Neste trabalho, descrevemos a construção de uma armadilha óptica de dipolo, tipo Quest, para átomos de Rydberg utilizando um laser de CO2 de alta potência. A amostra aprisionada apresenta aproximadamente 3 × 106 átomos de 85Rb numa densidade 4 × 1011 átomos/cm3, em temperaturas da ordem 30 µK. O tempo de vida da armadilha é da ordem de 200 ms. Neste sistema, observamos a fotoionização dos estados de Rydberg devido ao laser de CO2 em 10, 6 µm, contudo fomos incapazes de quantificá-lo. Além disso, medimos o tempo de vida do estado 37D do Rb na armadilha de dipolo, o resultado foi compatível ao encontrado na literatura. Em suma, o sistema esta operante para experimentos mais complexos. / In this work, we describe the implementation of a QUEST dipole trap for Rydberg atoms using a CO2 high power laser. The trapped atomic sample has approximately 3 × 106 85Rb atoms, at a density of 4 × 1011 atoms/cm3 and a temperature of about 30 µK. The trap lifetime is about 200 ms. We observed photoionization of the Rydberg states due to the CO2 laser at 10, 6 µK, however we were unable to quantify it. Furthermore, we measured the 37D state lifetime of the Rb in the dipole trap, the experimental result was in agreement with the literature. In summary, the system is fully operating for more complex experiments.

This thesis concerns experimental investigations of laser cutting and piercing, with theoretical and practical discussions of the results. The thesis is made up of an introduction to laser cutting and six scientific Papers. These Papers are linked in such a way that each of them studies a different aspect of laser cutting: process efficiency in Paper I, morphology and melt flow on the laser cut front in Papers II, III and IV and laser piercing in Papers V and VI. Paper I investigates the effect of material type, material thickness, laser wavelength, and laser power on the efficiency of the cutting process for industrial state-of-the-art CO2 and fibre laser cutting machines. Here the cutting efficiency is defined in its most fundamental terms: as the area of cut edge created per Joule of laser energy. In Paper II a new experimental technique is presented which has been developed to enable high speed imaging of laser cut fronts produced using standard, commercial parameters. The results presented here suggest that the cut front produced when cutting 10 mm thick medium section stainless steel with a fibre laser and a nitrogen assist gas is covered in humps which themselves are covered in a thin layer of liquid. Paper III presents numerical simulations of the melt flow on a fibre laser ablation-driven processing front during remote fusion cutting, RFC. The simulations were validated with high speed imaging observations of the processing front. The simulation results provide explanations of the main liquid transport mechanisms on the processing front, based on information on the temperature, velocity and pressure fields involved. The results are of fundamental relevance for any process governed by a laser ablation induced front. In Paper IV cutting fronts created by CO2 and fibre lasers in stainless steel at thicknesses between 2 mm and 10 mm have been ‘frozen’ and their geometry has been measured. The resulting three-dimensional shapes have been curve fitted as ninth order polynomials. Various features of the cutting front geometry are discussed, including the lack of correlation of the cut front inclination with either the relevant Brewster angle or the inclination of the striations on the cut edge. In this paper, mathematical descriptions of the cutting fronts are obtained, which can be used as input parameters by any researcher in the field of laser cutting simulations. Paper V investigates the subject of laser piercing. Before any cut is started the laser needs to pierce the material. In this paper the laser piercing process is investigated using a wide range of laser pulse parameters, for stainless steel using a fibre laser. The results reveal the influence of pulse parameters on pierce time and pierced hole diameter. A high speed imaging camera was used to time the penetration event and to study the laser-material interactions involved in drilling the pierced holes. In Paper VI a ‘dynamic’ or ‘moving beam’, laser piercing technique is introduced for processing 15 mm thick stainless steel. One important aspect of laser piercing is the reliability of the process because industrial laser cutting machines are programmed for the minimum reliable pierce time. In this work a comparison was made between a stationary laser and a laser which moves along a circular trajectory with varying processing speeds. High speed imaging was employed during the piercing process to understand melt behavior inside the pierce hole. Throughout this work experimental techniques, including advanced high speed imaging, have been used in conjunction with simulations and theoretical analysis, to provide new knowledge for understanding and improving laser beam cutting and its associated piercing process.

This work is focused on the problematics of small CO2 lasers and their possible use for commercial production. The first part describes devices available on the market and evaluation of their parameters. The practical part specifies the parameters that arise from the potential use of technology. Based on these parameters, design of the machine and its complete mechanical design are elaborated. Furthermore, the experimental part deals with the design of structural components, control system, electrical systems and in general a complex technical-technological solution of the equipment, including economic evaluation of the design. Part of the work is also the construction of the machine itself, including activation, adjustment and debugging for the considered production. The constructed machine was subject to testing to ensure required quality of production.

The thesis deals with the optimization of process parameters in the oxidative laser cutting of structural 20 mm thick steel with regard to the type of material, the resulting roughness of the cut and the resulting price of the product. In line with the literary study and the Taguchi method, an experiment was developed. The cutting speed, laser performance, cutting gas pressure, and focal position were controlled during the experiment. Sample sets were cut with 7.5" and 10" focusing lens from the TATA STEEL S355MC and SSAB LASER 355 MC steels. According to ČSN EN ISO 9013, the samples were evaluated for roughness. Then micro and macro structures were evaluated, and compare the hardness according to Vickers. In conclusion, technical and economic evaluation was determined.

Die vorliegende Arbeit zielte auf die Erarbeitung der verfahrens- und legierungstechnischen Grundlagen zur Randschichtbehandlung von TiAl6V4 durch Dispergieren/Legieren mit Diboriden ab. Für die Untersuchungen zum Dispergieren/Legieren wurden sowohl unterschiedliche Lasersysteme (CO2, CO2-Slab, diodengepumpter Nd:YAG, Diodenlaser) als auch der Elektronenstrahl gewählt. Das Konzept für die Vorbehandlung und die Prozessgestaltung wurde entwickelt und erfolgreich getestet. Anhand von Untersuchungen zum Dispergieren/Legieren wurde das Prozessparameterfeld erarbeitet, wobei sich die nachfolgend aufgeführten Einflussgrößen als wesentlich erwiesen: • Pulverkorngröße (Kornfraktion 5 - 125 µm), • Pulvereintragsmenge (Förderparameter, Förderrate, Pulvervor-/-nachlauf, Pastenschichtdicke), • Prozessparameter (Strahlleistung, Defokussierung, Streckenenergie, Ablenkfigur). Zusammenfassend wurde die gute Eignung des Dispergierens/Legierens mittels Hochleistungsstrahlquellen für die Erzeugung boridverstärkter Randschichten an Bauteilen aus TiAl6V4 nachgewiesen.

This thesis investigates the fabrication technique and procedures for producing long period grating (LPG) fiber sensors with point-by-point irradiation under a CO2 laser beam. The type of fiber sensor under examination is desirable to be highly sensitive to the variation of the thickness and refractive index of a thin film deposited on the LPGs, making it a promising candidate as a core sensor component in a biosensor system developed for detection and verification of pathogenic bacteria, such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Francisella tularensis, and so on. We have previously demonstrated that a UV-induced long-period-grating (LPG) based fiber sensor is extremely sensitive to small variation of refractive index (RI) and thickness of the surrounding medium. In this thesis, we will present a CO2 laser and step- stage system that operate automatically under control of a Matlab program to inscribe LPGs with desired grating period and fabrication conditions. Examples of CO2 laser induced LPGs have been found to exhibit high sensitivity, with transmissive power attenuation of more than 15 dB at the resonant peak of 1402 nm under deposition of Ionic Self-Assembled Monolayer (ISAM) thin film that is around 50 nm in thickness. When tuned to its maximum sensitivity region, this LPG has shown a transmission power reduction of 79% with the deposition of only 1 bilayer of ISAM thin film at the monitored wavelength. This result is comparable in sensitivity with the UV-induced LPGs, yet with the advantage of lower fabrication cost and simplified fabrication procedure. / Master of Science

Estudos têm mostrado que a dentina pode ser modificada pelo laser pulsado de CO2 tornando-a um substrato mais ácido-resistente. Este estudo in vitro se propôs a estabelecer parâmetros seguros e efetivos de um laser pulsado de CO2 com comprimento de onda 10,6 ?m e avaliou seu efeito sobre a morfologia superficial e a composição química, assim como sobre a redução da desmineralização da dentina radicular. Noventa e cinco superfícies radiculares humanas obtidas de quarenta e oito terceiros molares foram aleatoriamente divididas em 5 grupos (n=15 para o grupo de controle e n=20 para os grupos irradiados com laser): G1 - Nenhum tratamento (controle), G2 - 2,5 J/cm2, G3 - 4,0 J/cm2, G4 - 5,0 J/cm2 e G5 - 6,0 J/cm2. A temperatura intrapulpar foi mensurada por meio de análise termográfica com termômetro de radiação infravermelha, as modificações químicas, por meio de espectroscopia FT-Raman e as alterações morfológicas por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Após o tratamento da superfície, os espécimes foram submetidos a 7 dias de ciclagem de pH, permanecendo diariamente em soluções desmineralizadora e remineralizadora por 3 h e 21 h, respectivamente. Após o desafio ácido, os espécimes foram seccionados e a perda mineral foi determinada por meio do teste de microdureza Knoop (5 g, 5 seg) em profundidades pré-determinadas em relação à superfície de dentina radicular (20 ?m - 275 ?m). Para todos os grupos irradiados, as mudanças de temperatura intrapulpar mostraram-se abaixo de 0,9°C. A espectroscopia FT-Raman não evidenciou alterações químicas entre os espécimes não-irradiados e os irradiados com laser de CO2. Entretanto a análise em microscópio eletrônico de varredura indicou que as densidades de energia a partir de 4,0 J/cm2 foram suficientes para induzir mudanças morfológicas na dentina radicular. Adicionalmente, para as densidades de energia iguais ou superiores a 4,0 J/cm2, foram observados efeitos de redução da desmineralização da dentina radicular induzidos pela irradiação laser. Pode-se concluir que densidades de energia em torno de 4,0 a 6,0 J/cm2 podem ser aplicadas à dentina radicular, a fim de promover mudanças morfológicas e reduzir a reatividade ácida da mesma, sem comprometer a vitalidade pulpar. / Studies have shown that dentin can be modified by pulsed CO2 laser to form a more acid-resistant substrate. This in vitro research aimed to establish safe parameters of a pulsed study 10.6 ?m CO2 laser and evaluate its effect on chemical and morphological features in dentinal surface, as well as on the reduction of root dentin demineralization. Ninety five human root surfaces obtained from forty eight third molars were randomly divided in 5 groups (n=15 for control group and n=20 for laser groups): G1 - No treatment (control), G2 -2.5 J/cm2, G3 - 4.0 J/cm2, G4 - 5.0 J/cm2 and G5 - 6.0 J/cm2. Intrapulpal temperature was evaluated during dentin irradiation by an infrared thermometer, chemical modifications by FT-Raman spectroscopy, and morphological modifications by SEM. After the surface treatment, the specimens were submitted to a 7 days pH-cycling model, consisted of the daily immersion in demineralizing and remineralizing solutions for 3 h and 21 h, respectively. After the acid challenge, the specimens were sectioned and the mineral loss was determined by means of cross-sectional Knoop microhardness (5 g, 5 sec) at different depths from the dentin root surface (20 ?m - 275 ?m). For all irradiated groups, intrapulpal temperature changes were below 0.9°C. FT-Raman spectroscopy did not show chemical changes in the irradiated specimens. However, scanning electron microscopy images indicated that fluences as low as 4.0 J/cm2 were sufficient to induce morphological changes in root dentin. Additionally, for fluences reaching or exceeding 4.0 J/cm2, laser-induced inhibitory effects on root dentin demineralization were observed. It was thus concluded that the laser energy density in the range of 4.0 to 6.0 J/cm2 could be applied to dental root dentin in order to produce morphological changes and reduce the acid reactivity of dentin without compromising the pulp vitality.

Diante da importância e prevalência da erosão em crianças, devido principalmente ao refluxo gastroesofágico e da ausência de estudos na literatura sobre os efeitos do laser de CO2 no controle da erosão induzida por ácido clorídrico, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a influência in vitro de diferentes potências do laser de CO2 associado ao fluoreto estanhoso a 0,4% no controle da erosão induzida por ácido clorídrico em esmalte de dentes decíduos, por meio da análise do desgaste e da permeabilidade. Sessenta dentes decíduos foram utilizados para a obtenção de 120 fragmentos de esmalte (3x3 mm). Os fragmentos foram planificados, polidos e montados em blocos de resina acrílica. Duas fitas adesivas foram colocadas na superfície, deixando uma área de 3x1mm2 exposta. Para a formação das lesões de erosão, os espécimes foram submetidos a um desafio ácido de 4 ciclos por 2 minutos cada, com solução de ácido clorídrico a 0,01 M (pH 2). A análise do desgaste inicial foi calculada por perfilometria óptica e usada para selecionar 104 espécimes. Estes foram aleatoriamente divididos em 8 grupos, de acordo com a aplicação de flúor (presente- gel de fluoreto estanhoso a 0,4% e ausente-controle) e potência do laser de CO2 (sem irradiação-controle, 0,5 W, 1 W, 1,5 W). Metade dos espécimes foram submetidos a uma única aplicação do gel fluoretado por 1 minuto com o auxílio de um microbrush. A irradiação com laser de CO2 foi realizada no modo ultrapulso, duração do pulso de 100µs e desfocado a uma distância de 4 mm do esmalte. Após a realização dos tratamentos, desafios erosivos sucessivos foram realizados durante 5 dias, utilizando o mesmo protocolo descrito anteriormente. A análise do desgaste final foi calculada por perfilometria óptica. Para análise da permeabilidade, os espécimes foram submetidos a um método de coloração histoquímica, utilizando-se soluções de sulfato de cobre e de ácido rubeânico. Da região delimitada, obtiveram-se secções que foram digitalizadas sob microscopia óptica e submetidas à avaliação da penetração de íons cobre em relação à espessura total do esmalte. Foram realizadas, em cada secção, cinco avaliações da penetração dos íons cobre, totalizando quinze leituras por espécime. Os dados da análise do desgaste foram submetidos a ANOVA a dois critérios e a interação entre os fatores aplicação de flúor e potência do laser de CO2 foi significativa (p = 0,046). Entretanto, pela análise da permeabilidade, a ANOVA a dois critérios não mostrou interação entre os fatores (p = 0,591). Efeito significativo do fator potência do laser de CO2 foi observado (p = 0,037), sendo que a potência de 1,5 W proporcionou aumento da permeabilidade do esmalte quando comparado a 0,5 W. A correlação entre as análises do desgaste e permeabilidade não foi significativa (p = 0,699). Conclui-se, pela análise do desgaste, que o laser de CO2 com 1W associado ao fluoreto estanhoso a 0,4% pode ser um método efetivo no controle da erosão induzida por ácido clorídrico em esmalte de dentes decíduos. A análise da permeabilidade não evidenciou sinergismo entre a aplicação de fluoreto estanhoso a 0,4% e as potências do laser de CO2. A potência do laser de CO2 de 0,5 W proporcionou menor permeabilidade no esmalte erodido quando comparada a de 1,5 W. A análise do desgaste não apresentou correlação com a análise da permeabilidade em esmalte de dentes decíduos submetidos a desafios erosivos por ácido clorídrico. / Facing importance and prevalence of erosion in children, mainly due to gastroesophageal reflux and absence of studies evaluating effects of CO2 laser in control erosion induced by hydrochloric acid, the aim of this study was to determine in vitro influence of different CO2 laser powers associated with 0.4% stannous fluoride erosion control induced by hydrochloric acid on enamel of primary teeth by wear and permeability analysis. Sixty primary teeth were used to obtain 120 enamel fragments (3x3 mm). Fragments were flatenned, polished and fixed in resin blocks. Two piece of tapes were placed on the surface, leaving an exposed area 3x1mm2. For the formation of erosion lesions, specimens were submitted to an acid challenge by 4 cycles of 2 minutes each, with 0.01 M hydrochloric acid solution (pH 2). Initial wear analysis was calculated by optical profilometry and used to select 104 specimens. These were randomly assigned into 8 groups according to fluoride application (present-gel 0.4% stannous fluoride and absent-control) and CO2 laser power (no irradiation control, 0.5 W, 1 W, 1.5 W). Half of specimens were submitted to a single fluoride application for 1 min with microbrush. CO2 laser irradiation was performed in a ultrapulsed, 100µs pulse duration at a distance of 4 mm of enamel. After treatments, erosive challenges were performed for 5 successive days using the same protocol described above. Final wear analysis was calculated by optical profilometry. For permeability analysis, specimens were submitted to histochemical coloring method, using copper sulphate and acid rubeanic solutions. It was obtained sections from exposed area which were scanned under light microscopy and evaluated for copper ions penetration in relation to the total thickness of enamel. In each section, five evaluations of copper ions penetration were performed, resulting in fifteen readings per specimen. Data wear analysis were submitted to two-way ANOVA and interaction between factors fluoride application and CO2 laser power was significant (p = 0.046). However, permeability analysis, two-way ANOVA showed no interaction between factors (p = 0.591). Significant effect of CO2 laser power was found (p = 0.037), and 1.5 W power provided an increase of enamel permeability compared to 0.5 W. Correlation between wear and permeability analysis was not significant (p = 0.699). CO2 laser using 1W associated with 0.4% stannous fluoride can be an effective method to erosion control induced by hydrochloric acid on enamel of primary teeth. Permeability analysis showed no synergic effect between 0.4% stannous fluoride application and CO2 laser powers. CO2 laser power of 0.5 W provided the lowest permeability of enamel erosion compared to 1.5 W. Wear analysis showed no correlation with permeability analysis of primary teeth enamel submitted to erosion by hydrochloric acid challenges.

Diante da importância e prevalência da erosão em crianças, devido principalmente ao refluxo gastroesofágico e da ausência de estudos na literatura sobre os efeitos do laser de CO2 no controle da erosão induzida por ácido clorídrico, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a influência in vitro de diferentes potências do laser de CO2 associado ao fluoreto estanhoso a 0,4% no controle da erosão induzida por ácido clorídrico em esmalte de dentes decíduos, por meio da análise do desgaste e da permeabilidade. Sessenta dentes decíduos foram utilizados para a obtenção de 120 fragmentos de esmalte (3x3 mm). Os fragmentos foram planificados, polidos e montados em blocos de resina acrílica. Duas fitas adesivas foram colocadas na superfície, deixando uma área de 3x1mm2 exposta. Para a formação das lesões de erosão, os espécimes foram submetidos a um desafio ácido de 4 ciclos por 2 minutos cada, com solução de ácido clorídrico a 0,01 M (pH 2). A análise do desgaste inicial foi calculada por perfilometria óptica e usada para selecionar 104 espécimes. Estes foram aleatoriamente divididos em 8 grupos, de acordo com a aplicação de flúor (presente- gel de fluoreto estanhoso a 0,4% e ausente-controle) e potência do laser de CO2 (sem irradiação-controle, 0,5 W, 1 W, 1,5 W). Metade dos espécimes foram submetidos a uma única aplicação do gel fluoretado por 1 minuto com o auxílio de um microbrush. A irradiação com laser de CO2 foi realizada no modo ultrapulso, duração do pulso de 100µs e desfocado a uma distância de 4 mm do esmalte. Após a realização dos tratamentos, desafios erosivos sucessivos foram realizados durante 5 dias, utilizando o mesmo protocolo descrito anteriormente. A análise do desgaste final foi calculada por perfilometria óptica. Para análise da permeabilidade, os espécimes foram submetidos a um método de coloração histoquímica, utilizando-se soluções de sulfato de cobre e de ácido rubeânico. Da região delimitada, obtiveram-se secções que foram digitalizadas sob microscopia óptica e submetidas à avaliação da penetração de íons cobre em relação à espessura total do esmalte. Foram realizadas, em cada secção, cinco avaliações da penetração dos íons cobre, totalizando quinze leituras por espécime. Os dados da análise do desgaste foram submetidos a ANOVA a dois critérios e a interação entre os fatores aplicação de flúor e potência do laser de CO2 foi significativa (p = 0,046). Entretanto, pela análise da permeabilidade, a ANOVA a dois critérios não mostrou interação entre os fatores (p = 0,591). Efeito significativo do fator potência do laser de CO2 foi observado (p = 0,037), sendo que a potência de 1,5 W proporcionou aumento da permeabilidade do esmalte quando comparado a 0,5 W. A correlação entre as análises do desgaste e permeabilidade não foi significativa (p = 0,699). Conclui-se, pela análise do desgaste, que o laser de CO2 com 1W associado ao fluoreto estanhoso a 0,4% pode ser um método efetivo no controle da erosão induzida por ácido clorídrico em esmalte de dentes decíduos. A análise da permeabilidade não evidenciou sinergismo entre a aplicação de fluoreto estanhoso a 0,4% e as potências do laser de CO2. A potência do laser de CO2 de 0,5 W proporcionou menor permeabilidade no esmalte erodido quando comparada a de 1,5 W. A análise do desgaste não apresentou correlação com a análise da permeabilidade em esmalte de dentes decíduos submetidos a desafios erosivos por ácido clorídrico. / Facing importance and prevalence of erosion in children, mainly due to gastroesophageal reflux and absence of studies evaluating effects of CO2 laser in control erosion induced by hydrochloric acid, the aim of this study was to determine in vitro influence of different CO2 laser powers associated with 0.4% stannous fluoride erosion control induced by hydrochloric acid on enamel of primary teeth by wear and permeability analysis. Sixty primary teeth were used to obtain 120 enamel fragments (3x3 mm). Fragments were flatenned, polished and fixed in resin blocks. Two piece of tapes were placed on the surface, leaving an exposed area 3x1mm2. For the formation of erosion lesions, specimens were submitted to an acid challenge by 4 cycles of 2 minutes each, with 0.01 M hydrochloric acid solution (pH 2). Initial wear analysis was calculated by optical profilometry and used to select 104 specimens. These were randomly assigned into 8 groups according to fluoride application (present-gel 0.4% stannous fluoride and absent-control) and CO2 laser power (no irradiation control, 0.5 W, 1 W, 1.5 W). Half of specimens were submitted to a single fluoride application for 1 min with microbrush. CO2 laser irradiation was performed in a ultrapulsed, 100µs pulse duration at a distance of 4 mm of enamel. After treatments, erosive challenges were performed for 5 successive days using the same protocol described above. Final wear analysis was calculated by optical profilometry. For permeability analysis, specimens were submitted to histochemical coloring method, using copper sulphate and acid rubeanic solutions. It was obtained sections from exposed area which were scanned under light microscopy and evaluated for copper ions penetration in relation to the total thickness of enamel. In each section, five evaluations of copper ions penetration were performed, resulting in fifteen readings per specimen. Data wear analysis were submitted to two-way ANOVA and interaction between factors fluoride application and CO2 laser power was significant (p = 0.046). However, permeability analysis, two-way ANOVA showed no interaction between factors (p = 0.591). Significant effect of CO2 laser power was found (p = 0.037), and 1.5 W power provided an increase of enamel permeability compared to 0.5 W. Correlation between wear and permeability analysis was not significant (p = 0.699). CO2 laser using 1W associated with 0.4% stannous fluoride can be an effective method to erosion control induced by hydrochloric acid on enamel of primary teeth. Permeability analysis showed no synergic effect between 0.4% stannous fluoride application and CO2 laser powers. CO2 laser power of 0.5 W provided the lowest permeability of enamel erosion compared to 1.5 W. Wear analysis showed no correlation with permeability analysis of primary teeth enamel submitted to erosion by hydrochloric acid challenges.

This research developed new creative opportunities for textile design by investigating CO2 laser processing technology to achieve surface design and three-dimensional effects. A practice based and interdisciplinary textile design methodology was employed, integrating scientific and technical approaches with a reflective craft practice. It was found that the synthesis of design and science was imperative to achieving the research goal of evolving techniques that have opened new design opportunities for textile design whilst being viable and communicable for industrial and commercial application. Four distinct Laser Textile Design techniques were developed in this research including: a laser enhanced dyeing technique for wool and wool blends; Peri-Dyeing, a laser dye fixation technique; a laser moulding technique; and a laser fading linen technique.