantis miško atkūrimo ir įvesimo nuostatais. Tyrimai atlikti kiekvienoje augavietėje atliekant bent po 3 pakartojimus. Apskaitos aikštelėse nustatytas žėlinių tankis, o išmatavus aukštį, žėliniai suskirstyti į 4 aukštumo grupes: iki 0,5 m aukščio, nuo 0,5 iki 1,0 m aukščio, nuo 1,0 iki 1,5 m aukščio ir virš 1,5 m aukščio. Nustatytas žolinės dangos agresyvumo laipsnis žėlimui ir suskirstytas į 6 grupes. Gretimo medyno įtaka nustatyta atidedant apskaitos aikšteles 15, 35, 55 metrų atstumu nuo vakariniame kirtavietės pakraštyje esančio medyno. Žėliniai vertinti pagal augimo vieta: ruoštoje ar neruoštoje dirvoje. Nustatyta atsikūrimo galimybė skirtingose augavietėse, dirvos paruošimo, konkuruojančios augalijos įtaka žėlinių tankiui ir gyvybingumui. Gyvybingumas nustatytas pagal miško atkūrimo ir įveisimo nuostatus. Rezultatai – Palankiausios sąlygos natūraliam žėlimui nustatytos Lc ir Pcn augavietėse. Nustatyta vakariniame kirtavietės pakrašyje esančo medyno sudėties įtaka žėlinių tankiui. Didėjant beržo kiekiui minėtų medynų sudėtyje, žėlinių tankis didėja. Optimaliausias atstumas, nuo vakariniame kirtavietės pakraštyje esančio medyno, yra 35 metrai. Išaiškinta teigiama dirvos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of our investigation – To determine abilities of birch regeneration in clear cut areas. The object of investigation - 4 and 6 age clear cut areas in Lc, Ld, Ud, Pcn Pdn forest sites of Šiauliai State Forest Enterprise. Methods – Quantitative research of birch seedlings was carried out in rectangular sample plots according to the methodology of statute of reforestation and afforestation with 3 repetition in each forest site. There were determined: density of seedlings, height (seedlings were classified in 4 groups: up to 0,5 m; from 0,5 m to 1,0 m; from 1,0 m to 1,5 m and more than 1,5 meter in height), shading degree of herbal plants for birch regeneration was classified in 6 groups. Smaple plots were set out in 15, 35 and 55 meters from the edge of western side stand for detemination the influence of it. Besides, it was determine the influence of soil preparation, possibilities of birch regeneration in different forest sites, shading plants influence on vitality and density of birch seedlings. Results – it was determined that the most favorable conditions for birch regeneration was in Lc and Pcn forest sites. The higher content of birch in adjacent stand caused the higher density of birch seedlings in clear cut areas. The most optimum distance for birch regeneration was 35 meters from the adjacent western side stand. Besides, it was determined the positive influence of soil preparation on birch seedlings density (unprepared soil had 25 % less seedlings)... [to full text]