This study evaluates the construct validity of the Least Preferred Co-worker (LPC) Scale by testing the predictions made by the motivational hierarchy hypothesis. The respondents were one hundred fifty-nine supervisors and managers. The LPC determined leadership style as either relationship-oriented or task-oriented. Situational control was measured by the Leader-Member Relations scale, Task Structure scale, and Position Power scale. Consideration behavior, measured by the adapted LBDQ, reflected a need for interpersonal success. Initiation of structure behaviors, measured by the adapted LBDQ, reflected a need for task success. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) High LPC leaders in high control situations engage in more task-oriented behaviors than high LPC leaders in low control situations. Low LPC leaders' task-oriented behaviors are consistent across situational control. (2) Low LPC leaders in high control situations engage in more consideration behaviors than low LPC leaders in low control situations. High LPC leaders' consideration behaviors are consistent across situational control. The results of this study supplements previous research (Green, Nebeker & Boni, 1976; Michaelson, 1973) supportive of the motivational hierarchy inteipretation of the LPC. Hypothesis 1 was not supported. However, a significant interaction effect supported Hypothesis 2. Criticisms concerning the construct validity of the LPC, the motivational hierarchy inteipretation of the LPC, and the Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness are discussed. Several recommendations for future research are suggested.

<p>Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka eventuella samband mellan medarbetares upplevda inre arbetsmotivation och ledares olika ledarstil. Enligt vissa teorier kan förutsättningar i arbetet bidra till en ökad arbetsmotivation hos medarbetarna. Det finns dock omgivningsfaktorer som kan påverka arbetsmotivationen, en faktor kan vara ledares ledarstil. I vissa modeller beskrivs hur olika ledarstilar kan ha varierande betydelse för den arbetsmotivation medarbetarna upplever. För att besvara uppsatsens syfte har enkätundersökning och korrelationsanalys utförts för att mäta arbetsmotivation och ledarstil. Studiens resultat visar att medarbetares inre upplevda arbetsmotivation har ett samband med vissa ledarstilar i de undersökta grupperna. En förklaring till de uppmätta sambanden kan vara att vissa ledarstilar innehåller faktorer som ger goda förutsättningar att motivera medarbetarna.</p> / <p>The purpose of this essay is to investigate if there are any connections between the workmotivation co-worker experienced and different leaderstyles. Some models suggest that the motivating potential for co-worker can be increased by conditions at work. There can be some factors in the enviroment which may effect the workmotivation, for example a leader´s leaderstyle. Some models suggest that different leaderstyles may have various effects on the workmotivation co-worker experience. A survey and correlationanalysis were conducted to measure the workmotivation and leaderstyle to answer the purpose of this essay. The result of this study shows that co-worker internal experience workmotivation is connected to some of the leaderstyles in the examined groups. One possible explanation to these connections could be that some leaderstyles contain factors that lead to favourable conditions for motivating the co-worker.</p>

Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka eventuella samband mellan medarbetares upplevda inre arbetsmotivation och ledares olika ledarstil. Enligt vissa teorier kan förutsättningar i arbetet bidra till en ökad arbetsmotivation hos medarbetarna. Det finns dock omgivningsfaktorer som kan påverka arbetsmotivationen, en faktor kan vara ledares ledarstil. I vissa modeller beskrivs hur olika ledarstilar kan ha varierande betydelse för den arbetsmotivation medarbetarna upplever. För att besvara uppsatsens syfte har enkätundersökning och korrelationsanalys utförts för att mäta arbetsmotivation och ledarstil. Studiens resultat visar att medarbetares inre upplevda arbetsmotivation har ett samband med vissa ledarstilar i de undersökta grupperna. En förklaring till de uppmätta sambanden kan vara att vissa ledarstilar innehåller faktorer som ger goda förutsättningar att motivera medarbetarna. / The purpose of this essay is to investigate if there are any connections between the workmotivation co-worker experienced and different leaderstyles. Some models suggest that the motivating potential for co-worker can be increased by conditions at work. There can be some factors in the enviroment which may effect the workmotivation, for example a leader´s leaderstyle. Some models suggest that different leaderstyles may have various effects on the workmotivation co-worker experience. A survey and correlationanalysis were conducted to measure the workmotivation and leaderstyle to answer the purpose of this essay. The result of this study shows that co-worker internal experience workmotivation is connected to some of the leaderstyles in the examined groups. One possible explanation to these connections could be that some leaderstyles contain factors that lead to favourable conditions for motivating the co-worker.

Migrant workers in China tend to suffer from inferior status and hardship in the workplace. Domestic private enterprises have become highly market-oriented and have been criticized for exploiting workers; however, some of them have started to pay increasing attention to motivating and retaining workers. The well-being of migrant workers is worthy of study. This study collected survey data from migrant workers in two Chinese private enterprises in the cosmetics industry, aiming to probe how a harmonious and supportive working environment may benefit workers. It is argued that HR???s assistance to line managers can be conveyed to workers via supervisors, leading to perceptions of a supportive working system (represented by the behaviour of HR, managers and supervisors). This kind of system is likely to promote employees??? identification with the organisation and social exchanges with organisational members. Further, these may improve workers??? psychological state and cooperative worker relations. This thesis starts by presenting migrant workers??? experience and discussing how HRM is practised in Chinese private enterprises. Studies of organisational support are introduced as a foundation to explore the influences of HR on employee outcomes???emotional exhaustion and co-worker assistance???through the mechanism of supervisor support. The results validate the substantial role of effective HR assistance to line managers and the role of the supportive supervisor in improving employees??? well-being and in facilitating helping behaviour among co-workers. Finally, implications for management practices and future research are considered.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate individual hotel employee perceptions of their service orientation and the support they receive from co-workers and their employer to discover the impact of these perceptions on the employee's feelings of their job satisfaction, commitment to their organization, their intention to leave their organization and intention to leave their industry. A comparative analysis of results from the United States and Russia reveals differences in these relations in the two countries. Analysis using Partial Least Squares Path Modeling for developing a measurement model and model estimation using a combined data set, US data set and a Russian data set. This research study included 141 American hotel employees and 107 Russian hotel employees. Service orientation, co-worker support and employee support were positively related to increased job satisfaction in the United States and Russia. In both countries, service orientation was negatively related to an employee's intention to leave the hospitality industry and co-worker support was positively related to organizational commitment. Country differences occurred where items were only significant in one country. In Russia, organizational support and co-worker support were negatively related to intention to leave their employer. In the United States, organizational support had a positive relation to organizational commitment. Surprisingly, co-worker support had a positive relation to intention to leave the industry in the United States. This may indicate that excessive co-worker support might undermine the need to achieve of highly service oriented hotel employees, resulting in a flight from the service industry to a more challenging industry.

This study examines the levels and drivers of employee engagement in a South African organisation that distributes personal protection equipment. The organisation relies on its human resources to retain a competitive advantage in the industry. An understanding of employee engagement is essential for the attraction of new talent and the retention of existing employees. The researcher employed a mixed method design, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative methods. A survey was sent to all employees to determine levels of engagement. It was followed by focus groups to probe deeper into the survey results. The findings of the survey and the focus groups are contradictory. The survey results indicate that respondents are engaged within the workwear distribution company, whilst the findings of the focus groups depict a different narrative. The researcher believes that participant responses to the different methodologies explains this contradiction. The survey contained a number of closed-ended statements, where participants were required to tick a particular box, indicating their responses. The researcher believes that this approach was very clinical and elicited certain responses. Furthermore, participants might not have felt comfortable sharing their true feelings in writing. The approach to the focus group was very interactive and the researcher posed open-ended questions to the participants. This approach was organic and participants might have felt more comfortable sharing their feelings and views in this forum. The study revealed that a work environment characterised by poor communication and conflict impacted negatively on employee engagement. It also revealed that the organisation is characterised by an autocratic leadership style whereby top management make the decisions and are not open to suggestions from employees. While support between co-workers was acknowledged, relationships were also described as strained and that there is no synergy between departments. Maintaining positive relationships with management and co-workers are vital drivers to achieving increased employee engagement. Although these findings are particular to one organisation, they will hopefully assist other organisations to expand their understanding of employee engagement and thus refine their employee engagement strategies.

The problem of inclusivity in the workplace has been globally acknowledged as a challenge for employees living with disabilities. The objective of this study was to explore the experiences of employees living with disabilities in the South African Police Service (SAPS). Globally, there has been a lot of research conducted on diversity in the workplace; however, research on inclusivity is a rather new phenomenon. A theoretical model on inclusion and diversity in work groups is presented as a framework, which offers insight into the experiences that contribute to feelings of inclusion for a diverse workforce. This model identifies potential contextual factors and outcomes of inclusion. This study further defines inclusion and disability and provides literature on the barriers employees living with disabilities encounter once employed, as well as support structures that could enhance inclusivity for these employees. The study used a qualitative, explorative approach. Fifteen employees of the SAPS were selected for participation, based on their disability type as per the research criteria. A purposive convenient sampling approach was used to identify employees with disabilities, taking into consideration hearing, visual, physical and mobility impairments. Participants varied in age, gender and race and came from stations mostly situated in the southern suburbs of Cape Town, with one participant from George and one participant from Paarl East. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data and provide insight into how employees living with disabilities perceive inclusion in the SAPS. A thematic analysis approach was used to identify which negative and positive experiences of inclusion were identified. Irrespective of the provision of disability policies and legislation, which clearly stipulate that no person may be unfairly discriminated against on the grounds of their disability, the findings from this study indicate that employees living with disabilities still experience discriminatory attitudes in the workplace. While some participants had positive experiences of inclusion, other employees reported negative experiences relating mostly to a lack of management support, non-conducive workplaces, lack of disability awareness, as well as negative attitudes towards disability in the workplace. The results of this study indicate that the general feeling of inclusion in the SAPS is, to a certain degree, fair, and that management and co-worker support, together with reasonable accommodation, played an important role in contributing to making employees living with disabilities feel included. This study shows that more research is required in terms of disability awareness, and an understanding of the needs of employees living with disabilities in the workplace, to create an enabling environment of growth for employees living with disabilities. It is proposed that this study be used to provide employers and employees with a greater understanding of how to effectively include and retain employees living with disabilities.

Syftet med denna studie var att ta reda på vilka effekter införandet utav distansmöten har haft på vårdcentralerna inom primärvården ur ett organisations– och personalperspektiv. Syftet har också varit att redogöra för vilka för- och nackdelar det finns med detta införande. I denna uppsats har bland annat miljöperspektiv, tidseffektivitet samt det ekonomiska perspektivet behandlats. Vi har valt att undersöka Munkedals vårdcentral samt vårdcentralen i Tanumshede. Detta beror på att vi ville få åsikter om införandet från en vårdcentral som var relativt nya och även ifrån en där de har mer erfarenheter kring området, då vi anser att hur införandet uppfattas kan skiljas åt ifall om det är ett nytt införande eller inte. I studien använde vi oss utav en kvalitativ inriktning, då vi ansåg att detta var passande för att uppnå vårt syfte var att hålla i semistrukturerade intervjuer. Då vi använde oss utav intervjuer som vi sedan tolkade för att samla in vår empiri hade vi ett hermeneutiskt synsätt. Vi höll interjuver med sex stycken respondenter två chefer samt fyra medarbetare varav en chef och två medarbetare på varje vårdcentral för att få ett så pass sanningsenligt resultat som möjligt. Som analysmetod valde vi att använda oss utav en tematisk metod för att kunna analysera den teori och empiri vi tagit fram med varandra. Vårt resultat och slutsats av studien visar att införa distansmöten är något positivt för primärvården. De sparar bland annat tid i och med att mötena tar kortare tid, då resetiden sparas in och de får på så sätt tid till annat arbete. Det bidrar också till kostnadsbesparingar för organisationerna då reseutgifter samt hotellvistelser försvinner och det bidrar inte till växthuseffekten. Detta införande har också skapat möjligheten för Munkedals vårdcentral som tidigare inte hade tid att åka iväg på vårdplaneringsmöten, att de nu kan vara med och delta. Trots att införandet är av positiv bemärkning finns det en del saker som bör utvecklas och detta är bland annat att de behöver skapa en bättre struktur när vid planering utav mötena. Vi anser också att organisationerna kan utveckla detta mötesverktyg och använda det inom fler områden. / The purpose of this study was to discover which effects the implementation of distance meetings have had on care centers within primary care from an organizational and employee/personnel perspective. The purpose was also to present the advantages and disadvantages to this implementation/introduction. This paper processed/addressed an environmental and economical perspective as well as time efficiency. We chose to examine two care-centers. This is because we wanted opinions of the implementation from a relatively new care center and one with more experience within the field, as we believe the perception of the implementation may differ if it is a new implementation or not. To fulfill the purpose of the study we saw it fit to hold semi-structured interviews and therefore chose to have qualitative focus. When interpreting the interview for the collection of empirical data we had/used a hermeneutic approach. Six interviews were held with two managers and four employees where respective care center included one manager and two employees, of the aim to receive truthful responses. As a method of analysis a thematic approach was chosen to be able to analyze developed theory and empirical data together. Our results and conclusion show that the implementation of distance meeting have a positive effect within primary care. Time is saved by the fact that meetings are shorter and travel-time is minimized, which leads to the possibility for other work to be done. Moreover it contributes to saving in cost for the organization as travel and hotel expenses are eliminated and it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect. Additionally, the implementation has made it possible for one of the care centers to attend to care planning meeting, as they did not have the time before. Although the implementation is notably positive there are aspects that can be improved and includes developing the structure of planning future meetings. We also believe that this meeting tool can be further developed and be used in other areas of the organizations.

Social connections represent an important determinant of economic agents’ behaviour. The three chapters of this thesis empirically analyse the effect of different types of networks on several economic outcomes. The first chapter analyses the role played by co-worker networks on immigrants’ employment outcomes. It investigates how immigrants’ job search outcomes are affected by the labour market outcomes of co-workers from the same country of origin. Using matched employer-employee micro data from Italy and an instrumental variables approach, I show that an increase in the employment prospects of socially connected workers improves immigrants’ job search outcomes. The paper also sheds light on the different mechanisms generating the social effect and it highlights the role of migrant networks in explaining immigrant segregation. Chapter 2 employs a unique dataset on articles, authors and editors of the top four economics journals over the period 2000-2006 to investigate the role of social ties in the publication process. Connections between editors and authors are identified based on their academic histories. Regression results show that the existence of a social tie with an editor positively affects publication outcomes of connected scholars. The analysis of citations shows that connected articles receive on average a higher number of citations than non-connected ones. The final chapter focuses on the impact of female managers on female workers’ employment outcomes. Exploiting changes in the share of female managers induced by firms’ takeovers, I find no statistically significant effect of an increase in the presence of female managers on employment outcomes of female workers. However there is an interesting negative effect on wage inequality within the acquiring firm, which may matter for both equity and efficiency reasons.

<p>De flesta är överens om medarbetarnas viktiga roll i ett företag. Det är personalen som kan påverka företagets ekonomiska situation, då personalens välmående på arbetsplatsen påverkar företagets lönsamhet och effektivitet. Många ställer sig frågan varför inte personalen tas upp i redovisningen? Den här uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka vad som gjorts inom redovisning av personalhälsa samt diskutera en ny infallsvinkel i arbetet med hälsa i företag.</p> / <p>Most people do agree about the employee’s important role in a company. It is the workers who can influence the companies’ economic situation, when the personnel’s well-being effects the companies’ profitability and efficiency. Many people ask the question why not the employee’s are reported in the company’s account. The aim of this paper is to investigate what have been done in the area of health accounting and discuss a new approach in the work with health care in companies. </p>