Det är intressant att veta varför användare tvångsavslutar mobila appar regelbundet eftersom flera källor pekar på att det kan sluka mer batteri än om användare inte gör detta. Representanter från Google och Apple bekräftar att regelbunden tvångsavslutning på Android- och iOS-enheter kan vara batterikrävande. Relaterat till detta är hur batteriikonen är utformad i mobila operativssystem där tidigare forskning menar att användare har svårt att med säkerhet veta hur länge deras batteri kommer räcka. Det finns även forskningsrapport från 2009 som skriver att flertalet användare i deras studie inte visste att det fanns energisparande funktioner att använda sig av i operativssystemen. Min genomförda studie utgick från en förstudie som kontrollerade varför användare tvångsavslutade appar på sina mobila enheter. Det visade sig finnas flera anledningar till att användare utför regelbunden tvångsavslutning av appar på mobila enheter. Det visade sig i min förstudie att 46% av alla som deltog i förstudien tvångsavslutade appar regelbundet. Den näst största anledningen, enligt min förstudie, till regelbunden tvångsavslutning är för att användare vill ha kontroll över vilka appar som är öppna. Detta gäller för 7% alla användare som deltog. Den största anledningen till regelbunden tvångsavslutning av mobila appar är för att användarna vill spara batteri. Dessa användare utgör 28% av alla användare som deltog i förstudien. Utifrån datan från förstudien gjordes intervjuer med smartphone-användare för att ta reda på ytterligare information om hur användare tänker kring funktionen. Flera av användarna som intervjuades tvångsavslutade appar på sin smartphone och de berättar även varför de gör detta. Av de som tvångsavslutar i intervjuerna tvångsavslutar de flesta för att de tror att det sparar batteri. Denna undersökning är gjord för att få fram data kring om användare faktiskt tvångsavslutar appar på mobila enheter och varför de gör detta. Denna rapport ska vara en del i att hjälpa formgivare att designa gränssnitt utifrån denna tillhandahållna data. / I have observed some users that force-quit apps regularly. It's interesting to know why users do this because multiple sources indicate that it probably use more battery-power than not doing it. Representatives from both Google and Apple confirm that force-quitting apps regularly on Android and iOS devices may be more battery-demanding. Relative to this is how the battery-icon is designed in the mobile operative system where a research report that users have a hard time know for certainty how much battery there is left. There is also a research from 2009 that report that users in their studie did not know that there was energysaving funktions available to use in the mobile operatingsystem. My study started with a pilot study that checked why users force-quit apps on their mobile devices. There are several reasons why users force-quit apps regularly on mobile devices. It was shown in the study that 46% of all participants in the pilot-study force-quitted apps regularly on mobile devices to save battery power. My pilot-study shows that the second biggest reason for force-quitting regularly is that users want to have control over which apps are open. That is 7% of all the participants in the pilot-study. The main reason that users force-quit apps regularly is to save battery power. This category of users constitutes 28% of all the participants in the pilot-study. Based on the data from the pilot-study, interviews with smartphone users were made to find out more about what users think about this function. Multiple participants in the interviews do force-quit apps on their smartphone. They even told us why they do it. Most of the participants in the interviews that force-quit apps do it because they think it will save battery. This research is made to get data about if users force-quit apps on mobile devices and why they do it. This research report is made to help and inform designers to design interfaces from this data provided.

Proposing marriage is one of the few rituals that many people engage in world-wide, and yet many aspects remain a mystery. For example, there is currently no research on rejected marriage proposals, despite their potential impact on the self and well-being. The purpose of the present research was to compare and contrast rejected and accepted marriage proposals. Because the traditional proposal script is well known in Western society, I hypothesized that all proposals would be high rather than low in traditionalism. But, men whose proposal is rejected may not know that women prefer private proposals (Hoplock, 2015), and so I hypothesized that rejected proposals would be more likely to occur in public compared to accepted proposals. Additionally, I hypothesized that couples would distance themselves from each other during rejected proposals. I also predicted that couples would remain close to each other during accepted proposals compared to during rejected proposals. Finally, I hypothesized that couples experiencing rejected proposals would be less likely to talk about marriage in advance than couples experiencing accepted proposals. I tested these hypotheses in two studies. I conducted a content analysis of 285 marriage proposal videos (36 rejected proposals, 249 accepted proposals; Study 1), and of 374 first-person written accounts of marriage proposals (180 rejected proposals, 194 accepted proposals; Study 2). Trained coders rated the proposals for traditionalism (e.g., offering a ring), the presence of others, and couple members’ approach and avoidance goals. I also used inductive coding to derive themes from the data. Additionally, in Study 2, trained coders noted men’s motivation for proposing and women’s reasons for their response, the relationship status before and after the proposal, and whether couples discussed marriage in advance of the proposal. In Study 1 but not Study 2, proposals were high rather than low in traditionalism. In both studies, rejected proposals were less traditional than accepted proposals. Some traditional behaviors were particularly strong as distinguishing between proposals: The odds of a proposal being accepted were 8 – 20 times higher if the proposer presented a ring. Expectedly, rejected proposals were more likely to occur in public than accepted proposals. Moreover, women were particularly affected by the proposal, distancing themselves from their partner during rejected proposals and drawing close to their partner during accepted proposals. Providing insight into the proposers’ motivations, men often proposed for reasons such as a desire to commit to their partner, but, unlike men whose proposal was accepted, men whose proposal was rejected were also likely to propose out of desperation. Furthermore, women most commonly declined a proposal because they thought they were too young or not ready to get engaged. Unfortunately, some of the heartache of rejected proposals may have been avoided if the couple members had discussed marriage in advance: Only 29% of couples experiencing rejected proposals discussed marriage in advance, compared to 100% of couples experiencing accepted proposals. The rich nature of this data brings to life the proposal experience and highlights many potential directions for future research. / Graduate / 0621 / 0451

Dans cette étude, nous avons déterminé les propriétés électroniques de plusieurs types de composés moléculaires possédant un élément métallique. Notre motivation pour l'étude de tels systèmes était de montrer qu'il était possible d'obtenir une description précise d'états électroniques très proches en énergie, pour lesquels il est connu que les effets relativistes jouent un rôle important. Pour traiter ces effets nous avons mis en oeuvre différentes approches et méthodes, en particulier des méthodes multiconfigurationnelles, des pseudopotentiels atomiques et de grandes bases de fonctions. Dans une première étude nous avons déterminé les propriétés des états électroniques de plus basse énergie de composés diatomiques MX dont l'association en phase solide conduit à des composés semi-conducteurs présentant des propriétés piézoélectrique importantes. A l'aide de calculs électroniques incluant une large part de la corrélation électronique nous avons mis en évidence les propriétés communes à une famille de composés diatomiques possédant huit électrons de valence et qui peuvent être considérés comme précurseurs des solides piézoélectriques. Il a ainsi été possible d'identifier les couples diatomiques qui constituaient les meilleurs candidats pour une production d'effet piézoélectrique en phase solide. Dans la deuxième application, nous avons calculé la structure électronique et les constantes spectroscopiques de l'état fondamental de la molécule HZnF ainsi que les états de plus basse énergie des fragments diatomiques associés. Cette étude était motivée par une analogie avec un système voisin HZnCl dont les premiers états électroniques présentent des caractéristiques non complètement résolues. Après avoir validé notre approche sur l'étude de ZnH et comparé nos résultats à ceux d'études antérieures, nous avons entrepris la détermination de la structure électronique des molécules ZnF et ZnCl pour lesquelles nous avons pu identifier des états électroniques encore mal connus. Utilisant les résultats obtenus sur ZnH et ZnF, nous avons déterminé la surface d'énergie potentielle de l'état fondamental de HZnF et nous en avons déduit plusieurs grandeurs spectroscopiques caractérisant cet état / In this work we have investigated the electronic properties of several types of molecular systems involving a metallic element. Our motivation for such applications on metallic compounds was to obtain an accurate description of close lying electronic states, in which the relativistic effects of heavy atoms are known to be important. Thus various approaches and methods have been employed to treat these effects, including the multi-configurational method, with atomic pseudopotentials and large basis sets. In the first study, we have determined the properties of the low lying electronic states of the diatomic compounds MX, whose combinations in the solid phase produce ionic semi-conductor materials with piezoelectric properties. Based on highly correlated ab initio calculations, we have elucidated the common properties of the low lying electronic states of these diatomic compounds with eight valence electrons, which can be considered as precursors for piezoelectric effects in their solid phase. Based on our electronic structure calculations, we could identify among these diatomic compounds those who could lead to good candidates for piezoelectric effects. As the second application, we have determined the electronic structure and the spectroscopic constants for the ground state of the HZnF molecule and for the low lying electronic states of its diatomic fragments. This application was initiated and motivated by interesting and puzzling results on the close system HZnCl. Comforted by our experience with the previous studies, we used the pseudopotentials approach to obtain an accurate description of the low lying states of ZnH which could be satisfactorily compared with existing data. Next, the ZnF and ZnCl diatomic molecules have been studied with the same ansatz to reveal the properties of so far unknown electronic states. Finally, the potential energy surface of the ground state of HZnF has been determined, and several spectroscopic properties have been deduced

This final thesis "Compensation for a non-pecuniary harm of secondary victims" deals with the issue of secondary victims. A secondary victim is defined as an injured person who suffered a non-pecuniary harm as a consequence of what happened to another person (primary victim) to which the tortfeasor caused imminent harm. I focused exclusively on secondary victims under the section 2959 of Czech Civil Code. The section 2959 of Czech Civil Code enables secondary victims to require a monetary compensation for the harm which they suffered as a consequence of a death or a serious injury of their close person (primary victim). Within the analysis of section 2959 of Czech Civil Code I described the nature of a harm suffered by the primary victim, the circle of eligible secondary victims and the quality of their harm, as well as the extent of the compensation for the harm of secondary victims. Doing so, I used the comparative method. I compared the legal regulation of the Czech Civil Code with the former Czech regulation and corresponding decisions of Czech courts. For the purposes of international comparison, each chapter includes a part of the legal situation of secondary victim (close person) under the Austrian law. The analysis showed that the new regulation under Czech Civil Code improved in general...

We present the final results from a targeted search for brown dwarfs with unusual near-infrared colors. From a positional cross-match of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), 2-Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS), and Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) catalogs, we have identified 144 candidate peculiar L and T dwarfs. Spectroscopy confirms that 20 of the objects are peculiar or are candidate binaries. Of the 420 objects in our full sample 9 are young (less than or similar to 200 Myr; 2.1%) and another 8 (1.9%) are unusually red, with no signatures of youth. With a spectroscopic J-K-s color of 2.58 +/- 0.11 mag, one of the new objects, the L6 dwarf 2MASS J03530419 +0418193, is among the reddest field dwarfs currently known and is one of the reddest objects with no signatures of youth known to date. We have also discovered another potentially very-low-gravity object, the L1 dwarf 2MASS J00133470+1109403, and independently identified the young L7 dwarf 2MASS J00440332+0228112, which was first reported by Schneider and collaborators. Our results confirm that signatures of low gravity are no longer discernible in low to moderate resolution spectra of objects older than similar to 200 Myr. The 1.9% of unusually red L dwarfs that do not show other signatures of youth could be slightly older, up to similar to 400 Myr. In this case a red J - K-s color may be more diagnostic of moderate youth than individual spectral features. However, its is also possible that these objects are relatively metal-rich, and thus have enhanced atmospheric dust content.

Children need help to understand and manage when a close relative is critically ill or dying. The purpose of the literature study was to highlight children’s reactions when a close relative is gravely ill. The method used was a general literature study where ten scientific articles where analyzed and reviewed. The results were compiled in two themes: Experiences when life is threatened and To cope when life is threatened. Children with a critically ill relative are in great need of being met and supported by nurses in a professional manner. This is based  on knowledge and understanding of how children can experience, and how children cope in difficult situations like these. The results show that children take on great responsibility and often set themselves aside to help the ill and that many of the children experience the threat of loss as a constant fear. The result of the study can be used by nurses, in the clinical setting, who meet children with a critically ill family member to increase knowledge about the subject.

Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur närstående till intensivvårdspatienter upplevde en intensivvårdsavdelning (IVA) med fokus på delaktighet och omvårdnad. I studien intervjuades fem närstående. Intervjuerna analyserades med hjälp av en förenklad variant av meningskodning och tre kategorier som beskrev de närståendes upplevelser av IVA utvecklades. Kategorierna benämndes: "Första intrycket av IVA", Att leva med osäkerhet" och "Att vara delaktig". De närstående upplevde ett inre kaos när deras anhörig vårdades på IVA och använde sig av olika copingstrategier. De närstående beskrev intensivvårdssjuksköterskornas omvårdnad och bemötande på ett positivt sätt men vissa upplevde att läkare och kurator var frånvarande. Den största oron handlade om hur patienten skulle återhämta sig och hur framtiden skulle bli. Att få vara delaktig på IVA var ingen självklarhet och några anhöriga hade själva krävt att få vara med. / The aim of this study was to describe the experience of the close relatives of patients in an intensive care unit (ICU) with focus on participation and nursing care. In the study five persons who were close relatives were interviewed. The analysis of the interviews was done with a simplified version of code-of-meaning and three categories that showed experiences of importance of the relatives in the ICU emerged. The categories were called: "The first impression of the ICU", "To live with uncertainty" and "To be involved". The close relatives of the patient experienced inner chaos when the patient was in the ICU and they used different coping strategies. The close relatives of the patients described the nursing care provided by the intensive care nurses and the way they had been treated in a positive way but some lacked contact with physicians or a counselor. Their biggest concern was whether the patient would recover and how their future would turn out to be. It was not obvious for the close relatives to bee involved in the care of the patient, some felt they have had to demand it.

No abstract available. / Dissertation (LLM (Mercantile Law))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Mercantile Law / unrestricted

Many young, massive stars are found in close binaries. Using population synthesis simulations. we predict the likelihood of a companion star being present when these massive stars end their lives as core-collapse supernovae (SNe). We focus on stripped-envelope SNe, whose progenitors have lost their outer hydrogen and possibly helium layers before explosion. We use these results to interpret new Hubble Space Telescope observations of the site of the broad-lined Type. Ic SN 2002ap, 14 years post-explosion. For a subsolar metallicity consistent with SN 2002ap, we expect a main-sequence (MS) companion present in about two thirds of all stripped-envelope SNe and a compact companion (likely a stripped helium star or a white dwarf/neutron star/black hole) in about 5% of cases. About a quarter of progenitors are single at explosion (originating from initially single stars, mergers, or disrupted systems). All of the latter scenarios require a massive progenitor, inconsistent with earlier studies of SN 2002ap. Our new, deeper upper limits exclude the presence of an MS companion star > 8-10 M., ruling out about 40% of all stripped-envelope SN channels. The most likely scenario for SN 2002ap includes nonconservative binary interaction of a primary star initially. 23 M.. Although unlikely (< 1% of the scenarios), we also discuss the possibility of an exotic reverse merger channel for broadlined Type. Ic events. Finally, we explore how our results depend on the metallicity and the model assumptions and discuss how additional searches for companions can constrain the physics that govern. the evolution of SN progenitors.

This thesis describes the development of a measurement system for monitoring dynamic tests of civil engineering structures using long exposure motion blurred images, named LEMBI monitoring. Photogrammetry has in the past been used to monitor the static properties of laboratory samples and full-scale structures using multiple image sensors. Detecting vibrations during dynamic structural tests conventionally depends on high-speed cameras, often resulting in lower image resolutions and reduced accuracy. To overcome this limitation, the novel and radically different approach presented in this thesis has been established to take measurements from blurred images in long-exposure photos. The motion of the structure is captured in an individual motion-blurred image, alleviating the dependence on imaging speed. A bespoke algorithm is devised to determine the motion amplitude and direction of each measurement point. Utilising photogrammetric techniques, a model structure s motion with respect to different excitations is captured and its vibration envelope recreated in 3D, using the methodology developed in this thesis. The approach is tested and used to identify changes in the model s vibration response, which in turn can be related to the presence of damage or any other structural modification. The approach is also demonstrated by recording the vibration envelope of larger case studies in 2D, which includes a full-scale bridge structure, confirming the relevance of the proposed measurement approach to real civil engineering case studies. This thesis then assesses the accuracy of the measurement approach in controlled motion tests. Considerations in the design of a survey using the LEMBI approach are discussed and limitations are described. The implications of the newly developed monitoring approach to structural testing are reviewed.