Major crossroads are designed to facilitate the conflicting movements of numerous vehicles in a manner that is both safe and efficient. Accesses located within the functional areas of major crossroads add complication to intersection activity due to additional conflicts arising from ingressing and egressing movements at the accesses. In this research, the impact of accesses on crashes within major crossroad functional areas was analyzed. Specifically, the effects of access spacing within functional areas and access setback from intersections were addressed. In order to conduct the analysis, the functional areas of 159 signalized major arterial crossroads across the state of Utah were examined. A database was built containing the frequency, type, and severity of functional area crashes as well as the intersection and roadway characteristics within the functional area. Statistical analyses were conducted to determine the influence of accesses in intersection functional areas on functional area crashes. The statistical analyses show that the existence of accesses within the functional areas was correlated with increased crashes and crash severity costs. In particular, an increase in commercial access density was associated with increases in crash totals, crash rates, and rear end crashes in intersection functional areas. The analyses also showed that study site intersections meeting Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) corner clearance standards exhibited fewer right angle crashes and lower crash severity costs. Finally, intersections that prohibited all unsignalized access had lower crash totals, crash rates, right angle crash totals, and rear end crash totals than intersections that allowed some unsignalized access.

Walking through time: a window onto the prehistory of the Yorkshire Dales through multi-method, non-standard survey approaches Keywords: Yorkshire Dales, prehistory, veneration, natural places, geophysical survey, walkover survey, field-system, clearance, land tenure The large-scale field-systems, ubiquitous across upland and marginal parts of the Yorkshire Dales, are insecurely dated and poorly understood. Apart from some sporadic academic interest, the archaeology of this region has yet to receive the level of scholarly attention it deserves. The research presented here involved an intensive investigation of an area near Grassington, Upper Wharfedale, UK. Detailed field analysis revealed a section of one of these field-systems to be only a single element in a complex, multi-layered prehistoric landscape, which it is proposed may have roots as far back as the early Neolithic. Contextualisation of the survey area against palynological data, radiocarbon dates and comparative material moves the date of inception of the field-systems back to the middle Bronze Age, some 1000 years earlier than is currently assumed. The combination of empirical data and theoretical ideas has allowed a relative chronology to be determined in the survey area, together with the creation of a testable hypothesis surrounding the development of Upper Wharfedale and the wider Yorkshire Dales through prehistory. A sense of place and the veneration of natural places are key themes within this landscape and it was possible through these to draw out elements of prehistoric society and to show the evolution of ideas such as land tenure and monument significance. This dual empirical-theoretical approach is novel in upland landscape archaeology in the UK and is shown here to have significant merit. / Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) collaborative doctoral award / The data and photo files are not available online.

In axial compressors with a relatively large blade tip clearance, an unsteady phenomenon denoted as rotating instability (RI) can be detected when the compressor is throttled to the operating points near the stability limit. In the frequency domain, RIs are shown as a hump lower than the blade passing frequency. This indicates an increase in noise level and might cause blade vibration and other undesirable structural issues. In this thesis, a comprehensive study on RIs is performed based on an axial compressor rotor row of the Low Speed Research Compressor at Technische Universität Dresden. Three blade tip clearances are investigated, and a groove casing treatment is mounted over the shroud for flow control. Methods of numerical modeling are evaluated, and zonal large eddy simulation is selected as the numerical model. By analyzing the flow properties and applying the dynamic mode decomposition, the coherent flow structure corresponding to the dominant frequency of RIs is extracted and visualized as the waves located in the blade tip region. The criteria for the appearance of RIs in the investigated research object are concluded.

No description available.

Befolkningsutvecklingen har de senaste åren gått och går fortfarande snabbare än bostadsbyggandet i Sverige vilket gjort att det råder bostadsbrist i stora delar av landet. Som värst är det i storstadsregionerna. När efterfrågan är högre än utbudet pressas priserna uppåt vilket gör det svårare för vissa grupper att etablera sig på bostadsmarknaden. I ett försök att främja bostadsbyggandet la regeringen 2014 fram en proposition med förslaget att effektivisera och förkorta bygglovsprocessen. Förslaget innebar att komplementbyggnader och komplementbostadshus, så kallade Attefallshus, upp till 25 kvadratmeter skulle kunna uppföras utan krav på bygglov. När denna lagförändring inte gav den effekt som regeringen hoppats på lades 2019 ytterligare en proposition fram med förslag om att öka den tillåtna byggnadsarean för bygglovsbefriade komplementbostadshus från 25 till 30 kvadratmeter. Bostadsutvecklare har på senare år utnyttjat denna lagförändring för att uppföra Attefallshus upplåtna med bostadsrätt. För att en bostadsrättsförening ska kunna bildas krävs minst tre självständiga bostäder i omedelbar anslutning till varandra. Det har därför blivit vanligt att på en fastighet låta bygga ett parhus och ett Attefallshus. För att undersöka vilka incitament det finns för att bosätta sig i ett Attefallshus samt om det finns något samband mellan försäljningspriset och bostadens avstånd till centrala Stockholm gjordes en datainsamling av beviljade startbesked från kommunerna samt sålda Attefallshus i Stockholms län. Sammantaget 155 objekt hittades, utspridda i 15 kommuner. Priserna varierade mellan 994 500 kr och 2 495 000 kr. För att undersöka vilka incitament det fanns till att bosätta sig i Attefallshus hölls nio semistrukturerade intervjuer med boende i denna typ av bostad. De incitament som observerades bland majoriteten av de intervjuade var bland annat friheten att få bo i ett friliggande hus, tillgång till egen trädgård och närheten till grönområden. För att undersöka vilket samband det finns mellan bostadens pris och dess avstånd till centrala Stockholm gjordes en regressionsanalys. Resultaten från analysen visar på att det finns ett ganska starkt samband mellan bostadens pris och dess avstånd till centrala Stockholm. / The population development in recent years has been and still is faster than housing construction in Sweden has meant that there is a housing shortage in large parts of the country. It is the worst in metropolitan regions. When demand is higher than supply, prices are pushed upwards to make it more difficult for certain groups to establish themselves in the housing market. In an attempt to promote housing construction, the government presented a bill in 2014 with the proposal to streamline and shorten the building permit process. The proposal meant that accessory buildings and accessory dwellings, so-called Attefallshus, up to 25 square meters could be built without a requirement for a building permit. When this change in the law did not give the effect that the government had hoped for, another bill was presented in 2019 with a proposal to increase the permitted building area, for building permit-exempt accessory dwellings, from 25 to 30 square meters. In recent years, housing developers have used this change in the law to build Attefallshus leased with tenant-ownership. In order for a tenant-owner association to be formed, at least three independent homes must be immediately adjacent to each other. It has therefore become common to have a semi-detached house and an Attefallshus built on a property. To investigate what incentives there are for settling in an Attefallshus and whether there is any connection between the sale price and the home's distance to central Stockholm was done and data was collected of approved start notices from the municipalities and sold Attefallshus in Stockholm County. A total of 155 objects were found, scattered in 15 municipalities. Prices vary between SEK 994,500 and SEK 2,495,000. To investigate what incentives there were to settle in Attefallshus, nine semi-structured interviews were held with residents in this type of home. The incentives observed among the majority of the interviewees included the freedom to live in a detached house, access to their own garden and close to green areas. To investigate the relationship between the price of the home and its distance to central Stockholm, a regression analysis was performed. Results from analyzes show that there are a number of strong connections between the price of the home and its distance to central Stockholm.

Highly loaded single stage gas turbines are being developed to minimize the turbine size and weight. Such highly loaded turbines often result in transonic flows, which imply a reduction in the efficiency due to the shock losses. The efficiency of a turbine is defined as the ratio between the real work extracted by the turbine rotor from the fluid and the maximum available enthalpy for a given pressure ratio. The relationship between turbine performance and design parameters is not yet fully comprehended due to the complexity of the flow field and unsteady flow field interactions. Hence, experimental and numerical studies remain necessary to understand the flow behavior at different conditions to advance the state of the art of the prediction tools. The purpose of the current research is to develop a methodology to determine the efficiency with an accuracy better than 1 % in a cooled and uncooled high pressure (HP) turbine tested in a short duration facility with a running time of about 0.4s. Such low level of uncertainty requires the accurate evaluation of a large number of quantities simultaneously, namely the mass flow of the mainstream, the coolant, and leakage flows properties, the inlet total pressure and total temperature, the stage exit total pressure, the shaft power, the mechanical losses and the heat transfer. The experimental work is carried out in a compression tube facility that allows testing the turbine at the temperature ratios, Re and Mach numbers encountered in real engines. The stage mass flow is controlled by a variable sonic throat located downstream of the stage exit. Due to the absence of any brake, the turbine power is converted into rotor acceleration. The accurate measurement of this acceleration as well as those of the inertia and the rotational speed provides the shaft power. The inertia of the whole rotating assembly was accurately determined by accelerating and decelerating the shaft with a known energy. The mass-flow is derived from the measured turbine inlet total pressure and the vane sonic throat. The turbine sonic throat was evaluated based on a zero-dimensional model of the turbine. The efficiencies of two transonic turbines are measured at design and off-design conditions. The turbine design efficiency is obtained as 91.8 %. The repeatability of the measurements for 95% confidence level varies between 0.3 % and 1.1 % of the efficiency depending on the test case. The theoretical uncertainty level of 1.2 % is mainly affected by the uncertainty of exit total pressure measurements. Additionally, the effect of vane trailing edge shock formations and their interactions with the rotor blade are analyzed based on the experimental data, the numerical tools and the loss correlations. The changes of blade and vane performances are measured at mid-span for three different pressure ratios which influence the vane and rotor shock mechanisms. Moreover, the unsteady forces on the rotor blades and the rotor disk were calculated by integration of the unsteady static pressure field on the rotor surface.

通關便捷化與反恐皆是目前全球的重要趨勢。通關便捷化可降低企業經營成本，提高國際市場競爭力，並吸引各國企業投資；而反恐則可預先篩選過濾高風險危害，保護國土安全，避免貿易癱瘓。大勢所趨，我國無法自外於潮流，必須儘所能尋求反恐成效與整體通關效率兩者兼顧的有效措施，提升關務行政效能及增進國際貿易競爭力，以保障我國未來經濟之穩定與成長。 通關反恐與通關便捷其實很難兩全其美，一味講求通關便捷固然會疏於反恐，因而影響貿易安全，然過於嚴格的反恐措施亦必影響通關便捷化。因此，如何兼顧通關便捷與安全，是全球海關未來的重要課題，本研究乃基於剖析通關便捷化與911後之通關反恐，進一步推導出兼顧通關便捷及貿易安全之策略，並選定目前蔚為世界趨勢的WCO SAFE標準架構作為所需兼顧策略的探討內容，從WCO SAFE標準架構之國際發展趨勢、各國導入WCO SAFE標準架構之情形、其他國際性供應鏈安全計畫等諸項，分析出兼顧通關便捷及貿易安全趨勢我國應有的策略和具體做法。 本研究對於如何真正做到通關無紙化、如何落實廉政海關、ECFA所遭遇的問題及如何透過ECFA與世界接軌、如何以京都公約的做法加強通關便捷化、我國執行反恐的重點、如何協助國內廠商通過國際安全標準認證、如何參酌國際規範適時修正我國關稅法規並調整關稅措施、如何提升我國海關通關效能等關鍵問題，均提出具體可行建議和可行細節規劃。 / Customs clearance Facilitation and anti-terrorism are important trends at present in the world. Clearance Facilitation can reduce enterprise's operation costs, raise the competitiveness of international markets, and attract enterprise investments from other countries. Through the anti-terrorism mechanism most high- risk factors could be sifted out prior to the importation of goods or the arrival of people, so we may protect the security of the territory, prevent trade from being paralyzed. Taiwan, a member of the global village, can never exclude itself from the global trends, and must seek the effective measures to attain both anti-terrorism effect and clearance efficiency, improve customs administrative efficiency and promote international trade competitiveness, in order to ensure Taiwan’s economic stabilization and growth in the future. It seems very difficult to strike a balance between Customs clearance facilitation and anti-terrorism; i.e. getting both of the two tasks done well is really a challenge to a country. While simply stressing clearance facilitation will undoubtedly be negligent of anti-terrorism, and even sacrifice trade security, but overly strict anti-terrorism measures will affect clearance facilitation. So, how to attain both clearance facilitation and security is an important task for world Customs as a whole. This study is to analyze clearance facilitation and anti-terrorism after the 911, then derives further the strategies to attain both clearance facilitation and security, and it selects WCO SAFE standards, which are a leading guide for world trade procedures, to be the discussion content necessary for the eclectic strategies. This study tries to derive the strategies and concrete procedures that Taiwan may adopt to attain clearance facilitation and trade security based on the trends of international development of WCO SAFE standards, the situation various countries adopt WCO SAFE standard structure, other international supply chain safety plans, etc. This study proposes feasible suggestions and detailed plans in regard to how to accomplish paperless customs clearance, how to put customs integrity into practice, the problems the ECFA encounters and how to integrate with the world through ECFA, how to strengthen clearance facilitation with the implementation of the Kyoto Convention, the focal point of Taiwan executing the anti-terrorism policy, how to help the domestic manufacturers to pass international safety standard authentication, how to revise Taiwan’s Customs regulations and adjust tariff measures in consultation with international norms at the right time, how to improve customs clearance efficiency, etc.

The need for donor funding has increased significantly over the last decade. Without donor funding millions of people wouldn’t be alive today. Thanks either to research finding a cure, successful treatment, funds donated for food, aid toward building infrastructure, or giving people the opportunity to further their education. Donor funding thus facilitates a better future. A literature review was conducted to give background on the health sector and how these funds were distributed, ethical clearance, different types of reporting, the role project managers pays in a project and the sustainability of projects. Expenses in different countries were evaluated by gathering data from the internet, while two international funded projects are also used to state how funders divide their line items into different categories. The empirical study used a qualitative research approach by collecting and analysing data obtained from the MDG 2010 report and other freely available data on the web. The main findings from this thesis are: *The Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s) influence donor funding as it gives donors a guide towards funding needs. Donors are also influenced by their own preferences or what poses a burden to them individually. *The different types of reporting required for funding received, delay a project and the bureaucratic structures thereof are a hindrance. *Ethical clearance plays a fundamental role in the outcome of a project, as without ethical clearance a project cannot commence. *The objectives of a project play a critical role when applying for funding. This can change the focus of a project. *Expenses differ from country to country and funders need to take this into account when giving funding to recipient countries. *Project Managers and community involvement plays a critical role in ensuring sustainability of projects. THE SUSTAINABILITY OF DONOR FUNDED PROJECTS IN THE HEALTH SECTOR *The MDG’s are not on track and aid are focus on singular goals instead of multiple goals, to ensure an overall improved result. There is a major gap between needed funds and given funds. A single injection of funds will not be the solution to our health problem; different sectors need to collaborate together as we are facing a multi-dimensional problem. Trade and reform must also form part of this aid, ensuring a sustainable progression in the life’s of people. Donor funded projects may have a sustainable future, when taking in account the abovementioned findings. With the world trend in reporting changing rapidly, cost and management accountants as well as financial accountants and project managers have to equip them to adhere to the new way of reporting, namely integrated and sustainability reporting. South Africa is way behind and needs to catch up fast if they want to stay competitive in the “global donor funding market”. The limitations in this study were that not all expenses were evaluated and only 15 countries were looked at. An indebt look was taken into Africa with the empirical review, while Asia is also combating poor health issues. Some African countries like Sierra Leone and Zimbabwe did not have sufficient data to compare with other countries. From the research conducted, the following topics were identified that require further research: *Why are most projects in Third World countries not sustainable? *What plans are put into action to ensure that the MDG goals are reached? *Investigate what works for First World countries health systems and consider how that can be applied to Third World countries to ensure that they also get the best health care available. *Do donors take into account the different costs of countries when allocating funding to that specific country? *Establishing models to evaluate the sustainability of pilot projects and normal projects. *Establishing a model on how to distribute donor funds across different needs and not only one specific need. / MCom (Management Accountancy), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013

OBJECTIF: L’apoB plasmatique prédit le diabète de type 2 chez l’humain. Une clairance ralentie des triglycérides (TG) favorise la lipotoxicité et la résistance à l’insuline (RI). Nous avons démontré ex vivo que les LDL, forme majeure d’apoB-lipoprotéines, altèrent le stockage des gras dans le tissu adipeux blanc (TAB) humain. Nous émettons l’hypothèse que le lien reliant l’apoB plasmatique à la RI et l’hyperinsulinémie est médié par un retard de clairance des gras diététiques. MÉTHODE/RÉSULTATS: Nous avons examiné la sécrétion d’insuline (SI), puis la RI lors d’un test de tolérance au glucose intraveineux suivi d’un clamp hyperinsulinémique-euglycémique chez des sujets obèses normoglycémiques (N=29, 45%hommes, indice de masse corporelle (IMC)≥27kg/m2, 45-74ans, post-ménopausés). La clairance des TG diététiques a été mesurée suivant l’ingestion d’un repas gras marqué au 13C. La fonction d’une biopsie de TAB (à jeun) a été mesurée comme la capacité à stocker un substrat de 3H-TG. L’apoB était de 1,03±0,05g/L et corrélait avec la RI, la 2ième phase de SI, un délai de clairance des TG diététiques et une réduction de la fonction du TAB. Un retard de clairance des TG diététiques était associé à la RI et la 2ième phase de SI. Une correction pour la clairance des TG diététiques ou la fonction du TAB a éliminé l’association entre l’apoB et la RI et la 2ième phase de SI. CONCLUSION: L’association entre l’apoB plasmatique et la RI et la SI chez les sujets obèses est médiée par une clairance ralentie des gras diététiques et une dysfonction du TAB. / OBJECTIVE: Plasma apoB predicts type 2 diabetes in humans. Delayed TG clearance promotes lipotoxicity and insulin resistance (IR). We demonstrated ex vivo that LDL, the major form of apoB-lipoproteins, impairs human white adipose tissue (WAT) fat storage. We hypothesized that the link between plasma apoB, IR and hyperinsulinemia is mediated through delayed dietary fat clearance. METHODS/RESULTS: We examined insulin secretion (IS) and IR during a intravenous-glucose tolerance test followed by a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in normoglycemic obese (N=29, 45%men, body mass index (BMI)≥27kg/m2, 45-74yrs, postmenopausal). Dietary TG clearance was measured after the ingestion of a 13C-triolein-labeled high-fat meal. The function of a fasting WAT biopsy was measured as the ability to store a 3H-TG substrate. Plasma apoB averaged 1.03±0.05g/L, and correlated with IR, 2nd phase IS, delayed dietary TG clearance and reduced WAT function. Moreover, delayed dietary TG clearance was associated with higher IR and 2nd phase IS. Correcting for dietary TG clearance or WAT function eliminated the association of plasma apoB with IR and 2nd phase IS. CONCLUSION: The association of plasma apoB with IR and IS in obese subjects is mediated by delayed dietary fat clearance and WAT dysfunction.

Introdução: Diálise peritoneal (DP) é modalidade de terapia renal substitutiva útil em crianças em estágio final de doença renal. O estado nutricional e o crescimento são considerados como marcadores prognósticos na adequação em diálise pediátrica, que dependem da sua prescrição, do controle da volemia e pressão arterial e do manejo dos distúrbios metabólicos e eletrolíticos. Objetivo: Descrever a prescrição da DP e parâmetros de adequação dos pacientes seguidos na Unidade de Nefrologia Pediátrica do Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP; analisar os resultados hemodinâmicos e antropométricos iniciais e finais; comparar os parâmetros observados na adequação da DP com aqueles sugeridos pela literatura em DP Crônica pediátrica. Métodos: Análise retrospectiva baseada na avaliação de prontuário durante o período entre janeiro de 1998 e maio de 2005, incluindo pacientes em DP por mais de 6 meses. Dados antropométricos, pressão arterial sistêmica, volume de infusão, pressão intra-abdominal (PIA), Teste do Equilíbrio Peritoneal (PET) e Kt/V semanal de uréia e mudanças de prescrição dialítica peritoneal foram analisadas. Resultados: foram analisados dados de 30 pacientes pediátricos, 17/30 (56,7%) sexo masculino. Uropatia foi a etiologia de doença renal crônica em 66,7% dos pacientes. A membrana peritoneal foi caracterizada como alto transportador em 5/18 pacientes, médio/alto transportador em 9/18 pacientes, médio/baixo transportador em 1/18 pacientes e baixo transportador em 3/18 pacientes. O Kt/V de uréia semanal foi > 2,1 em todos os pacientes em que este índice foi coletado. Pressão arterial sistêmica acima do p95 foi observada em 5/30 pacientes. Quatro dos cinco pacientes com hipertensão arterial apresentavam glomerulopatia como etiologia de doença renal crônica. O índice de massa corpórea e o índice de peso para estatura iniciais e finais foram preservados na maioria dos pacientes. Conclusão: Manejo clínico ótimo parece ser mais importante para adequação de DP pediátrica que índices de adequação baseados em estimativa de remoção de pequenos solutos. / I ntroduction: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an useful modality of renal replacement therapy in pediatric end-stage renal disease. Growth and nutritional state are considered outcome markers of adequacy in pediatric dialysis, which depends on the dialysis prescription, volume and blood pressure control and management of metabolic and electrolyte disorders. Objective: To describe the PD prescription and adequacy parameters of patients followed by the Pediatric Nephrology Unit of \"Instituto da Criança\" of \"Hospital das Clínicas\" of University of São Paulo; to analyze initial and final anthropometric and hemodynamic results; to compare the observed PD adequacy parameters with those suggested by the pediatric chronic PD literature. Methods: Retrospective analysis based on patients\' files evaluation covering the period between January 1998 and May 2005 and including patients on PD for more than 6 months. Data on anthropometry, systemic blood pressure, infusion volume, intraperitoneal pressure (IPP), peritoneal equilibration test (PET), weekly Kt/V urea and changes in peritoneal dialysis prescription were analyzed. Results: Data from 30 pediatric patients were analyzed, 17/30 (56,7%) boys. Uropathy was the etiology of chronic renal disease in 66,7% patients. The infusion volume was > 1000 ml/m2 in 9 patients. The peritoneal membrane was characterized as a high transporter in 5/18 patients, high/average transporter in 9/18 patients, low/average transporter in 1/18 patients and low transporter in 3/18 patients. The weekly Kt/V urea was >2,1 in all patients for whom this parameter was collected. Systemic blood pressure was above p95 in 5/30 despite antihypertensive medication. Four of 5 patients with high blood pressure had chronic renal failure related to glomerulopathy. The initial and final body mass index and weight to height index were preserved in most of the patients. Conclusion: Optimal clinical management seems to be more important for pediatric PD adequacy than adequacy indexes based on estimation of small solute removal.