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Physiopathologie de la coagulopathie aigüe traumatique / Acute traumatic coagulopathyGangloff, Cédric 10 January 2019 (has links)
Une coagulopathie aigüe traumatique est constatée chez environ un tiers des patients traumatisés sévères. Ce trouble précoce, endogène et spécifique nécessite l’association d’importantes lésions tissulaires et d’une hémorragie. La phase initiale est caractérisée par l’expression d’un phénotype hémorragique responsable d’une mortalité précoce, la phase tardive par l’expression d’un profil pro-thrombotique responsable d’une mortalité retardée. La physiopathologie de ce phénomène est encore mal comprise. Celle-ci pourrait impliquer une dysrégulation de la voie de la protéine C, une CIVD fibrinolytique, une diminution des stocks en fibrinogène, une altération de la fonction plaquettaire et une agression endothéliale. Plusieurs auteurs ont relevé l’absence de modèle animal pertinent pour vérifier ces hypothèses. Les objectifs de ce travail de thèse ont été la mise au point d’un modèle animal de coagulopathie aigüe traumatique et l’étude de sa physiopathologie. Une première étude a été réalisée, permettant la mise au point d’un modèle murin de coagulopathie traumatique. Celle-ci a mis en évidence un trouble de la coagulation précoce, endogène et spécifique associé à l’expression d’un phénotype hémorragique et répondant à tous les critères clinico-biologiques d’une coagulopathie aigue traumatique. Une deuxième étude basée sur ce modèle a été réalisée afin de mettre en évidence les mécanismes généraux intervenant dans la physiopathologie de la coagulopathie aigüe traumatique. Le rôle protecteur du fibrinogène a été confirmé dans cette étude. Le profil clinicobiologique observé associait une génération de thrombine normale, une discrète thrombopénie et un phénotype hémorragique. Celui-ci infirmait l’hypothèse d’une CIVD mais était compatible avec celle d’une fibrinolyse médiée par une production accrue de protéine C activée. / An acute traumatic coagulopathy is observed in about one-third of severely traumatized patients. This early, endogenous and specific disorder occurs when tissue damages are combined with hemorrhage. The early phase of this condition is characterized by the expression of a bleeding phenotype and a lengthening in prothrombin time.The late phase is characterized by a pro-thrombotic profile leading to multiple organ failure. The physiopathology of this phenomenon is still poorly understood. This could involve a dysregulation of the protein C pathway, fibrinolytic DIC, a decrease in fibrinogen, impairment in platelet function and endothelial damages. Various authors have emphasized the lack of relevant animal model to study this phenomenon.The objective of this work was to develop an animal model of acute traumatic coagulopathy to study its pathophysiology. A first study was performed and led to the development of a murine model of traumatic coagulopathy. This study revealed a hemostasis disorder that meets all the criteria of acute traumatic coagulopathy. Then, a second study based on this model was performed to observe general hemostasis disorders occurring in the context of traumaassociated hemorrhage. This study confirmed the protective role of fibrinogen against ATC. The clinicalbiological profile observed in the case of ATC combining normal thrombin generation, subtle thrombocytopenia and hemorrhagic phenotype observed in the case of ATC invalidated the hypothesis of DIC but was compatible with fibrinolysis mediated by an increase in activated protein C.
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Utilisation du facteur VII recombinant activé pour contrôler le saignement en chirurgie cardiaque : études cliniques observationnelles et études expérimentales / Recombinant activated factor vii forn bleeding control in cardiovascular surgery : clinical and experimental studiesDurand, Marion 12 November 2010 (has links)
Contexte : L'hémorragie en chirurgie cardiaque est une complication non exceptionnelle et aux conséquences graves. Le facteur VII recombinant activé (rFVIIa) est un agent hémostatique puissant dont l'intérêt est discuté chez le patient non hémophile. Les études cliniques prospectives randomisées sont de réalisation difficile dans ces situations critiques. L'expérimentation animale est pertinente pour modéliser ces situations.Matériel et méthode : Dans ce travail sont recensés en détail ; d'une part, un observatoire prospectif national conduit de 2005 à 2007 dans les centres de chirurgie cardiaque français et d'autre part une démarche d'expérimentation animale de modélisation de saignement majeur chez le lapin.Résultats : Dans l'observatoire, le rFVIIa a été associé à un contrôle du saignement (arrêt 43 %, diminution 37 % persistance du saignement 20 %) et une meilleure survie à 28 jours (60 %) parmi les 109 patients inclus. La dose d'utilisation dans cette étude a été de 80 µg/kg. Aucune complication thrombotique majeure n'a été rapportée, notamment pour les 37 cas d'assistance circulatoire (pas de thrombose de circuit).Chez l'animal normotherme et non coagulopathe, le rFVIIa a permis de contrôler un saignement artériel majeur aux doses de 80 et 200 µg/kg sans signe de thrombose locale ou disséminée versus contrôle.Discussion : Dans des situations d'exception avec hémorragie majeure engageant le pronostic vital, après épuisement des ressources thérapeutiques et compensation des pertes sanguines, le rFVIIa peut être utilisé à visée hémostatique. Une dose proche de 80 µg/kg devrait être étudiée dans une étude prospective / Background: Bleeding in cardiovascular surgery is a non exceptional complication with significant consequences. Recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) is a powerful haemostatic agent of off-label use in non hemophiliac patients. Prospective randomized controlled trial is difficult to conduce in critical situations. Animal models allow relevant experimentation of such situations.Material and method: In this work we have collected works regarding the use of rFVIIa in: the prospective national registry of French practices in cardiac surgery from 2005 to 2007 and experimentations applied to an original rabbit model of acute arterial bleed.Results: In the registry, rFVIIa was associated with bleed control (stop 43 %, decrease 37 % ongoing bleed 20 %) and a better 28 day survival (60 %) among the 109 patients. In this study, the dose of rFVIIa was around 80 µg/kg. No major thrombotic event was found, noteworthy among the 37 patients with assisting devices (no thrombosis of the system).In non coagulopathic and normothermic rabbits, rFVIIa versus control could promote the sealing of an arterial wound at the doses of 80 and 200 µg/kg with no evidence of local or disseminated thrombosis.Conclusion: In dramatic situations of massive bleed with vital risk and after appropriate blood product compensation, rFVIIa rescue therapy can be performed with a seemingly acceptable safety at a dose around 80 µg/kg
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Recherche d'une hypercoagulabilité au cours de l'hypertension artérielle pulmonaire / Reserch of hypercoagulability during pulmonary arterial hypertensionBrunette-tournier, Agnès 15 December 2010 (has links)
L'hypertension pulmonaire (HTP) est une affection marquée par une dysfonction endothéliale et des thromboses in situ. L'état hypercoagulable a souvent été postulé mais il n'a jamais été clairement été démontré. Notre objectif principal était de déterminer si les patients atteints d'hypertension artérielle pulmonaire idiopathique (HTAPi), d'hypertension artérielle associée (HTAP associée) ou d'hypertension pulmonaire secondaire à une maladie respiratoire présentaient une hypercoagulabilité in vitro grâce la thrombinographie. Le second objectif de ce travail était d'étudier la dysfonction endothéliale chez les patients atteints d'HTAPi. Nous avons montré que certains patients atteints d'HTAPi présentent une hypercoagulabilité in vitro. Par contre nous n'avons pas pu montrer d'hypercoagulabilité dans les autres groupes de patients. La maladie sous-jacente pourrait expliquer en partie la différence mais cela reste encore à établir. Nous avons également montré que les patients atteints d'HTAPi ont une dysfonction endothéliale marquée par une augmentation du facteur von Willebrand, du Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor et une diminution de la thrombomoduline. / Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an affection with an endothelial dysfunction and in situ thromboses. Hypercoagulable state was postulated but was never clearly demonstrated. Our main objective was to determine if patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (iPAH), associated PAH or PH of respiratory diseases had in vitro hypercoagulability with calibrated automated thrombography (CAT). The second objective was to study the endothelial dysfunction in patients with iPAH. We have shown that some patients with iPAH had a hypercoagulable state in vitro. But patients of the other groups had no hypercoagulability. The underlying disease could explain at least in part the difference but it still remain to establish. We have shown that patients with iPAH had an endothelial dysfunction with increase of von willebrand factor, Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor and decrease of thrombomodulin
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Estudo da coagulação e floculação de águas sintéticas e naturais com turbidez e cor variáveis / Coagulation and flocculation study of synthetic and natural waters with variable turbidity and colorMendes, Carlos Gomes da Nave 16 February 1990 (has links)
Este trabalho apresenta uma extensa revisão bibliográfica enfocando os aspectos químicos e cinéticos da coagulação e floculação de águas contendo cor e turbidez. São Fornecidos dados de um grande número de ensaios de floculação realizados em instalação especialmente construída para estudar a coagulação e floculação de diversos tipos de águas preparadas em laboratório e naturais, contendo turbidez e cor. Como resultado, é proposta uma metodologia para a determinação de calores ótimos de dosagem de coagulante e respectivo pH, úteis para o tratamento de águas de abastecimento através da coagulação nos mecanismos de adsorção-neutralização e varredura, seguidos de floculação e sedimentação. Ainda com base no trabalho experimental realizado, é proposto um novo modelo matemático para correlacionar os dados do gradiente de velocidade ótimo com os períodos de floculação. Este modelo constitui-se em um aperfeiçoamento daquele apresentado anteriormente por ANDREU-VILLEGAS & LETTERMAN (4), acrescentando-se um novo parâmetro denominado gradiente de velocidade mínimo (G\'), para o qual obtêm-se crescentes eficiências de remoção de partículas floculentas por sedimentação com o aumento do período de floculação. / An extensive review of the literature, concerning chemical and kinetic aspects of coagulation and flocculation of several inicial qualitys of colored or turbid water is presented herein. An experimental work was carried out using a special facility to study all the aspects related to coagulation and flocculation of several types of shynthetic and natural waters. Based of the results obtained in this work, a new methodology to investigate optimum coagulant dosis and respective pH considering both coagulation mechanisms, adsorption-neutralization and sweep coagulation, is presented. In addition, a new methametical expression was derived to related optimum velocity gradient and mixing time for flocculation. This model is a refinement of that presented earlier by ANDREU-VILLEGAS & LETTERMAN (4), including a new parameter named minimum velocity gradient (G\') that permit an increase performance of the remotion of the inicial turbidity and color of water with the increase of the flocculation time.
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Substrate Concentration, Calcium Concentration and κ-Casein Hydrolysis in Milk CoagulationHe, Fenjin 01 May 1990 (has links)
Milk coagulation consists of four overlapping phases: enzymic hydrolysis, micelle aggregation, gelation and syneresis. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of added CaCl2 on milk coagulation and the relationship between enzymic hydrolysis and micelle aggregation with substrate at different concentrations.
Addition of CaCl2 to milk is widely practiced in industry and in laboratories. This changes calcium concentration, pH and ionic strength. It is impossible to separate these three variables and investigate each one independently.
Addition of low levels of CaCl2 shortens coagulation time and increases curd firming rate. Low levels of CaCl2 also accelerate the enzymic hydrolysis process. Calcium ions increase hydrolysis rate, but this effect is much smaller than that of lowered pH. Increase of ionic strength due to addition of CaCl2 has an adverse effect on enzymic hydrolysis. This dominates at high CaCl2 concentration, and the overall coagulation process slows down. Adding CaCl2 also promotes micelle aggregation. However, aggregation is retarded by high levels of added CaCl2.
Results of this study show that about 90% of the κ-casein is hydrolyzed for diluted milk (1/3) to coagulate. Samples at normal concentration (12 g NDM/100 ml solution) require only 60% conversion of κ-casein to para-κ-casein. Addition of CaCl2 significantly decreases this percentage. This suggests a different aggregation and gelation process in samples containing added CaCl2
When pepstatin A is used to stop enzymic hydrolysis at different times, different degrees of κ-casein conversion are obtained. Micelles aggregate even at very low percentages of hydrolysis. Previous reports have stated that a micelle cannot participate in aggregation until almost all of its κ-caseins have been hydrolyzed.
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Etude mathématique de quelques modèles issus de la théorie cinétiqueBagland, Véronique 09 December 2005 (has links) (PDF)
Dans cette thèse, on s'intéresse à différentes équations issues de la théorie cinétique. Tout d'abord, on considère une équation de Landau pour les particules de Fermi-Dirac. On montre l'existence d'une solution au problème de Cauchy associé et on détermine les états d'équilibre. Ensuite, dans une deuxième partie, on s'intéresse aux systèmes de moments pour l'équation de Boltzmann en relativité restreinte et on détermine les espaces de moments relativistes adéquats. Dans une troisième partie, on étudie les états stationnaires d'une équation de Kac avec thermostat dans le cas où la section efficace est supposée non-intégrable. Finalement, la quatrième partie est consacrée à l'étude d'une équation issue de la théorie de la coagulation, l'équation de Oort-Hulst-Safronov, qui est approchée par une suite d'équations discrètes.
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Molecular and rheological characterization of hyaluronic acid : determination of its role in thrombin-catalyzed fibrin clotting and viscosupplementation of jointsBarrett, Brandon J. 17 May 2002 (has links)
Three samples of the biopolymer hyaluronic acid (HA) were characterized in the
following manner: the molecular weights were obtained via multi-angle laser light
scattering; the intrinsic viscosities were calculated through dilute solution
viscometry, and the rheology of HA solutions was determined with constant rate
rotational viscometry and dynamical mechanical testing.
In addition, the highly debated role of hyaluronic acid in wound healing was
examined by studying the effect that HA has upon thrombin-catalyzed fibrin
clotting. Fibrin, in phosphate-buffered saline, was clotted both alone and after
being incubated with HA. It was determined that the presence of hyaluronic acid
resulted in a slower clotting process; in effect, HA acts as an anti-coagulant. Based
upon the experimental evidence, it is proposed that this anti-coagulant phenomenon
arises through a combination of two mechanisms: 1) specific binding between HA
and fibrin, which acts to retard fibrin clotting through steric hindrance, and 2) the
formation of an HA network which slows fibrin clotting by hindering free diffusion
of fibrin and thrombin.
Finally, creation of a synthetic replacement for synovial fluid was attempted using
xanthan gum and locust bean gum in phosphate-buffered saline. The phenomenon
of gum synergism was utilized in an effort to exert some degree of fine-tuning over
the final rheological properties of the solution. This also would provide the side
benefit of reducing the weight of gum required per unit volume. By mixing the
solutions at different temperatures, it was possible to exploit the tendency of
xanthan gum to uncoil at higher temperatures and therefore bind more strongly to
locust bean gum. However, it was determined that no combination of gum
concentrations and processing conditions resulted in a gum solution that adequately
mimicked the rheology of a hyaluronan solution. / Graduation date: 2003
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Cancer et coagulopathies : les implications du facteur tissulaire dans la progression tumoraleKalomiris, Kirgiakoula January 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Depuis les observations du Professeur Trousseau en 1865, le lien entre la progression tumorale et les désordres thrombotiques a été établi. Les patients atteints de cancer sont plus à risque de développer des coagulopathies dues au caractère pro-coagulant des cellules tumorales. Celles-ci induisent une hypercoagulation afin de synthétiser une matrice de fibrine qui servira de support pour la croissance tumorale. Suite à sa stabilisation matricielle, la tumeur sécrète plusieurs agents angiogéniques afin d'induire sa propre vascularisation. La suractivation du système de coagulation contribue alors à la croissance et à l'angiogenèse tumorale et le maillon commun semble être le facteur tissulaire. Cette glycoprotéine transmembranaire est exprimée de manière ubiquitaire dans les tissus subendothéliaux. Son rôle est d'initier la coagulation extrinsèque; lorsque l'intégrité vasculaire est atteinte, le facteur tissulaire est exposé au flux sanguin qui contient son ligand naturel, le facteur VIl. Ces derniers s'associent et le complexe pro-coagulant formé active la thrombine qui convertit le fibrinogène soluble en caillot de fibrine insoluble qui se loge au niveau de la blessure afin de rétablir l'hémostase. Le facteur tissulaire est également impliqué dans la vascularisation embryonnaire car selon certaines études, une délétion totale du gène entraîne une mort in utéro de l'embryon directement causé par un déficit de vascularisation. À l'inverse, sa surexpression entraîne un phénotype pathogénique tel qu'observé chez plusieurs lignées tumorales. Les objectifs de cette étude ont été d'évaluer l'effet de la surexpression du facteur tissulaire sur les propriétés angiogéniques des cellules endothéliales de l'aorte bovine ainsi que de caractériser la capacité du complexe pro-coagulant à induire la migration des cellules épithéliales issues de carcinome rénal humain. Les résultats indiquent que la surexpression endothéliale du facteur tissulaire induit la migration et la formation de structures de type capillaire de manière dépendante et indépendante des mécanismes de l'hémostase. De plus, le complexe pro-coagulant induit la migration des cellules épithéliales métastatiques de carcinome rénal mais non de leur contrepartie non-métastasique qui est caractérisée par une plus haute expression du facteur tissulaire. Finalement, les cellules épithéliales métastatiques et non-métastatiques induisent des différents profils d'activation de la protéine extracellular signal regulated kinase qui régule plusieurs processus cellulaires dont la migration. Ces résultats indiquent alors que le facteur tissulaire est impliqué dans l'angiogenèse et dans la progression tumorale selon des mécanismes qui impliquent ou non l'activité du complexe pro-coagulant. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Facteur tissulaire, Complexe pro-coagulant, Angiogenèse, Cellules endothéliales tumorales, Coagulopathies et cellules épithéliales de carcinome rénal.
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Investigation of tissue factor mRNA levels in human platelets using real-time PCRPettersson, Erik January 2012 (has links)
Tissue factor (TF), a 47 kDa glycoprotein, is the initiator of the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation and consequently of the upmost importance when damage to blood vessel occurs. The source of TF in circulation has been investigated. However, the source of TF is still not clear. One theory is that platelets express and increases the expression of TF after stimulation and the aim of our report was to investigate whether platelets really are a source for TF in circulation. Using specific primers for TF mRNA, platelets in plasma from healthy volunteers and from patients suffering from cardiac infarction were analyzed by using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Gel electrophoresis was performed after amplification of TF mRNA to verify the results. The samples were negative for TF when using real-time PCR and the few positive all had cycle threshold (Ct) values above 35. The contamination by monocytes was analyzed by using real-time PCR, with primers for CD14 and showed low amounts. After analysis, our conclusion was that platelets do not express TF. Although some samples had positive real-time PCR, the Ct values were all above 35, meaning they had very few transcripts in the initial samples and that the biological importance is uncertain. Since contamination of CD14 positive cells were found in most samples it can’t be ruled out that the origin of the positive TF mRNA is from monocytes.
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A Model for Blood Coagulation and Lysis Utilizing the Intrinsic and Extrinsic PathwaysLacroix, Daniel Edward 2011 May 1900 (has links)
Blood is a complex mixture of formed cellular elements, proteins, and ions dissolved in a
solution. It is a difficult fluid to model because it is a shear-thinning, viscoelastic fluid that stress- relaxes. In this study, a new mathematical model for whole blood is developed from a general equation for a fluid with a shear dependent viscosity. The model is then used as a backdrop for 28 different
biochemical factors interacting to form a clot. The full intrinsic and extrinsic pathways are both used in the simulation; the inclusion of the full intrinsic pathway is something that had not been done prior to this work. The model is executed in one spatial direction in an infinite domain as well as within a rigid
walled cylinder using a finite volume scheme. The rigid wall, similar to the new mathematical equation for blood, is an oversimplification of actual in-vitro conditions. The results of both simulations show the formation and dissolution of the clot. Sensitivity analysis is then performed in the finite domain model by adjusting the initial levels of factors Va and Xa. The results show that by increasing the initial level of one or both of these factors leads to the quicker formation of a clot.
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