Tese(doutorado)-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aqüicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2011. / Submitted by Cristiane Silva (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2012-06-23T13:10:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 teserodrigorandow 03 janeiro 12.pdf: 6906108 bytes, checksum: faabc1593b08bd594814548a459a2dcc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-07-27T20:08:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 teserodrigorandow 03 janeiro 12.pdf: 6906108 bytes, checksum: faabc1593b08bd594814548a459a2dcc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-27T20:08:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 teserodrigorandow 03 janeiro 12.pdf: 6906108 bytes, checksum: faabc1593b08bd594814548a459a2dcc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / No estado do Rio Grande do Sul, assim como é observado em todo mundo, a atividade de cultivo de camarões marinhos está em expansão desde a introdução do camarão branco do pacífico Litopenaeus vannamei. Com o potencial para o crescimento produtivo, vem também um real aumento dos riscos de impactos ambientais e socioeconômicos, que podem afetar diretamente a sustentabilidade dos cultivos. Assim, visando alcançar um desenvolvimento da atividade através de um ordenamento costeiro integrado, orientado para a sustentabilidade socioeconômica, ambiental, espacial e cultural da região, estruturou-se em quatro capítulos a tese aqui apresentada. O primeiro teve como proposta identificar e caracterizar as áreas destinadas a cultivos de camarões marinhos localizadas na porção sul do estuário da lagoa dos Patos, empregando análises de sensoriamento remoto orbital (ETM+/Landsat, Google Earth), aéreo (35 mm/sistema ADAR 1000), terrestre (RICOH 500SE) e de saídas de campo, integrando os dados num Sistema de Informação Geográfica (IDRISI Andes). Nesse capítulo os resultados apontaram que os empreendimentos foram construídos sobre campos litorâneos ou em regiões de dunas obliteradas, regiões estas propícias para o cultivo. No segundo capítulo, que foi considerado um estudo piloto para os dois capítulos seguintes, foi proposto avaliar locais propícios destinados a instalação de fazendas de cultivo de camarões marinhos, na região da Ilha da Torotama, RS, considerando critérios de aptidão e restrição, integrando um modelo final de auxílio à tomada de decisão (SIG). A análise integrada dos critérios de aptidão e restrição ao empreendimento mostrou que o local escolhido para esta atividade apresenta aspectos positivos. Dentre eles, aponta-se a localização sobre campos litorâneos a proximidade de possíveis mercados consumidores e mão de obra local, via de acesso boa, rede elétrica disponível e apoio técnico local (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Estação Marinha de Aquacultura - EMA). Quanto ao terceiro capítulo, ele teve com objetivo definir áreas propícias para o desenvolvimento da carcinocultura marinha em viveiros escavados, na região do baixo estuário da Laguna dos Patos (São José do Norte), sul do Brasil. Sendo que, como resultado as áreas consideradas mais atrativas perfizeram um total de 5.300 ha (16,84%), enquanto 14.600 ha (46,78%) possuíram condições consideradas boas para a atividade. Por último, o quarto capítulo, procurou selecionar áreas propícias para a carcinocultura marinha no município de Rio Grande. Como resultado desse estudo, de acordo com a escala de atratividade (prioridade entre 1 a 4), cerca de 2.100 ha. (24,01% da área considerada como apta) com características mais atrativas, isto é, com excelentes condições; cerca de 3.100 ha. (34,80%) com condições boas; cerca de 3.600 ha. (40,37%) na margem do recomendado para a atividade; e por último, uma pequena fração, cerca de 70 ha. (0,82%) como áreas aptas, mas não recomendadas. A partir das informações obtidas nos capítulos apresentados no presente trabalho de tese, foi possível demonstrar o potencial do uso da técnica do SIG para a seleção de áreas propícias para a carcinocultura marinha local e também que a partir do material científico aqui produzido, poderão ser criados instrumentos que auxiliarão na tomada de decisões legais de gestão inerentes a atividade. / In the state of Rio Grande do Sul, as is observed worldwide, the activity of marine shrimp farming has been expanding since the introduction of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. With the potential for production growth, is also a real increase in risk of environmental and socioeconomic impacts, which can directly affect the sustainability of crops. So in order to achieve a development activity through an integrated coastal planning, sustainability-oriented socio-economic, environmental, and cultural space in the region is structured in four chapters the thesis presented here. The first was as a proposal to identify and characterize areas for farming of marine shrimp located in the southern portion of the estuary of Patos Lagoon, using analysis of orbital remote sensing (ETM + / Landsat, Google Earth), air (35 mm / system ADAR 1000 ), terrestrial (RICOH 500SE) and field trips, integrating data into a Geographic Information System (IDRISI Andes). In this chapter the results showed that the developments were built on fields or in areas of coastal dunes obliterated, these regions favorable for farming. In the second chapter, which was considered a pilot study for the next two chapters, it was proposed to evaluate potential sites for the installation of marine shrimp farms in the region of the Torotama island, RS, considering suitability criteria and restrictions, integrating a final model to aid decision making (GIS). The integrated analysis of the suitability criteria and restricting development showed that the chosen location for this activity has positive aspects. Among them, pointed out the location on fields near the coastal markets of potential consumers and local workforce, good access road, electricity and local technical support available (Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Aquaculture Marine Station - EMA). The third chapter, had in order to define areas suitable for the development of marine shrimp culture in the lower estuary of Patos Lagoon (São José do Norte), southern Brazil. Since, as a result the areas considered most attractive covered a total of 5,300 ha (16.84%), while 14,600 ha (46.78%) had considered good conditions for the activity. Finally, the fourth chapter, tried to select areas suitable for marine shrimp culture in Rio Grande County. As a result, according to the scale of attractiveness (priority 1 to 4), about 2,100 ha. (24.01% of the area considered suitable) that is more attractive, ie, with excellent conditions, about 3,100 ha. (34.80%) with good condition, 3,600 ha. (40.37%) in the margin of the recommended activity, and finally, a small fraction, about 70 ha. (0.82%) as suitable areas, but not recommended. This project aims to propose the selection of suitable areas for cultivation of marine shrimp nursery in southern Rio Grande do Sul, with a focus on integrated coastal management, sustainability-oriented socio-economic, environmental, and cultural space in the region. From the information obtained in the chapters presented in this thesis it was demonstrated the potential use of GIS technique for selection of areas suitable for the local marine shrimp culture and also that from the scientific material produced here, will be developing tools that will assist in making legal decisions pertaining to management activity.

This study focuses on the determination of locality of Integrated Coastal Zone Management studies in Turkish legislation and applicability. Accordingly the process of the awareness of necessity for Integrated Coastal Zone Management in the world, related definitions, concepts and implementations, international institutional organizations and planning management experiences of different countries are firstly investigated. Afterwards coastal legislation, coastal planning process, recent studies in order to regulate authority in Turkey and as a result management, legislation, authority is evaluated. Finally Izmit Gulf (Kocaeli- Yalova) Integrated Coastal Zone Planning and Management Project are examined as a case study. State of Izmit Gulf, basic principles, zoning decisions and suggested strategies and activities are scrutinized. This study is also the first compilation concerning recent changes in planning legislation in Turkey related to ICZM studies.

In the last few decades, academic and institutions advanced in coastal research in Europe and America have rigorously engaged in developing numerical models for coastal wave hydrodynamic simulations. The notable products include MIKE21 from DHI in Denmark, CEDAS (with GENESIS and SBEACH) from Veri-Tech in the United States, and the SMC from University of Cantabria in Spain. Among them, the Spanish Coastal Modeling System (SMC) is the only integrated package for coastal planning and modeling. With a unique preprocess module which pre-stores the bathymetry and wave data, the SMC provides a user-friendly interface directly using the screen display for a series of coastal planning and design applications which comprise artificial nourishment with headland-bay beach, breakwater construction and extension, and dredging of navigation channel etc., as well as the usual wave-current simulation for countermeasures in coastal protection and disaster mitigation. Despite the availability of several numerical programs for wave-current simulations and beach changes that have been developed by the coastal professional in Taiwan, and the continuous effort of the Water Resources Agency, Ministry of Economic Affairs to establish a national coastal database, it is imperative to develop/setup an integrated bathymetry-hydrodynamics-protection system, such as the Spanish SMC, as the key element in the national platform for coastal planning and modeling. This dissertation first describes the coastal environment in Taiwan, major causes for shoreline evolution and then reviews the history of shore protection since 1970s, together with the current prospective for coastal environment and strategies to sustain the natural shoreline ratio. To accomplish these goals, the Water Resources Agency has endeavored to implement artificial nourishment with headland-bay beaches, in order to raise the ratio of natural shoreline, in addition to establish a national coastal planning and simulation platform. As a response to this call for eco-engineering approach, we recommend that headland-bay beach in static equilibrium be adopted for mitigating coastal erosion, beach restoration and creation of recreational beaches, which can be designed directly on the screen using the empirical bay shape equation in conjunction with the SMC. Based on the framework of the Spanish SMC, this writer has successfully attempted the preliminary pre-process module of Baco (bathymetry) and Odin (wave climate) for Taiwan, using data from digitized nautical charts, nearshore depth surveys, and long-term wave observation results around Taiwan from the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS). The effort generates the first version of SMC in Taiwan. Having pre-stored the bathymetry and wave data for Dapeng bay in Pingtung County and Sizihwan Bay in Kaohsiung City, a series of coastal planning and modeling procedures for these two model sites are demonstrated in this dissertation, including a series of calculations of wave-current distribution for monsoon and storm waves, as well as planning of bay beach using artificial nourishment. Upon executing the Taiwanese version of SMC introduced in this dissertation, the modeling results can be applied to assist the planners and decision makers in comprehending the coastal environment, devising a feasible shore protection strategy, and promoting an earlier accomplishment of the so-called ¡ugeo-engineering ¡u in our country. Finally, the writer also wishes the outcome of this study could help relevant government agency to accomplish the prospective of sustainable coastal development upon implementing the strategies of establishing an appropriate coastal planning platform and promoting a systematic approach for coastal planning and design, as revealed in the "Sustainable Regeneration of Coastal Environment Project (98 ~ 103 fiscal year)".

In Turkey, there is not a comprehensive (integrated) coastal policy. In addition, there are many different policies and legal regulations describing the implementation processes of these policies and institutional structures emerged as the consequences of these regulations concerning the coastal areas. Although there is a coastal law specified for the coasts, the applicability of the rules determining the utilization principles of the coast and shore strip described with this law administratively has always been controversial. In the Constitution, the principle of controlling the coasts and shore strips within the framework of public interest and environmental protection was adopted. The valid Coastal Law necesitates the formation of a uniform spatial pattern in the shore strip described in a stable manner. This situation means that the existing characteristics of small coastal settlements, existed in an integration with the sea throughout the history, were ignored and the relations of these settlements with the sea were disconnected. The main target of the thesis is to put forward and critisize to what extent the spatial pattern desired to constitute with the planning approach proposed in the Law is in service of the public interest and principles of environmental protection in the small coastal settlements. Finally, the implementation problems caused by the Coastal Law in Bozburun are put forward in this thesis. Recommendations are given concerning that the power of planning should be increased in this process and accordingly institutional structure should be rearrenged in stead of the Coastal Law&rsquo / s proposing similar plan decisions for the coastal settlements at any scale.

Integrated coastal management (ICM) has been the basis for coastal planning and management since the 1970s. The theory and practice of ICM is based on the premise that increased integration of planning and management in the coastal zone will lead to improved environmental and social outcomes for the coast. In the context of global and national trends, this thesis examines the application of ICM in three place-based coastal case studies in Victoria: the Gippsland Lakes, Point Nepean and the Geelong region. The particular focus is on the twin challenges of coastal urbanisation and the impacts of climate change. Through a wide range of applied research techniques including focus groups, the research explores the pressures, issues, impacts and implications for ICM and beyond. The case studies point to a number of important implications for ICM and identify opportunities for a more sustainable approach to coastal planning. In reviewing the research findings, a set of five steps and six principles are proposed to respond to policy failures and provide for a transition to more sustainable coastal planning in Victoria. The five steps involve expanding the theory of ICM to be outcome based and regional in its approach to coastal planning and management. In the context of climate change, a more adaptive and systems approach has been incorporated along with recognising the even greater importance of community engagement in coastal planning processes during a period of increased uncertainty and change. The principal instrument for change is a tripartite intergovernmental agreement on sustainable coastal planning underpinned by a set of six principles. These include: agreed and shared outcomes for the coastal environment to facilitate horizontal and vertical integration; an adaptive and systems approach integrating science and urban planning drawing on experience and knowledge in both disciplines; incorporation of the shared outcomes and an adaptive approach into urban and regio nal planning systems for local implementation; regional governance arrangements for integration of policy outcomes and community involvement; capacity building for sustainable coastal planning including interdisciplinary research and community education and long term monitoring and evaluation. The transition from ICM to sustainable coastal planning does not discard ICM but rather incorporates its strengths and adapts the concept to meet the twin challenges of coastal urbanisation and climate change. Further research questions are posed to indicate how the research findings could be further developed as part of a future coastal research agenda. The research findings seek to make a contribution to the theory and practice of ICM to build a pathway to coastal planning for the benefit of our coast and future generations.

This thesis focuses on regional coastal planning, starting with a look at the scope of the new coastal planning responsibilities assumed by the Catalan Government as established in article 149.3 of the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia, and then analysing the urban master plans for the coastal system. The thesis begins (Chapter 1) with a study of the evolution of the legal framework for coastal planning and its complex division of responsibilities, which has been conditioned by two recent events: the new responsibilities incurred by the Catalan Government in the matter of coastal planning and sentence 31/2010 passed by the Constitutional Court concerning the Statute. Then (in Chapter 2) other coastal planning models, with problems similar to our own, are studied by comparing cases in both foreign and autonomous law that provide solutions and ideas to help shape a more ambitious model for the protection of our coastline. The main body of the thesis (Chapter 3) deals with the key to the current plans for the Catalan coastline: the urban master plans for the coastal system. Seven years after they were passed a jurisprudential analysis has been conducted to know how well they fit in with the principle of municipal autonomy, their suitability to regional and municipal planning, and the possible pecuniary liability incurred by the state upon their approval. The thesis concludes (Chapter 4) by defending the need to articulate an integrated management model for the Catalan coastline with a Catalan law governing coastal planning, which would serve to deal not only with the risks this area is subject to, but also with the need to limit the negative effects of the proposed reform of the state coastal law / La tesi se centra en l’estudi de l’ordenació urbanística i territorial del litoral, partint de les potencialitats de les noves competències de la Generalitat de Catalunya en ordenació del litoral atorgades per l’article 149.3 de l’Estatut i analitzant la figura dels plans directors urbanístics del sistema costaner. El treball s’inicia (capítol I) amb l’estudi de l’evolució del marc jurídic en ordenació del litoral i el seu complex marc competencial, condicionat per dos elements recents: les noves competències traspassades a la Generalitat en matèria d’ordenació del litoral i la Sentència del Tribunal Constitucional 31/2010 sobre l’Estatut. A continuació (capítol II) s’estudien altres models d’ordenació litoral en el dret comparat estranger —de França, Itàlia i els EUA— i autonòmic, amb problemàtiques similars a les nostres, que ens aporten solucions i idees per ajudar a configurar un model més ambiciós de protecció de la nostra costa. En la part central de la tesi (capítol III) s’aborda l’estudi de la peça clau de l’actual ordenació del litoral català: els plans directors urbanístics del sistema costaner. Set anys després de la seva aprovació —i a través de la jurisprudència—, s’analitza el seu encaix en el principi d’autonomia municipal, la seva adequació al planejament territorial i municipal, així com l’eventual responsabilitat patrimonial que va operar en la seva aprovació. Finalment, el treball es clou (capítol IV) defensant la necessitat d’articular un model de gestió integrada del litoral català a través d’una llei catalana d’ordenació del litoral que serveixi per fer front als riscos a què es troba sotmès aquest espai, però també a la necessitat de limitar els efectes negatius de la reforma de la Llei de costes estatal que ara es planteja

The theme of this thesis is that ecologically sustainable coastal management (ESCM) is achievable through the application of law. Once the legal principles and the administrative structures that that law supports have been put into place a framework is created within which the goal of ecologically sustainable development - 'Development that improves the total quality of life, both now and in the future, in a way that maintains the ecological processes on which life depends' can be realised. This thesis approaches the task by analysing the components of ecologically sustainable development (ESD), synthesising them into a set of principles for achieving ESCM and then, by using a comparative approach, devising a number of recommendations, which, if followed, will enable ESCM to be achieved. While the focus is on ESCM, the recommendations could be applied with minimal adaptation, to most, if not all, natural resource management. The thesis is divided into five Parts. Part A looks at the function of law in ESCM and proposes a theoretical model for a legal and administrative regime to be tested in the remaining Parts. Part B considers the context for ESCM and the policies and approaches followed by the different jurisdictions compared throughout this thesis, in addressing sustainable development, with emphasis in chapter four on devising the principles for ESCM. These principles are then developed and analysed in the remaining Parts of the thesis. Part C looks at the current constitutional legal regime for the coastal zone in each jurisdiction and then moves on to consider the first two of the principles for ESCM, international responsibilities and integrated coastal zone management, linked together in this part by the direct dependence on law as the agent for management Part D is about the four remaining principles of ESCM - the practical instruments for achieving ESCM. These are environmental impact assessment, public participation, coastal planning and economic instruments. In the last Part, Part E, the suggested principles for ESCM are brought together and, by a comparison of the various legal and administrative mechanisms used in the jurisdictions reviewed in this thesis, recommendations for achieving ESCM are drawn up. It is suggested that implementation of these recommendations will achieve ecologically sustainable coastal management.