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Différentes méthodes de synthèses ont été mises au point pour contrôler la forme et la composition des nanoparticules. L’effet de la nature et la concentration des surfactants, des solvants, la température et le temps de synthèse a également été étudié. Les poudres ont été caractérisées par diffraction des rayons X et microscopie électronique à transmission, couplée à la spectroscopie d'énergie dispersive. Des propriétés catalytiques et de détection ont été évaluées respectivement en présence de faibles concentrations de CO et de NO2 dans de l’air synthétique.Des nanooctaèdres de CoxFe3-xO4 ( x=1, 1,5 et x = 1,8 ) de 15-20 nm ont été produits par synthèse hydrothermale en utilisant différents surfactants (CTAB, SDS et PVP). Des nanocubes de tailles différentes de CoFe2O4 ont été produits par synthèse solvothermique en utilisant l'oléylamine comme surfactant. La poudre de CoxFe3-xO4 avec x = 1,5 a une activité plus élevée pour la conversion du CO que les nanooctaèdres x=1, et la conversion a lieu à plus basse température dans le cas des nanocubes. Les nanocubes présentent une sensibilité inférieure de détection au NO2 à celle des nanooctaèdres, ce qui indique que les faces {111} sont plus réactives que les faces {100} dans les nanoparticules de ferrites de cobalt. / Different synthesis methods such as hydrothermal, solvothermal and thermal decomposition were developed to control nanoparticles shape and composition. The influence of synthesis parameters such as the nature of surfactants, the solvents, temperature and time of synthesis were also investigated. The powders were characterized by X-ray Diffraction and Transmission Electron Microscopy coupled with Dispersive Energy Spectroscopy. The catalytic and detection properties were evaluated in presence of CO and NO2 in synthetic air. CoxFe3-xO4 (x = 1, 1.5 ) nanooctahedra with 15-20 nm were produced by hydrothermal synthesis using different surfactants (CTAB, SDS and PVP). Nanocubes of CoFe2O4 were successfully obtained by solvothermal synthesis using oleylamine as surfactant. Nanooctahedra of CoxFe3-xO4 with x = 1.5 have higher activity for the CO conversion than those with x=1, and the conversion starts at lower temperature for the nanocubes. The nanocubes show lower sensitivity for the detection of NO2 than the nanooctahedra which indicates that the {111} faces are more reactive than the {100} ones in cobalt ferrites nanoparticles.

Ce travail est consacré à l’élaboration et l’étude des propriétés catalytiques, électriques et magnétiques denanomatériaux à base de ferrite de cobalt. Les nanopoudres de ferrite de cobalt (CoxFe3-xO4 , x=0.6,1,1.2,1.8 ) ont étéélaborées par une nouvelle méthode chimique solvo-thermale. Les nanopoudres obtenues sont très bien cristallisées ontdes tailles de particules qui varient avec le taux de cobalt entre 4 et 7 nm et sont très homogènes en composition. Lesnanopoudres de ferrites de cobalt sont monophasées, de structure spinelle avec un paramètre de maille qui varie enfonction du taux de cobalt. Les nanopoudres de ferrites de cobalt ne s’oxydent pas sous air et en température .Lesnanopoudres de composition proches de x=1 sont stables jusqu’à 900°C, alors que pour de plus forts écarts à lastoechiométrie, des transformations de phase ont lieu au delà de 550°C.Les mesures catalytiques ont mis en évidence l’oxydation de CH4 en CO2 après passage sur le catalyseur pour tous leséchantillons. L’efficacité catalytique est maximale et l’énergie d’activation est la plus faible pour l’échantillon x=1.8 ;ceci est lié à la plus grande surface spécifique, et au plus fort taux de sites actifs pour cette composition.Les ferrites de cobalt élaborées présentent une conduction de type électronique avec un comportement semi conducteurjusqu’à 500-600°C et un comportement métallique au-delà. Les variations de conductivité d’une composition à l’autres’expliquent par les variations du nombre de paires [Co2+,Fe3+].Les nanoparticules ont un comportement superparamagnétique quelle que soit la composition. Ce comportement estdû principalement à un effet de taille et de forme, et à une distribution cationique différente entre les deux types desites tétraédriques et octaédriques de la structure spinelle. Ces ferrites présentent une aimantation à saturation prochede celle de l’état massif, du fait de la grande qualité cristalline attribuée à la méthode d’élaboration mise au point. / This work is devoted to the synthesis and the study of the physical properties of cobalt ferrite nanomaterials. Thecobalt ferrite nanopowders (CoxFe3-xO4 , x=0.6,1,1.2,1.8 ) were synthesized by a new solvo thermal chemical route.The nanopowders are highly crystallized, very homogeneous in size and chemical composition. The nanopowderssizes are ranged from 4 nm for high cobalt content to 7 nm for low cobalt content. They are single phased, with thespinel structure, and a cell parameter varying with the cobalt content. The cobalt ferrites do not oxidize, when heatedunder air. For compositions near x=1, the cobalt ferrites are stable when heated under air up to 900°C, as for the othercompositions, phase transformations occur above 550°C.The catalytic measurements have shown the oxidation of CH4 into CO2 in presence of the catalyst for all thecompositions. Cobalt ferrite with composition x=1.8, presents the lowest activation energy and the best catalyticefficiency; this can be related to the great specific surface and the high rate of active sites for this composition.Concerning the conduction properties, the cobalt ferrites exhibit a semiconductor character up to 500-600 ° C and ametallic one above. Changes in conductivity from a composition to another are explained by changes in the number ofpairs [Co2+, Fe3+].A superparamagnetic behaviour was evidenced whatever the composition. This is due for one part to a size and shapeeffect and for the other part to different cationic distribution between tetrahedral and octahedral sites. These ferriteshave a saturation magnetization close to that of the massive state, because of the high crystallinity of the nanopowders,attributed to the synthesis method developed in this work.

Hydrothermal method of nanoparticle preparation, involving oleic acid, has received certain attention in the last years. However, the published works lack systematic approach to the subject, and the mechanism was not thoroughly investigated, so as to achieve a predictable outcome of the synthesis. The present work investigated the influence of composition of organic and water phase on the synthesis of cobalt ferrite (cobalt(II)-iron(III) oxide) and magnetite nanoparticles, and the mechanism of nanoparticle formation was proposed. Organic phase was based on pentanol, octanol or toluene, containing the precursor - metal oleate. Besides hydrophobic particles, it was even possible to directly prepare hydrophilic oleate-coated particles by using water phase with sodium oleate. Synthetic procedure was then simplified by a separate preparation of cobalt-iron oleate, which led also to a product of narrower size distribution and better phase purity. Size control in the range of 6-11 nm and a batch yield of ca. 500 mg was achieved. Attention was given also to the surface modification of the particles, thus imparting them hydrophilicity. Small di- or tricarboxylic acids were utilized, as well as carboxylmethyl dextran and titanium dioxide. Titanium dioxide required additional protection with...

[pt] Nanopartículas de óxidos metálicos têm sido objeto de estudo devido suas propriedades ópticas, eletrônicas e magnéticas diferenciadas. Além disso, espinélios, em particular a ferrita de cobalto (Fe2CoO4), tem se destacado dado o crescente número de aplicações voltadas à exploração do seu potencial catalítico, principalmente no âmbito dos processos de química verde. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como foco a síntese de nanopartículas do espinélio Fe2CoO4, no âmbito de uma rota de processamento sol-gel, as quais são em seguida caracterizadas visando ao estudo de características relevantes, tais como, composição química elementar, desordem catiônica, tamanho e morfologia dos cristais, via microscopia eletrônica (MEV/EDS) e difração de raios – x (DRX). Finalmente, o potencial catalítico das nanopartículas produzidas foi investigado no que diz respeito à oxidação de uma matéria prima enriquecida em carbono oriunda da pirólise da madeira, mediante ensaios preliminares em forno tubular, bem como via experimentos de termogravimetria (TG). Neste contexto, amostras diversas foram produzidas variando-se a temperatura de calcinação (300 a 1000 graus Celsius), procurando-se estabelecer correlações entre a atividade catalítica medida e as características intrínsecas de cada material. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que as amostras produzidas a 300 e 400 graus Celsius com 6h de tratamento apresentaram superior atividade catalítica para a oxidação da matéria-prima a 600 graus Celsius conduzida no forno tubular. A atividade catalítica foi igualmente comprovada via testes termogravimétricos conduzidos com a amostra calcinada a 400 graus Celsius na faixa de temperatura entre 480 e 630 graus Celsius. O óxido de interesse se mostrou estável na referida faixa de temperatura. O modelo do núcleo não reagido permitiu uma avaliação quantitativa da cinética de oxidação do carvão na referida faixa de temperaturas, encontrando-se um único valor de energia de ativação – 50,1kJ/mol. / [en] Nanoparticles of metallic oxides have been studied because of their optical, electronic and magnetic properties. In addition, spinel, particularly cobalt ferrite (Fe2CoO4), has stood out due to the increasing number of applications aimed at exploiting its catalytic potential, especially in the field of green chemistry. In this context, the present work focuses on the synthesis of Fe2CoO4 spinel nanoparticles, within the scope of a sol-gel processing route, which are then characterized for the study of relevant characteristics such as elemental chemical composition, cationic disorder, Size and morphology of the crystals, via electron microscopy (SEM / EDS) and X - ray diffraction (XRD). Finally, the catalytic potential of the nano particles produced was investigated with respect to the oxidation of a carbon-enriched raw material from the pyrolysis of the wood, through preliminary tests in a tubular furnace, as well as via thermogravimetric (TG) experiments. In this context, several samples were produced by varying the calcination temperature (300 to 1000 degrees Celsius), aiming to establish correlations between the measured catalytic activity and the intrinsic characteristics of each material. The obtained results suggest that the samples produced at 300 and 400 degrees Celsius with 6h of treatment presented superior catalytic activity for the oxidation of the raw material at 600 degrees Celsius conducted in the tubular furnace. The catalytic activity was also verified through thermogravimetric tests conducted with the sample calcined at 400 degrees Celsius in the temperature range between 480 and 630 degrees Celsius. The oxide of interest was shown to be stable in said temperature range. The unreacted nucleus model allowed a quantitative evaluation of the oxidation kinetics of the coal in said temperature range, with a single activation energy value of 50.1 kJ / mol.

The magnetic separation approach has several advantages compared with conventional separation methods / it can be performed directly in crude samples containing suspended solid materials without pretreatment, and can easily isolate some biomolecules from aqueous systems in the presence of magnetic gradient fields. This thesis focused on the development of new class of magnetic separation material particularly useful for the separation of histidine-tagged proteins from the complex matrixes through the use of imidazole side chains of histidine molecules. For that reason surface modified cobalt ferrite nanoparticles which contain Ni-NTA affinity group were synthesized. Firstly, cobalt ferrite nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution were prepared in aqueous solution using the controlled coprecipitation method. In order to obtain small size of agglomerates two different dispersants, oleic acid and sodium chloride, were tried. After obtaining the best dispersant and optimum experimental conditions, ultrasonic bath was used in order to decrease the size of agglomerates. Then, they were coated with silica and this was followed by surface modification of these nanoparticles by amine in order to add functional groups on silica shell. Next, &ndash / COOH functional groups were added to silica coated cobalt ferrite magnetic nanoparticles through the NH2 groups. After that N&alpha / ,N&alpha / -Bis(carboxymethyl)-L-lysine hydrate, NTA, was attached to carboxyl side of the structure. Finally, nanoparticles were labeled with Ni (II) ions. The size of the magnetic nanoparticles and their agglomerates were determined by FE-SEM images, particle size analyzer, and zeta potential analyzer (zeta-sizer). Vibrational sample magnetometer (VSM) was used to measure the magnetic behavior of cobalt ferrite and silica coated cobalt ferrite magnetic nanoparticles. Surface modifications of magnetic nanoparticles were followed by FT-IR measurements. ICP-OES was used to find the amount of Ni (II) ion concentration that was attached to the magnetic nanoparticle.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-02-20T11:58:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Eli Silveira Alves Júnior - 2016.pdf: 12417931 bytes, checksum: 6db7ee264bfc1aa30451796af3624091 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-02-20T11:59:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Eli Silveira Alves Júnior - 2016.pdf: 12417931 bytes, checksum: 6db7ee264bfc1aa30451796af3624091 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-20T11:59:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Eli Silveira Alves Júnior - 2016.pdf: 12417931 bytes, checksum: 6db7ee264bfc1aa30451796af3624091 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-18 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Nanocomposites based on magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in a polymer matrix has emerged as a new class of materials that might be applied in various technology segments, such as telecommunication, aerospace and recently biomedical industry. However, obtaining nanocomposites with uniform distribution of nanoparticles in the polymeric matrix has been a challenge due to the chemical incompatibility between these materials. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the homogeneity of the dispersion of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles in an epoxy resin matrix by varying the method of incorporating them into the polymeric matrix (by adding a powder or a colloidal dispersion of nanoparticles). The prepared materials were evaluated by chemical (FTIR, AA, UV-Vis), structural (XRD), thermal (TG, DSC), morphological (DLS, SEM, TEM) and magnetic (VSM) characterization techniques. A strong correlation between the method of incorporation of the cobalt ferrite nanoparticles, the uniformity of their dispersion into the polymeric matrix and the thermal and magnetic properties of the nanocomposites was verified. / Nanocompósitos de nanopartículas magnéticas dispersas numa matriz polimérica tem se destacado como uma nova classe de materiais que podem ser aplicados em diversos segmentos tecnológicos, como nas indústrias de telecomunicações, indústria aeroespacial e, recentemente, na indústria biomédica. Contudo, a confecção de nanocompósitos com distribuição uniforme das nanopartículas na matriz polimérica tem sido um desafio, em virtude da incompatibilidade química entre estes materiais. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a homogeneidade da dispersão de nanopartículas de ferrita de cobalto (CoFe2O4) em uma matriz epoxídica, variando-se o método de incorporação das nanopartícula na matriz polimérica (adicionando-se um pó ou uma dispersão coloidal de nanopartículas). As propriedades dos materiais preparados foram avaliadas pelas técnicas de caracterização química (FTIR, AA, UV-Vis), estrutural (XRD), térmica (TG, DSC), morfológica (DLS, SEM, TEM) e magnética (VSM). Verificou-se forte correlação entre o método de incorporação das nanopartículas de ferrita de cobalto, a uniformidade da dispersão destas na matriz polimérica e as propriedades térmicas e magnéticas apresentadas pelos nanocompósitos.

Within this thesis, (ultra)thin NiFe2O4 (NFO) and CoFe2O4 (CFO) films are prepared via reactive molecular beam epitaxy (RMBE) on MgO(001) and SrTiO3(001) substrates and are characterized in terms of their structural, electronic, and magnetic properties. In a first step, the structural properties of ultrathin off-stoichiometric NixFe(3-x)O4 films (0<x<1.5) deposited via RMBE on MgO(001) are investigated in situ during film deposition by means of synchrotron radiation-based x-ray diffraction (XRD) and ex situ after film growth by high energy surface x-ray diffraction (HESXRD). In the second major step of this work, a more extensive study on the dependence of the cationic ratio in NixFe(3-x)O4 thin films (0<x<2.07) grown on MgO(001) is conducted. The film surface structure and chemical composition is characterized in situ by low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and laboratory-based soft x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. Film thicknesses are determined via analysis of x-ray reflectivity (XRR) data, while the film structure is analyzed by XRD measurements. Further, chemical properties and the electronic structure of the NFO films with focus on the cationic valencies of Ni and Fe cations with varying x is investigated by means of (angle-resolved) hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy [(AR-)HAXPES]. Complementary x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) investigations are conducted to obtain information on the cationic site occupancies and on the element-specific magnetic moments. The latter are compared to magnetic properties characterized via superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry. In a third step, the type of substrate is changed to SrTiO3(001) to investigate the influence of a larger strain applied by the substrate to NFO films with varying thicknesses. Structural characterization at the surfaces and in the films is conducted by means of LEED, XRR, and (grazing incidence) XRD, whereas XPS and HAXPES provide information on the chemical composition and electronic structure in the near-surface region and in deeper subsurface layers, respectively. Magnetic properties are characterized by SQUID magnetometry. In a fourth step, an alternative pathway for the formation of ferrite thin films is demonstrated exemplarily for CoFe2O4 films on SrTiO3(001), which are formed by interdiffusion of Fe3O4/CoO bilayers. The interdiffusion process was monitored via XRR, soft XPS and AR-HAXPES to determine the bilayer/film structure, stoichiometry, and chemical properties. Analysis of complementary XAS measurements provides additional information on the occupancies of Fe and Co cations during interdiffusion. Final SQUID magnetometry measurements are performed to gain information on the magnetic properties before and after complete interdiffusion. Overall, within this thesis, it was demonstrated that NFO and CFO thin films can be prepared in high structural quality with sharp interfaces and surfaces, which is crucial for the applicability in the fields of spintronics and spincaloritronics.

Neste trabalho, estudou-se a síntese por sol-gel da ferrita de cobalto (CoFe2O4), variando-se a temperatura de tratamento térmico do xerogel. Nitrato de ferro e nitrato de cobalto foram utilizados como fonte de cátions e ácido cítrico como mineralizador. Os produtos obtidos, tratados a 750, 800 e 850°C, tiveram sua microestrutura e propriedades magnéticas investigadas no intuito de encontrar correlações entre as condições de síntese, as posições ocupadas pelos cátions dentro da estrutura espinélio do composto e as propriedades magnéticas medidas. Estudos de difratometria de raios X exibiram reflexões características da estrutura espinélio, o que sugere que o tratamento térmico não afetou significativamente a estrutura cristalina do material. Uma fração secundária de hematita também foi observada. As ferritas apresentaram área superficial específica (por BET) de aproximadamente 4 m².g-1. Imagens por MEV indicam que o material apresenta-se aglomerado. Quanto às propriedades magnéticas, um máximo de coercividade de 1405.2 Oersted foi encontrado para a amostra tratada a 800°C. Espectros Mößbauer indicaram um baixo grau de inversão nos espinélios formados, o que é incomum para a ferrita de cobalto. Subtraindo do espectro obtido por Mößbauer o excesso de ferro na forma de hematita, há um forte indicativo que a ferrita foi sintetizada de maneira sub-estequiométrica deficiente em ferro. / We herein report a study on the sol-gel synthesis of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) and the effect of treatment temperature on the product outcome. Iron nitrate and cobalt nitrate were used as cation sources and citric acid as mineralizer. Products treated at 750, 800 and 850°C had their microstructure and magnetic properties assessed in order to correlate their synthesis conditions, the positions in which the cations are inserted in the spinel structure and the magnetic behavior displayed by the ferrites. X-ray diffractometry studies exhibit the characteristic reflections of spinel group materials, suggesting that the thermal treatment does not sensibly affect the crystalline structure of the material. A secondary fraction of hematite was also observed. The ferrites exhibit a specific surface area (from BET) of approximately 4 m².g-1. SEM images indicate the material forms agglomerates. As to the magnetic properties, a maximum of 1405.2 Oersted was achieved for the sample treated at 800°C. Mößbauer spectra indicate a fairly low inversion degree in the synthesized materials, which is rather unusual for cobalt ferrite. After deducting the iron fraction present in the form of hematite, there are strong indications that cobalt ferrite was synthesized as a substoichiometric iron-deficient spinel.

Neste trabalho, estudou-se a síntese por sol-gel da ferrita de cobalto (CoFe2O4), variando-se a temperatura de tratamento térmico do xerogel. Nitrato de ferro e nitrato de cobalto foram utilizados como fonte de cátions e ácido cítrico como mineralizador. Os produtos obtidos, tratados a 750, 800 e 850°C, tiveram sua microestrutura e propriedades magnéticas investigadas no intuito de encontrar correlações entre as condições de síntese, as posições ocupadas pelos cátions dentro da estrutura espinélio do composto e as propriedades magnéticas medidas. Estudos de difratometria de raios X exibiram reflexões características da estrutura espinélio, o que sugere que o tratamento térmico não afetou significativamente a estrutura cristalina do material. Uma fração secundária de hematita também foi observada. As ferritas apresentaram área superficial específica (por BET) de aproximadamente 4 m².g-1. Imagens por MEV indicam que o material apresenta-se aglomerado. Quanto às propriedades magnéticas, um máximo de coercividade de 1405.2 Oersted foi encontrado para a amostra tratada a 800°C. Espectros Mößbauer indicaram um baixo grau de inversão nos espinélios formados, o que é incomum para a ferrita de cobalto. Subtraindo do espectro obtido por Mößbauer o excesso de ferro na forma de hematita, há um forte indicativo que a ferrita foi sintetizada de maneira sub-estequiométrica deficiente em ferro. / We herein report a study on the sol-gel synthesis of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) and the effect of treatment temperature on the product outcome. Iron nitrate and cobalt nitrate were used as cation sources and citric acid as mineralizer. Products treated at 750, 800 and 850°C had their microstructure and magnetic properties assessed in order to correlate their synthesis conditions, the positions in which the cations are inserted in the spinel structure and the magnetic behavior displayed by the ferrites. X-ray diffractometry studies exhibit the characteristic reflections of spinel group materials, suggesting that the thermal treatment does not sensibly affect the crystalline structure of the material. A secondary fraction of hematite was also observed. The ferrites exhibit a specific surface area (from BET) of approximately 4 m².g-1. SEM images indicate the material forms agglomerates. As to the magnetic properties, a maximum of 1405.2 Oersted was achieved for the sample treated at 800°C. Mößbauer spectra indicate a fairly low inversion degree in the synthesized materials, which is rather unusual for cobalt ferrite. After deducting the iron fraction present in the form of hematite, there are strong indications that cobalt ferrite was synthesized as a substoichiometric iron-deficient spinel.