Submitted by Cristiane Chim (cristiane.chim@ucpel.edu.br) on 2017-06-28T18:06:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 sabrina.pdf: 1471360 bytes, checksum: 844f8400df46b9858795565814eb0088 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-28T18:06:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sabrina.pdf: 1471360 bytes, checksum: 844f8400df46b9858795565814eb0088 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES# / #2075167498588264571# / #600 / The present dissertation aims at describing acoustically the coronal fricative /s/ of Brazilian Portuguese spoken in the city of Pelotas. The focus is to determining the acoustic characteristics of this consonant in different syllabic positions in order to verify how acoustic properties may explain its behavior in the coda position. The studies regarding the Syllable Theory were one of the motives behind the research, and the Acoustic Theory of Speech Production served as the theoretical foundation of this study. The experiment of speech production controlled the fricative in different contexts, controlling following and previous vowel and consonantal context of voiceless and voiced occlusives. The stress pattern of the syllable in which /s/ was placed and gender of the participants were also considered for the analysis. Four volunteers, born and living in Pelotas, between the ages 30 and 50 years, with university degrees and monolingual, participated in this research. The data was collected in soundproof booth, and the acoustic analysis was performed using Praat (BOERSMA; WEENINK, 2001). The parameters considered for the analysis of the fricative included duration and four spectral moments: center of gravity, standard deviation or variance, skewness and kurtosis, which were analyzed separately for each context in which the fricative was inserted. The results suggest that the fricative /s/ behaves differently depending on syllable position and context in which it is. This, it can be argued that the segment seeks to adjust to the syllabic position of coda, even though the feature sonorant sets it apart from the other licensed consonants for the coda position in Brazilian Portuguese. / A presente dissertação tem o objetivo de descrever fonético-acusticamente a fricativa coronal /S/ do Português Brasileiro falado na cidade de Pelotas. O foco da investigação está nas características que este segmento fricativo apresenta nas posições silábicas, verificando particularidades acústicas que possam explicar seu funcionamento na posição de coda. Os estudos da Teoria da Sílaba foram uma das motivações deste trabalho, e a Teoria Acústica da Fala serviu de embasamento teórico para este estudo. O experimento apresentou a fricativa em diferentes contextos vocálicos seguintes e precedentes e em contexto consonantal de plosiva surda e sonora, a fim de observar seu comportamento em relação a essas variáveis. Foram consideradas também a tonicidade da sílaba e a variável extralinguística gênero dos informantes. Quatro voluntários, nascidos e residentes em Pelotas, com idade entre 30 e 50 anos, com ensino superior completo e monolíngues, participaram da pesquisa. A gravação dos dados foi realizada em cabine acústica, para subsequente análise, realizada no software Praat (BOERMA; WEENINK, 2001). Os parâmetros considerados para a análise da fricativa incluíram duração relativa e os quatro primeiros momentos espectrais – centro de gravidade, desvio-padrão ou variância, assimetria e curtose, que foram analisados separadamente para cada contexto em que a fricativa estava inserida. Os resultados evidenciam que a fricativa /s/ possui diferentes comportamentos a depender das posições silábicas e do contexto em que está inserida, evidenciando que o segmento busca adequação à posição silábica de coda, embora o traço soância o separe das demais consoantes licenciadas para a coda do PB.

Glaucoma is the second leading cause of irreversible blindness in the United States and is the leading cause of blindness in African Americans. Cupping or excavation of the optic nerve, which sends the visual signal from the photoreceptors in the eye to the brain, is a chief feature of glaucoma. A similar excavated appearance of the optic nerve is also the primary clinical sign of other congenital malformations of the eye including optic nerve head coloboma, optic pit, and morning glory disc anomaly collectively termed cavitary optic disc anomaly (CODA). Clinical similarities between CODA and glaucoma have suggested that these conditions may have overlapping pathophysiology. Although risk factors are known, such as the elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) observed in some glaucoma subjects, the biological pathways and molecular events that lead to excavation of the optic disc in glaucoma and in CODA are incompletely understood, which has hindered efforts to improve diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. Consequently, there is a critical need to clarify the biological mechanisms that lead to excavation of the optic nerve, which will lead to improvements in our understanding of these important disease processes. Because of their similar clinical phenotypes and the limited therapy geared at lowering IOP in glaucoma patients, our central hypothesis is that genes involved in Mendelian forms of CODA would also be involved in a subset of glaucoma cases and may provide insight into glaucomatous optic neuropathy. The purpose of my research project has been to identify and functionally characterize the gene that causes congenital autosomal dominant CODA in a multiplex family with 17 affected members. The gene that causes CODA was previously mapped to chromosome 12q14 and following screening of candidate genes within the region that did not yield any plausible coding sequence mutations, a triplication of a 6KB segment of DNA upstream of the matrix metalloproteinase 19 (MMP19) gene was subsequently identified using comparative genomic hybridization arrays and qPCR. This copy number variation (CNV) was present in all affected family members but absent in unaffected family members, a panel of 78 normal control subjects, and the Database of Genomic Variants. In a case-control study of singleton CODA subjects, CNVs were also detected; we detected the same 6KB triplication in 1 of 24 subjects screened. This subject was part of another 3-generation autosomal dominant CODA pedigree where affected members each have the same CNV identified in the larger CODA pedigree. A separate case-control study with 172 glaucoma cases (primary open angle glaucoma = 84, normal tension glaucoma = 88) was evaluated for MMP19 CNVs, however none were detected. Although our cohort of CODA patients is small limiting our ability to accurately determine the proportion of CODA caused by MMP19 mutations, our data indicates that the MMP19 CNV is not an isolated case and additional CODA subjects may have MMP19 defects. Because of the location of the CNV, we evaluated its effect on downstream gene expression with luciferase reporter gene assays. These assays revealed that the 6KB sequence spanned by the CNV in CODA subjects functioned as a transcriptional enhancer; in particular, a 773bp segment had a strong positive influence (8-fold higher) on downstream gene expression. MMP19, a largely understudied gene, was further characterized by expression studies in the optic nerve and retina. Using frozen sections from normal donor eyes, we demonstrated that MMP19 is predominantly localized to the optic nerve head in the lamina cribrosa region with moderate labeling in the postlaminar region, and weak labeling in the prelaminar region and retina. We also evaluated MMP19 expression in relation to the cell types that populate the optic nerve such as astrocytes and retinal ganglion cells. The pattern of expression is consistent with MMP19 being a secreted protein accumulating in the extracellular spaces and basement membranes of the optic nerve. Our studies have identified the first gene associated with CODA and future research is focused on recapitulating CODA phenotypes in animal models and assessing the mechanism of MMP19 involvement during development.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude théorique et expérimentale de la phase des ondes sismiques et des ultrasons se propageant dans les milieux désordonnés.<br>La théorie des distributions et des corrélations des dérivées spatiales et temporelles de la phase est développée dans l'hypothèse d'un champ scalaire analytique gaussien et circulaire. Ces fonctions statistiques permettent de caractériser les diffuseurs dans les deux dispositifs expérimentaux au coeur de cette thèse. D'une part, les fluctuations temporelles de la phase d'ultrasons sont utilisées pour sonder la dynamique d'une suspension de billes millimétriques sur des échelles de temps allant de la milliseconde à la seconde. D'autre part les fluctuations spatiales de la phase donnent une caractérisation de la diffusion multiple des ondes de flexion dans une plaque de Plexiglas ® perforée aléatoirement. Le comportement asymptotique en loi de puissance des distributions des dérivées de la phase démontre les propriétés gaussiennes des codas dans ces deux dispositifs.<br>Enfin, l'étude de la coda de séismes régionaux en Californie a permis de proposer une application à la détermination du libre parcours moyen des ondes sismiques dans la croûte terrestre : il est montré que c'est la seule échelle caractéristique de la fonction de corrélation de la dérivée spatiale de la phase.

The main goal of this thesis is to test the brittle-ductile (BD) interaction hypothesis of the lithosphere. The model uses the correlation of two parameters, the seismicity characterizing the brittle part and the attenuation representing the ductile part. It assumes the coupling of both parts and therefore the correlation between the time series of the parameters during the normal part of the stress loading cycle. A few years before the occurrence of a major earthquake, the brittle part of the system suffers a stress overload, so it cannot maintain the normal loading processes through the brittle-ductile transition zone, provoking the decoupling of the parts and breaking the previous correlation between the analyzed time series. First, a worldwide analysis of seismicity is developed, focusing after in three regions, Colombia, Taiwan and the Iberian Peninsula. The seismicity data for the global analysis are obtained from the Centennial Catalog, while local catalogs are used for the regional study. Then, the BD hypothesis is tested in three seismic stations in Colombia and five in Taiwan; for that purpose, a selection of almost 4000 waveforms are effectively used from a total of almost 48000 of the study areas, for the coda Q quality factor analysis. The global and regional seismicity analysis allows the detection of space-time evolution trends with no easy explanation and that are attributed to external manifestations of the Earth¿s interior dynamic processes in the mantle. The detailed seismicity analysis in the 8 studied stations characterizes the brittle part. The waveforms in each station are used to determine the time series of coda Q in a time window of around 14 years. First, its space-time variation and depth dependence are studied, finding significant changes that correlate with local geotectonic structures. Besides, specific time series that characterize the ductile part are obtained. The correlation analysis and the one of the time variation of the central correlation coefficient have allowed evaluating the BD model. A new technique that allows the construction of time series of this coefficient is proposed, in a way that following and detecting the correlation/uncorrelation of the seismicity and Q time series can be done continuously. Therefore, calm and enhanced activity periods can be firmly established in the BD theory. By applying the technique to different geotectonic locations we find cases in which the behavior obeys the theory, whilst for others the validity is unclear. In the former, high values of the central correlation coefficient, above 0.6, are observed during calm periods; this value decreases drastically some time before the occurrence of a major earthquake. In the latter, the correlation is found to be, in most cases, permanently low, what can be attributed to a inexistent or poorly developed BD interaction zone, since, in most cases, these regions are ruled by complex geotectonic structures and a relatively high frequency of major earthquakes.

abstract: A researcher reflects using a close reading of interview transcripts and description to share what happened while participating in multiple roles in a larger ethnographic study of the acculturation process of deaf students in kindergarten classrooms in three countries. The course of this paper will focus on three instances that took place in Japan and America. The analysis of these examples will bring to light the concept of taking on multiple roles, including graduate research assistant, interpreter, cultural mediator, and sociolinguistic consultant within a research project serving to uncover challenging personal and professional dilemmas and crossing boundaries; the dual roles, interpreter and researcher being the primary focus. This analysis results in a brief look at a thought provoking, yet evolving task of the researcher/interpreter. Maintaining multiple roles in the study the researcher is able to potentially identify and contribute "hidden" knowledge that may have been overlooked by other members of the research team. Balancing these different roles become key implications when interpreting practice, ethical boundaries, and participant research at times the lines of separation are blurred. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Educational Leadership and Policy Studies 2011

Submitted by Gredson Santos (gredsons@bol.com.br) on 2016-08-17T20:34:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 O PORTUGUÊS AFRO-BRASILEIRO DE HELVÉCIA-BA - ANÁLISE DE S EM CODA SILÁBICA.pdf: 2446171 bytes, checksum: 779a84434890c32280475a6f697a2c0a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patricia Barroso (pbarroso@ufba.br) on 2016-08-18T20:19:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 O PORTUGUÊS AFRO-BRASILEIRO DE HELVÉCIA-BA - ANÁLISE DE S EM CODA SILÁBICA.pdf: 2446171 bytes, checksum: 779a84434890c32280475a6f697a2c0a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T20:19:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 O PORTUGUÊS AFRO-BRASILEIRO DE HELVÉCIA-BA - ANÁLISE DE S EM CODA SILÁBICA.pdf: 2446171 bytes, checksum: 779a84434890c32280475a6f697a2c0a (MD5) / A tese O português afro-brasileiro de Helvécia-Ba: análise da variável <S> em coda silábica é um estudo de cunho sociolinguístico que tem por objetivos analisar a variação das consoantes fricativas em posição pós-vocálica e incluir, na medida do possível, os resultados da análise aos debates sobre a constituição histórica do português do Brasil. O distrito, situado no extremo sul da Bahia e pertencente ao município de Nova Viçosa, tem suas origens na fundação da Colônia Leopoldina, por volta de 1818, e foi declarado Comunidade Remanescente de Quilombo em abril de 2005. A principal hipótese que guiou o trabalho afirma que o modo como se apresentam os dados da variação de <s> em Helvécia está relacionado com a história de contato entre a língua portuguesa e as línguas africanas faladas pelos escravos que, a partir de 1825, começaram a compor a mão-de-obra da empresa cafeeira da região. A tese avalia também se à variação fônica em questão é possível aplicar parte dos princípios da hipótese da Transmissão Linguística Irregular (BAXTER e LUCCHESI, 1997; LUCCHESI, 2000). Integrante da base de dados do Projeto Vertentes do Português Popular do Estado da Bahia (www.vertentes.ufba.br), a amostra estudada foi constituída de 2.400 ocorrências de <S> em coda silábica, sem valor de plural, extraídas da fala informal de seis homens e seis mulheres sem escolarização, naturais de Helvécia, escolhidos aleatoriamente de acordo com três faixas etárias: faixa I, de 20 a 40 anos; faixa II, de 40 a 60 anos e faixa III, mais de 60. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística computacional pelo Programa GOLDVARB 2001. Os resultados mostram um quadro de mudança em progresso no sentido de implementação de <S> alveolar como norma da comunidade e abandono de formas típicas do português popular, como o apagamento de <S>. Esse quadro é visto como uma mudança de cima para baixo, nos termos de Labov (2008 [1972]).

There has been a great amount of debate between the medical community and the Deaf community regarding cochlear implants. Indeed, some factions of the Deaf community have reacted with hostility to the development of the technology and have protested its implementation. Existing literature examines Deaf individuals' perceptions of cochlear implants, however there has been a significant lack of academic attention paid to the hearing children of deaf adults (codas). As children of deaf parents, codas grow up simultaneously inhabiting two worlds: the Deaf world of their parents and the hearing world of their peers. It is codas' unique position and loyalties between the Deaf world and the hearing world that make them important to the cochlear implant debate. This study investigates codas' perceptions of cochlear implantation using standard ethnographic methods, including in-depth, open-ended interviewing with codas, and immersion in the research population through ongoing participant-observation at a deaf school. The findings suggest that (1) codas' interstitial identity impacts their perceptions of and attitudes towards cochlear implantation and (2) cochlear implants have contributed to a refinement of Coda identity in relation to the Deaf community.

Purpose: The aims of this study were to: (1) evaluate the prevalence of compliance of Postgraduate Pediatric Dentistry Programs (PPDPs) in the United States with the current American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) sedation guidelines and Commission On Dental Accreditation (CODA) sedation curriculum requirements and identify barriers to and facilitators for implementation of such guidelines; (2) identify changes to-date in sedation practices of PPDP since the previously published AAPD sedation guidelines (2011); and (3) determine the independent association of compliance of PPDP with program setting. Methods: A 40-item questionnaire was emailed to all postgraduate pediatric dentistry program directors (PPDPDs) of CODA accredited programs in the U.S. (n=74). Bivariate analysis, chi-square, Monte Carlo simulation and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to analyze the data. Results: 70% of surveyed participants responded (n=52). On average, PPDPs were found to be compliant with both AAPD and CODA sedation standards. The bivariate analysis showed that both current setting of PPDPs and PPDPDs training setting did not affect the compliance of the program with the AAPD and the CODA sedation guidelines. Directors that stated receiving an “excellent sedation training” were more likely to be compliant with the CODA sedation standards (p=0.01). In this study, a major perceived barrier for increasing the number of non-IV conscious sedation cases per residents was a lack of patient pool (37%). When comparing changes in the sedation practice of PPDPs between 2009 and 2011, more sedation emergency drills were found to be performed in 2015 (p=0.05). Conclusion: Most PPDPs were compliant with both the AAPD and CODA sedation standards. Most PPDPDs were in favor of the 2013 increase number of sedation required by CODA. Both PPDPD training setting and PPDP setting did not affect the compliance of the programs with the AAPD sedation guidelines and the CODA sedation standards. PPDPs with PPDPDs who reported an excellent sedation training were more likely to be more compliant with the CODA sedation guidelines. Finally, PPDP setting did not affect the number of patients receiving non-IV conscious sedation or the number of sedation ER experienced per year.

In December 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first identified as an acute infectious disease in Wuhan, China and subsequently led to an ongoing pandemic. At the onset of the pandemic, dental professionals were understood to face the greatest exposure risk to SARS-Cov-2 due to aerosolization of fluids from the oral cavity and respiratory airways . As a result, dental professionals, including academic institutions and their students and residents halted much of their operations to minimize exposure risks and potentially slow the spread of infection to peers and patients alike. Currently, there is little in the literature that describes the changes that academic institutions have implemented in the face of pandemics. This study will discuss the chronology, modifications, and possible resultant outcomes of COVID-19 related events in respect to Graduate Endodontic programs in the United States.

Esta pesquisa apresenta análises sobre avaliação, produção e percepção linguística no português paulistano, por meio do exame de quatro variáveis sociolinguísticas: a realização de /e/ nasal como monotongo [e] ou ditongo [ej] (como em fazenda); a pronúncia de /r/ em coda silábica como tepe [R] ou retroflexo [õ] (como em porta); a concordância nominal de número (como em as casas/as casa); e a concordância verbal de primeira e de terceira pessoa do plural (como em nós fomos/nós foi, eles foram/eles foi). O objetivo central é analisar, em uma comunidade amplamente heterogênea de um ponto de vista sociodemográfico, as inter-relações entre a expressão de identidades sociais através de usos linguísticos e a possível influência dos significados sociais desses usos em processos de variação e mudança linguística. Para tanto, analisou-se qualitativa e quantitativamente uma amostra contemporânea do português paulistano, composta de 118 entrevistas sociolinguísticas com falantes nativos, à luz dos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Sociolinguística Variacionista (Labov, 2006 [1966], 2008 [1972]). Tais análises compreendem o encaixamento linguístico e social de cada variável, bem como seu encaixamento simultâneo na fala de cada indivíduo. Além disso, examinaram-se percepções sobre as variantes de (-r), com base na técnica de estímulos pareados (Lambert et al., 1960), a fim de melhor compreender os mecanismos subjacentes à associação de certos significados sociais ao emprego de diferentes formas linguísticas. Os resultados mostram que, embora as correlações entre as quatro variáveis sociolinguísticas e variáveis sociais sejam bastante semelhantes entre si (todas se correlacionam com o Sexo/Gênero, a Classe Social e o Nível de Escolaridade dos falantes), há diferentes tendências dentro da comunidade por exemplo, mudança em direção à variante ditongada [ej]; padrões divergentes quanto ao emprego de (-r) por parte de jovens de diferentes classes sociais; variação estável das concordâncias nominal e verbal em regiões periféricas e mudança em direção à variante padrão em regiões centrais. Para compreendê-los, o exame de seus significados sociais é fundamental. Argumenta-se que [ej] tem se difundido rápida e unidirecionalmente pelo fato de se constituir um marcador (Labov, 2008 [1972]) para paulistanos, que não revelam ter consciência da variável, tampouco apresentam um discurso metalinguístico sobre suas variantes. O forte favorecimento do retroflexo entre jovens de classes baixas foi desencadeado por uma reinterpretação de seu significado social como uma variante local e de prestígio, devido à presença maciça de migrantes do Norte/Nordeste, cuja variante fricativa é relativamente mais estigmatizada na comunidade. Ao mesmo tempo, ainda que o encaixamento social das concordâncias nominal e verbal seja bastante semelhante, a marca zero de concordância nominal (as casa) goza de maior vitalidade por indexicalizar significados como masculinidade, paulistanidade e morador da Mooca. Não obstante as diferentes tendências que se verificam na comunidade, os padrões de encaixamento das variáveis linguísticas se reproduzem sistematicamente na fala de cada indivíduo, o que permite caracterizar os paulistanos como uma única comunidade de fala (Labov, 2006 [1966]), que compartilha normas de produção e de avaliação linguística. De acordo com o teste de percepções, os moradores da cidade também são consistentes em suas reações subjetivas a variantes de (-r). Demonstra-se adicionalmente que a coesão dialetal é promovida não por amplas categorias sociais como Sexo/Gênero ou Faixas Etárias, mas pelo princípio mais fundamental de densidade de comunicação (Gumperz, 1971b,a). / This study examines linguistic evaluation, production, and perception in São Paulo Portuguese, through analyses of four sociolinguistic variables: the realization of nasal /e/ as a monophthong [e] or as a diphthong [ej] (as in fazenda farm); the realization of coda /r/ as a tap [R] or as a retroflex [õ] (as in porta door); nominal number agreement (as in as casas/as casa the houses); and first person plural and third person plural verb agreement (as in nós fomos/nós foi we went, eles foram/eles foi they went). The main goal is to investigate the inter-relation between the expression of social identities through language uses and the possible impact of social meanings on processes of language variation and change, in a highly diverse and heterogeneous community. Based on the theory and methods of Variationist Sociolinguistics (Labov, 2006 [1966], 2008 [1972]), each variables linguistic and social embedding, as well as their simultaneous embedding in individual speakers speech, were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively in 118 sociolinguistic interviews with native Paulistano speakers. In addition, perceptions on the variants of (-r) were examined through an experiment using the Matched Guise Technique (Lambert et al., 1960), aimed at describing the mechanisms underlying the association of certain social meanings with different language forms. The results show that, in spite of the similarity between the social embedding of the four variables (all of them are correlated with speakers sex/gender, social class, and level of education), there are different trends within the community for instance, change towards (e) diphthongization; divergent patterns regarding (-r) in the speech of younger speakers of different social classes; stable variation in nominal and verbal agreement in peripheral areas but change towards the prestige variant in central areas. The explanation for these patterns is related to the variants social meanings. It is argued that [ej] has spread rapidly and unidirectionally because it is a marker (Labov, 2008 [1972]) for Paulistanos, who are not aware of the variable and do not present an elaborate metalinguistic discourse on its variants. The fact that retroflex /r/ is strongly favored by working class youth may be attributed to a reinterpretation of its social meaning, due to the extensive presence of migrants from the Northern and Northeastern regions of the country, whose /r/ realization as a fricative is relatively more stigmatized in the community. At the same time, although nominal and verbal agreement are very similarly stratified, the nonstandard variant of the former (as casa the houses) exhibits greater vitality as it indexes masculinities and local identities with the city and with Mooca, one of its most traditional neighborhoods. Despite different trends by different social groups in the community, the embedding of the linguistic variables is systematically reproduced in each speakers speech, which allows for the characterization of São Paulo as a single speech community (Labov, 2006 [1966]) in that its native speakers share norms of use and evaluation of the variants. According to the perception test, the city inhabitants are also consistent in their subjective reactions to the variants of (-r). It is shown that such social cohesion is promoted not by census social categories such as sex/gender or age, but by the more fundamental principle of density of communication (Gumperz, 1971b,a).