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In this study, seismic interferometry is used to analyze dynamic processes in the Earth’s shallow subsurface caused by environmental processes and ground shaking. In the first part of the thesis, the feasibility of a passive monitoring with ambient seismic noise at the pilot site for CO2 injection in Ketzin is investigated. Monitoring the expansion of the CO2 plume is essential for the characterization of the reservoir as well as the detection of potential leakage. From June 2008 until August 2013, more than 67000 tons of CO2 were injected into a saline aquifer at a depth of about 650 m. Passive seismic data recorded at a seismic network around the injection site was cross-correlated in a frequency range of 0.5-4.5 Hz over a period of 4 years. The frequency band of 0.5-0.9 Hz, in which surface waves exhibit a high sensitivity at the depth of the reservoir, is not suitable for monitoring purposes as it is only weakly excited. In a frequency range of 1.5-3 Hz, periodic velocity variations with a period of approximately one year are found that cannot be caused by the CO2 injection. The prominent propagation direction of the noise wave field indicates a wind farm as the dominant source providing the temporally stable noise field. This spacial stability excludes variations of the noise source distribution as a spurious cause of velocity variations. Based on an amplitude decrease associated with time windows towards later parts of the coda, the variations must be generated in the shallow subsurface. A comparison to groundwater level data reveals a direct correlation between depth of the groundwater level and the seismic velocity. The influence of ground frost on the seismic velocities is documented by a sharp increase of velocity when the maximum daily temperature stays below 0 C. Although the observed periodic changes and the changes due to ground frost affect only the shallow subsurface, they mask potential signals of material changes from the reservoir depths. To investigate temporal seismic velocity changes due to earthquake-related processes and environmental forcing in northern Chile, 8 years of ambient seismic noise recorded by the Integrated Plate Boundary Observatory Chile (IPOC) are analyzed. By autocorrelating the ambient seismic noise field, approximations of the Green’s functions are retrieved and velocity changes are measured with Coda Wave Interferometry. At station PATCX, seasonal changes of seismic velocity caused by thermal stress as well as transient velocity reductions are observed in the frequency range of 4-6 Hz. Sudden velocity drops occur at times of mostly earthquake-induced ground describing the seismic velocity variations based on continuous observations of the local ground acceleration. The model assumes that not only the shaking of large earthquakes causes velocity drops, but any small vibrations continuously induce minor velocity variations that are immediately compensated by healing in the steady state. The shaking effect is accumulated over time and best described by the integrated envelope of the ground acceleration over one day, which is the temporal resolution of the velocity measurements. In the model, the amplitude of the velocity reduction as well as the recovery time are proportional to the strength of the excitation. The increase of coseismic velocity change and recovery time with increasing excitation is confirmed by laboratory tests with ultrasound. Despite having only two free scaling parameters, the model fits the data of the shaking-induced velocity variation in remarkable detail. Additionally, a linear trend is observed that might be related to a recovery process from one or more earthquakes before the measurement period. A clear relationship between ground shaking and induced velocity reductions is not visible at other stations. The outstanding sensitivity of PATCX to ground shaking and thermal stress can be attributed to the special geological setting of the station, where the subsurface material consists of a relatively loose conglomerate with high pore volume leading to stronger nonlinearity compared to the other IPOC stations. / In dieser Studie werden mit Hilfe von seismischer Interferometrie kleinste dynamische Prozesse in der Erdkruste beobachtet, welche beispielsweise durch umweltbedingte oder anthropogene Einflüsse sowie Bodenerschütterungen hervorgerufen werden können. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden Änderungen in der seismischen Geschwindigkeit am Pilotstandort für CO2-Speicherung in Ketzin untersucht. In einer Tiefe von 650m wurden dort zwischen Juni 2008 und August 2013 über 67000 Tonnen CO2 eingelagert. In einem Frequenzbereich vom 0,05-4,5 Hz wurden Kreuzkorrelationen des seismischen Hintergrundrauschens an einem kleinräumigen Netzwerk über einen Zeitraum von 4 Jahren berechnet. Der Frequenzbereich zwischen 0,5 und 0,9 Hz weist eine hohe Sensitivität von Oberflächenwellen in der Tiefe des Reservoirs auf, ist aber nur sehr schwach angeregt und eignet sich deswegen nicht für die Analyse. In einem Frequenzbereich von 1,5-3 Hz zeigen sich periodische Geschwindigkeitsänderungen mit einer Periode von einem Jahr, welche nicht durch die Einlagerung von CO2 erzeugt werden können. Eine Analyse des seismischen Hintergrundrauschens zeigt, dass dieses über den gesamten Zeitraum hinweg hauptsächlich aus der Richtung eines Windparks kommt. Durch die Stabilität des Wellenfeldes können Änderungen in den Quellpositionen, welche sich in scheinbaren Geschwindigkeitsänderungen zeigen können, ausgeschlossen werden. Eine Amplitudenabnahme der Geschwindigkeitsänderungen hin zu späteren Zeitfenstern in der Coda lässt auf oberflächennahe Prozesse als Ursache schließen. Ein Vergleich zwischen den jährlichen Geschwindigkeitsänderungen mit Schwankungen im Grundwasserspiegel zeigt eine direkte Korrelation. Ein sprunghafter Anstieg in der Geschwindigkeit zeigt sich im Winter, wenn die Tageshöchsttemperaturen unter den Gefrierpunkt sinken und der Boden zufriert. Obwohl Bodenfrost und Änderungen im Grundwasserspiegel nur einen sehr oberflächennahen Bereich betreffen, so überdecken sie dennoch mögliche Signale durch die Einlagerung von CO2. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit werden Geschwindigkeitsänderungen in Nordchile untersucht, welche durch erdbebeninduzierte Prozesse und umweltbedingte Einflüsse hervorgerufen werden. Dazu wurden über einen Zeitraum von 8 Jahren Autokorrelationen des seismischen Hintergrundrauschens des IPOC Netzwerkes (Integrated Plate Boundary Observatory Chile) berechnet und mit seismischer Interferometrie ausgewertet. An der Station PATCX können in einem Frequenzbereich von 4-6 Hz periodische Geschwindigkeitsänderungen beobachet werden, welche durch thermisch induzierte Dehnung hervorgerufen werden. Außerdem treten transiente Geschwindigkeitsabnamen nach Bodenerschütterungen auf, welche hauptsächlich von Erdbeben verursacht werden. Die seismische Geschwindigkeit kehrt daraufhin langsam wieder auf ihr vorheriges Niveau zurück. Für die Geschwindigkeitsänderungen wurde ein empirisches Modell entwickelt, welches auf Messungen der lokalen Bodenerschütterung basiert. Dabei wird angenommen, dass nicht nur große erdbebeninduzierte, sondern auch kleinste Bodenerschütterungen einen Abfall der Geschwindigkeit erzeugen, welche wiederum innerhalb kürzester Zeit durch Heilung in den Gleichgewichtszustand zurückkehrt. Dabei summieren sich die Effekte durch die Bodenerschütterungen mit der Zeit auf und werden am besten mit dem Integral der lokalen Bodenbeschleunigung über die Messwerte eines Tages beschrieben. Die Diskretisierung von einem Tag entspricht der zeitlichen Auflösung in der Messung der Geschwindigkeitsänderungen. Sowohl die Amplitude der Geschwindigkeitsabnahme als auch die Zeit bis der Gleichgewichtszustand wieder erreicht ist (Heilungszeit) werden im Modell als proportinal zur Größe der Anregung angenommen. Eine Korrelation der Heilungszeit und der Amplitude der koseismischen Geschwindigkeitsabnahme mit der Größe der Anregung konnte mit Hilfe von Laboruntersuchungen mit Ultraschall bestätigt werden. Mit nur zwei Parametern beschreibt das Modell die transienten Geschwindigkeitsänderungen in bemerkenswerter Genauigkeit. Desweiteren beinhaltet das Modell einen linearen Verlauf in den Geschwindigkeitsänderungen, welcher vermutlich durch einen Heilungsprozess hervorgerufen wird, der auf ein oder mehrere Erdbeben vor dem Messzeitraum folgte. Eine Beziehung zwischen Bodenerschütterung und Geschwindigkeitsänderung ist an anderen Stationen des IPOC Netzwerkes nicht erkennbar. Die herausragende Sensitivität von PATCX im Hinblick auf Bodenerschütterung und thermische Dehnung kann den speziellen geologischen Gegebenheiten an der Station zugeschrieben werden. Bei dem dort vorliegenden Material handelt es sich um ein relativ loses Konglomerat mit großem Porenvolumen, welches ein starkes nichtlineares Verhalten aufweist, was an anderen IPOC Stationen nicht zu erwarten ist.

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2018-01-24T12:16:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3955410 bytes, checksum: 6775dd72d11a9bce3ff72cda1cea878e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-24T12:16:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3955410 bytes, checksum: 6775dd72d11a9bce3ff72cda1cea878e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-01-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This thesis will examine the phonetic-phonological behaviour of rhotic in position of coda in the speech of 36 subjects from the north of Piauí state and the capital- Teresina. For this study, the sociolinguistic approach was used, with the support of the Variation Theory. In the findings four variants were found, the glottal fricatives [h] with 48.1% and zero phonetic [ø] with 22.2%, those which obtained the highest percentage of occurrence with 48.1% of occurences. On the other hand, the tap [] showed 19.01% and the palatal fricative [] with 10.6% of realization. Taking into consideration the more recurring variants, the findings show that the search results revealed that these variations are due to both the linguistic and social limitations, but they are more sensitive to the phonetic-phonological context. For the linguistic analysis, the previous and the following phonological context restrictions were considered, the position in syllable, the tone, the length of word and the grammatical category, were also taken into account, while for the social aspects, education, gender and age were chosen by the program Goldvarb. The findings showed that the restriction of the grammatical category was the one which most favored the variants, and the glottal fricative variants presented more evident results. From the acoustic view, with the help of the Acoustic Theory of Speech Production, in view of Kent and Read (1992), and other theoretitions linked to the acoustics perspective, in order to undertake an acoustic analysis of the segments /h/, /h/ e /h/, with emphasis on the latter two, considered in this study variations of [h]. To make such an analysis the study was grounded on the support of the Praat program. The results which were obtained from both linguistic analysis as well as acoustics analysis lead to the discussions concerning the behavior of the rhotic in Piauiense speech, noting that the four variants are recurrent in this speech community. However, the greatest focus was on the palatal fricative variant [], a realization not yet found in the pertinent linguistic literature. This phonetic-phonological phenomenon always happens before a silent glottal fricative when followed by a palatal fricative, also silent, and can be interpreted in two ways: first described as [h], which proves that the silent alveolar occlusive [t] constitutes the first consonant of silent affricate alveopalatal that blends with the following consonant. In this manner there is a kind of ressilabification of the merging type while maintaining the standard syllabic pattern CVC. CV remains the most simplified type. In the second realization one observes that the silent alveolar occlusive stays the same along with the affricate in the following syllabic attack. In both events evidence a kind of regressive assimilation was observed especially in the last occurrence, in which the assimilator is found after the assimmilated element. In both phenomena a partial type of palatalization was observed. This type of palatalization is a linguistic peculiarity restricted to specific language spoken in Piaui. / Nessa tese será examinado o comportamento fonético-fonológico dos róticos em posição de coda na fala de 36 informantes oriundos do norte do Estado (PI) e da capital – Teresina. Para a realização deste estudo, adotou-se a abordagem sociolingüística, contando com apoio da Teoria da Variação. Nos resultados, foram encontradas quatro variantes, sendo a fricativa glotal [h], com 48,1% e o zero fonético [ø], com 22,2% as que obtiveram maior percentual de ocorrências. Por outro lado, o tepe [] apresentou 19,01% e a fricativa palatal [] 10,6% de realização. Considerando as variantes mais recorrentes, os resultados da pesquisa revelaram que elas são decorrentes tanto das restrições lingüísticas, quanto das sociais, contudo, mais sensíveis ao contexto fonético-fonológico. Para a análise lingüística, consideraram-se as restrições contexto fonológico precedente e seguinte, posição na sílaba, tonicidade, extensão da palavra e categoria gramatical; quanto aos sociais, tem-se escolaridade, gênero e faixa etária, conforme a seleção realizada pelo programa Goldvarb. Os resultados mostraram que a restrição categoria gramatical foi a que mais favoreceu as variantes, e a variante fricativa glotal, a que apresentou resultados mais evidentes. Do ponto de vista da acústica, recorreu-se à Teoria Acústica da Produção da Fala, na perspectiva de Kent e Read (1992), e de outros teóricos relacionados à mesma perspectiva, com vistas a empreender uma análise acústica dos segmentos //, /h/ e //, dando-se destaque para as duas últimas, consideradas, nesse trabalho, variações de [h]. Para empreender essas análises acústicas, contou-se com o apoio do programa Praat. Os resultados obtidos com a análise lingüística e a acústica permitiram o encaminhamento das discussões relativas ao comportamento do rótico na fala do piauiense, observando-se que as quatro variantes são recorrentes nessa comunidade de fala. Contudo, o foco maior ficou para a variante fricativa palatal [], que se deu em virtude de ser uma ocorrência não encontrada na literatura lingüística pertinente. Esse fenômeno fonético-fonológico acontece sempre diante de uma fricativa glotal surda seguida de uma fricativa palatal, também, surda, que pode ser interpretada de duas maneiras: na primeira descrita como [h], constata-se a oclusiva alveolar surda [t], que constitui a primeira consoante da africada alveopalatal surda a fundir-se com a consoante seguinte, sofrendo, desse modo, uma espécie de ressilabificação do tipo degeminação, mantendo o padrão silábico CVC.CV de modo mais simplificado; na segunda realização [h], percebe-se que a oclusiva alveolar surda [t] se mantém, permanecendo também a africada no ataque silábico seguinte. Em ambas as realizações constata-se um tipo de assimilação regressiva, verificada, principalmente, na última ocorrência, na qual se observa que o assimilador encontra-se depois do elemento assimilado. Nesses dois fenômenos verifica-se uma palatalização, do tipo parcial. Esse tipo de palatalização é uma particularidade lingüística restrita ao falar piauiense.

Este trabajo analiza la representación gráfica de algunos grupos consonánticos “cultos” del español colonial mexicano en documentos, cartillas y ortografías de los siglos XVI y XVII. A partir de este estudio se ha podido registrar varios tipos de representación gráfica de las consonantes en posición implosiva, muchas de las cuales son similares a las que se registran en el habla popular de esta zona. La presente investigación advierte, por una parte, que el estudio gráfico de documentos novohispanos ofrece pistas sobre la “realización” de los grupos cultos de la época en cuestión. Por otra parte, concluimos que muchos de estos fenómenos que ocurren en los contornos de la sílaba, en concreto en la coda, son bastante parecidos a los analizados en el habla popular de los mexicanos del siglo XXI. / This paper examines the graphic representation of some consonant groups considered educated in the colonial Mexican Spanish in documents, charts and orthographies from XVI and XVII centuries. As of this work, it has been possible the registration of some different types of graphic representations for the consonants in implosive position, they are similar to the ones registered in the popular language of this zone. This research offers two striking points. On one side, it demonstrates that the graphic study of novo-Hispanic documents provides clues about the “realization” of the educated groups from the period under scrutiny. On the other hand, I conclude that many of these phenomena occur in the outlines of the syllable, specifically in the coda, and that they are very similar to those found in the popular speech of Mexicans from the XXI.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-07-27T14:05:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 4058460 bytes, checksum: ad39cd8ba1da172da3db3861fc19a786 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:05:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 4058460 bytes, checksum: ad39cd8ba1da172da3db3861fc19a786 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-16 / The phonological acquisition considered normal happens when the language of the phonological system domain is spontaneously reached a common thread to most of the children within a certain age group of approximately 04 to 06 years, individual variations are evidenced in the construction of the phonological system. We proposed in this research investigation regarding the deletion / spelling production of coda for 7 students of the 3rd year of elementary school of a Municipal Public School in the city of Recife, from the chart record. The corpus will consist of written texts, observing the relationship between speech and spelling and interference that the written language learning process. The written testing instrument will be applied in order to observe to what extent is given the intervention of speech in writing regarding the deletion of syllable codas r, s, l in medial and final position of words, sentences and texts. We will focus on those records that alter the structure of the syllable, describing the way in which students record or not in its written coda position of syllables consisting of a consonant segment r, s, l. We start from the design based on the syllable syllable theory (SELKIRK, 1982), studies on syllable (HORA, 2006), theory of writing psychogenesis (FERREIRO; TEBEROSKY, 1999), (BORTONI-RICARDO, 2006), among others. As for the methodology, was classified as an experimental research of a qualitative nature, which initially made the collection of written words, containing the syllabic structure of coda filled by r, s, l, which was verified interference of speech in writing and in accordance with the observed errors, was initiated intervention with a didactic sequence with frequency of once a week for two months, using activities with phonological awareness. After completion of this was applied again to the same diagnosis made early in the process, in order to see if there was a change, improvement in students 'writing, where the data were analyzed and showed positive effects of the intervention on participants' performance. / A aquisição fonológica da escrita considerada normal ocorre quando o domínio do sistema fonológico da língua é alcançado espontaneamente em uma sequência comum à maior parte das crianças de uma determinada faixa etária, aproximadamente dos 4 aos 6 anos; variações individuais são evidenciadas na construção do sistema fonológico. A pesquisa se propôs a uma investigação a respeito do apagamento/produção da grafia da coda silábica por sete alunos do 3.º ano do Ensino Fundamental I de uma Escola Pública Municipal na cidade do Recife por meio do registro gráfico. O corpus foi constituído por textos escritos, observando-se a relação existente entre fala e grafia e a interferência daquela no processo de aprendizagem da língua escrita. O instrumento de testagem escrita foi aplicado com o intuito de observar em que medida se dá a intervenção da fala na escrita, com relação ao apagamento das codas silábicas r, s, l em posição medial e final de palavras, frases e textos. Foram focalizados aqueles registros que alteram a estrutura da sílaba, descrevendo o modo pelo qual os alunos registram ou não em sua escrita a posição de coda de sílabas constituídas de um segmento consonantal r, s, l. Partiu-se da concepção da sílaba fundamentada na teoria e estudos de Selkirk (1982 apud HORA 2006), teoria da psicogênese da escrita (FERREIRO; TEBEROSKY, 1991), variedade linguística trazida pelos alunos (BORTONI-RICARDO, 2006) dentre outros. Quanto à metodologia, classificou-se como pesquisa experimental, de natureza qualitativa, em que se realizou inicialmente a coleta de escrita de palavras, contendo a estrutura silábica de coda preenchida por r, s, l, na qual foi verificada a interferência da fala na escrita e, apagamento da coda silábica. Assim, de acordo com os erros observados, ou seja, desvios ortográficos em relação ao apagamento da coda silábica, a partir da diagnose feita inicialmente com os alunos, deu-se início à intervenção, através de uma sequência didática com periodicidade de uma vez por semana, durante dois meses, utilizando atividades com consciência fonológica, em que os dados foram analisados e mostraram efeitos positivos sobre o desempenho dos participantes.

Submitted by Thiago Bronzeado de Andrade (thiago@ch.uepb.edu.br) on 2018-06-08T12:34:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Sandra Cabral Lopes.pdf: 19559264 bytes, checksum: b39099cbcf0067be5e37164c8c8e7872 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Araújo (milaborges@ch.uepb.edu.br) on 2018-06-11T13:33:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Sandra Cabral Lopes.pdf: 19559264 bytes, checksum: b39099cbcf0067be5e37164c8c8e7872 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-11T13:33:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Sandra Cabral Lopes.pdf: 19559264 bytes, checksum: b39099cbcf0067be5e37164c8c8e7872 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-27 / CAPES / In the process of teaching the Portuguese language as a mother tongue in Brazil, it is common to find, in different educational levels, the influence of speech in writing, whether on textual-discursive aspects, or on morphosyntactic and orthographic aspects. Thus, in this study we investigate the interference of speech in 7th and 8th grade students‟ writing, enrolled in a public school in Guarabira-PB, with a focus on the elision of the rhotic in syllable codas. The aim is to show the linguistic and social factors favorable to the realization/elision of the consonantal segment -R at the end of syllables. The corpus consists of 88 texts, 44 written before and 44 written after an educational intervention. As the factor groups which may interfere on the elision of –R, we consider educational level, sex, word class, position of –R in the word, length of the word and precedent context. As conditioners to rhotic elision, the results point out the variables school level (7th grade), word class (verb), position in the word (ending), length of the word (non-monosyllables), and precedent context (high and low vowels). It was still possible to see, from an educational intervention considering these results, that a systematic work paying attention to the phonological consciousness turns to be productive in the context where orthographic specificities of the Portuguese language are taught. The work is based on three main areas of theoretical studies: phonetics/phonology (BISOL, 2005; SILVA, 2014, 2011; HORA & PEDROSA, 2012; CÂMARA Jr., 2008), variational and applied sociolinguistics (BAGNO, 2007; LABOV, 1992; BORTONI-RICARDO, 2004, 2005) and notions related to the processes involved in the acquisition and development of the writing system, including the implications of speech in writing over the course of schooling (SCLIAR-CABRAL, 2013; MARCUSCHI & DIONISIO, 2007; STAMPA, 2009; FERREIRA & TEBEROSKY, 1999). / No ensino de Língua Portuguesa como língua materna, é comum encontrarmos, em diferentes graus de escolaridade, a influência da fala na escrita, seja nos aspectos textuais-discursivos, seja nos aspectos morfossintáticos e ortográficos. Dessa forma, neste trabalho buscamos investigar a interferência da fala na escrita de alunos do 7º e 8º anos do EF, matriculados em uma escola da rede pública do município de Guarabira-PB, por meio do apagamento do rótico em posição de coda silábica. Nosso propósito é evidenciar os contextos linguísticos e extralinguísticos favoráveis à realização ou não do segmento consonantal –R no final das sílabas. O corpus é constituído de 88 produções textuais, sendo 44 elaboradas antes e 44 após uma proposta de intervenção pedagógica. São considerados, como grupos de fatores que interferem ou não no apagamento do –R, o grau de escolarização, o sexo, a classe de palavras, a posição na palavra, a extensão da palavra e o contexto precedente. Como condicionadores ao apagamento do rótico, os resultados apontam as variáveis ano escolar (7º ano), classe de palavras (verbo), posição na palavra (final), extensão do vocábulo (palavra não monossilábicas) e contexto precedente (vogais altas e vogal baixa). Ainda foi possível perceber, a partir de uma proposta de intervenção considerando esses resultados, que um trabalho sistemático que atente, dentre outros fatores, para o trabalho com a consciência fonológica torna-se produtivo no contexto de ensino das especificidades ortográficas da língua portuguesa. Como base teórica, consideramos os estudos fonético-fonológicos (BISOL, 2005; SILVA, 2014, 2011; HORA e PEDROSA, 2012; CÂMARA Jr., 2008), os estudos da sociolinguística variacionista e educacional (BAGNO, 2007; LABOV, 1992; BORTONI-RICARDO, 2004, 2005) e noções relacionadas aos processos envolvidos na aquisição e desenvolvimento da escrita, incluindo as implicações da fala na escrita ao longo da escolarização (SCLIAR-CABRAL, 2013; MARCUSCHI e DIONISIO, 2007; STAMPA, 2009; FERREIRA e TEBEROSKY, 1999).

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-06T12:24:14Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Cintia_Victoria_de_Azambuja.pdf: 1583068 bytes, checksum: 6375d61dc620f7f1c7936f743b282359 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-06T14:09:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Cintia_Victoria_de_Azambuja.pdf: 1583068 bytes, checksum: 6375d61dc620f7f1c7936f743b282359 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-06T14:10:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Cintia_Victoria_de_Azambuja.pdf: 1583068 bytes, checksum: 6375d61dc620f7f1c7936f743b282359 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-29 / Sem bolsa / Com base nos pressupostos teóricos da Sociolinguística Variacionista (LABOV, 1972,1994), a presente pesquisa visa apresentar o estudo realizado acerca do processo de vocalização da lateral em posição de coda, na comunidade linguística de Antônio Prado, a partir de dados obtidos do Banco de Dados da Serra Gaúcha (BDSer). A amostra, sob análise, foi constituída por 20 informantes (10 homens e 10 mulheres) de faixas etárias 15-30, 31-50, 51-70 e 71 anos ou mais, de dois níveis de escolaridade (primário/fundamental e médio/superior), sendo 10 residentes na zona rural e 10 na zona urbana. Foram coletados 1247 dados tomados de oitiva a partir dos quais se obteve uma frequência total de 31% de vocalizações, que correspondem a 392 dados e 69% de velarização, que correspondem a 855 dados. Os dados coletados foram submetidos a tratamento estatístico através do programa Rbrul, que indicou os fatores idade, local de moradia, contexto precedente, escolaridade, gênero e tonicidade, respectivamente, como sendo as variáveis significativas para o processo de vocalização. De acordo com os resultados encontrados, o processo em análise tem maior ocorrência com moradores da zona urbana, com idades entre 15-30 anos, enquanto que os resultados referentes à zona rural apontaram baixos índices de vocalização, demonstrando um maior conservadorismo ao traço consonantal do segmento. / Based on the theoretical assumptions of the variationist sociolinguistics (LABOV, 1972,1994), this research intends to present the study realized about the process of lateral vocalization in coda position, in the linguistic community of Antônio Prado, based on the datas obtained of the database of Serra Gaúcha (BDSer). The sample, under analysis, was formed by 20 informants (10 men e 10 women) age rages 15-30, 31-50, 51-70 and 71 years or more, of two educational levels (primary/elementary and high/university level), being 10 living in the rural area and 10 in the urban area. 1247 datas have been collected from the auditory from whom was obtained a total frequency of 31% of vocalization, which corresponds to 392 datas and 69% of velarization, which corresponds to 855 datas. The datas collected were submitted to statistics treatment using “Rbrul” program, which indicated the age factors, place of living, previous context, schooling, genre and tonicity, respectively, as being the significant variables to the process of vocalization. According to the results found, the analyzed process occurs more with people that live in the urban life, with age range 15-30 years, while the results of rural area indicated low rates of vocalization, demonstrating a greater conservatism to the consonantal trait of the segment.

To describe and to analyze the use of repair strategies in the syllable constituents of coda and complex onset used by children with normal phonological acquisition and phonological deviation, in order to examine the similarities as well as the differences between the studied groups. Besides this, specifically in relation to the coda constituent and based on the Non-Linear Gerative Phonology, we aimed at examining if the application of the adopted resources provides evidences of phonological knowledge. Methods: The analysis included speech data from 60 children with normal acquisition, 30 female and 30 male, in addition to 84 children with deviation, 31 female and 53 male. The age in the normal group was between 1:0 and 4:0, whereas in the deviation group it was between 3:0 and 11:0. In the analysis of the strategies used in complex onset position, the variables: age, gender, preceding and following context, obstruent of complex onset, kind of liquid of complex onset, tonicity, number of syllables and position in the word were considered. In relation to the resources used in the coda, the variables were: age, gender, preceding and following context, kind of phoneme in the coda, tonicity, number of syllables and position in the word. Then, the data were submitted to statistical analysis using the VARBRUL program. Results: The analysis of the complex onset showed that the strategies used by the children considering normal phonological development and deviation were, respectively: simplification for C1V (93%; 77%), alteration of the obstruent feature (5%; 17%), alteration of the liquid feature (1%; 5%), epenthesis (1%; 0%) and metathesis (0%; 1%). In the coda constituent, the children with normal development and deviation used the following resources, respectively: omission of target segment (71%; 71%), omission of target segment with a change in the quality of the preceding vowel (1%; 4%), omission of target syllable (6%; 1%), 14 semivocalization (11%; 14%), substitution for liquid (1%; 3%), palatalization (2%; 3%), metathesis (1%; 2%), epenthesis (1%; 1%), compensatory lengthening (5%; 0%) and other realizations (1%; 1%). In terms of the strategies used in the complex onset, the variables tonicity, preceding context and position in the word were not relevant, whereas considering the resources applied in coda, all the variables were important. Conclusion: The study of repair strategies in both constituents showed more similarities than differences in relation to the kind of repair strategies that children with normal phonological development and phonological deviation use during the acquisition process. In the complex onset constituent, there is less diversity among the resources, while the use of simplification for C1V is predominant in both studied groups. In the coda syllabic position, we found a greater variety of strategies, and the omission of the target segment was the most used by children with normal phonological acquisition and deviation. Besides this, the other strategies applied in the coda position became important due to their evidences in terms of phonological knowledge. / Descrever e analisar o uso das estratégias de reparo nos constituintes coda e onset complexo, empregados por crianças com aquisição fonológica normal e desviante, a fim de verificar as semelhanças e as diferenças existentes entre os grupos estudados. Além disso, em relação especificamente ao constituinte coda, pretendeu-se, através da Fonologia Gerativa Não-Linear, verificar se a aplicação dos recursos empregados fornece indícios de conhecimento fonológico. Método: Foram utilizados dados de fala de 60 crianças com aquisição normal, 30 do sexo feminino e 30 do sexo masculino, e 84 crianças com aquisição desviante, 31 do sexo feminino e 53 do sexo masculino. A idade do grupo normal variou de 1:0 a 4:0, enquanto que a do grupo desviante variou de 3:0 a 11:0 anos. Para a análise das estratégias empregadas na posição de onset complexo foram consideradas as variáveis: idade, sexo, contexto precedente e seguinte, obstruinte do onset complexo, tipo de líquida do onset complexo, tonicidade, número de sílabas e posição na palavra. Para os recursos utilizados em coda foram consideradas: idade, sexo, contexto precedente e seguinte, tipo de fonema em coda, tonicidade, número de sílabas e posição na palavra. Posteriormente, os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística através do programa VARBRUL. Resultados: A análise do onset complexo revelou que as estratégias que as crianças lançaram mão, considerando o desenvolvimento 12 fonológico normal e desviante, foram, respectivamente: simplificação para C1V (93%; 77%), alteração do traço da obstruinte (5%; 17%), alteração do traço da líquida (1%; 5%), epêntese (1%; 0%) e metátese (0%, 1%). No constituinte coda, as crianças com desenvolvimento normal e desviante utilizaram os seguintes recursos, respectivamente: omissão do fonema alvo (71%; 71%), omissão do fonema alvo com mudança da qualidade da vogal precedente (1%; 4%), omissão da sílaba alvo (6%; 1%), semivocalização (11%; 14%), substituição por líquida (1%; 3%), palatalização (2%; 3%), metátese (1%; 2%), epêntese (1%; 1%), alongamento compensatório (5%; 0%) e outras realizações (1%; 1%). Para as estratégias empregadas em onset complexo as variáveis tonicidade, contexto precedente e posição na palavra não foram relevantes no estudo, enquanto que, para os recursos aplicados em coda, todas as variáveis foram relevantes. Conclusão: O estudo das estratégias de reparo em ambos os constituintes revelou mais similaridades que diferenças quanto ao tipo de estratégias de reparo que as crianças com desenvolvimento fonológico normal e desviante lançam mão ao longo do percurso de aquisição. No constituinte onset complexo há menos diversidade entre os recursos, predominando o uso de simplificação para C1V para ambos os grupos estudados. Já na posição silábica de coda, constata-se uma maior variedade de estratégias, sendo o recurso de omissão do fonema alvo o preferido pelas crianças com aquisição fonológica normal e desviante. Além disso, as outras estratégias aplicadas na posição de coda se mostraram importantes pelo que evidenciaram em termos de conhecimento fonológico.

L'atténuation est un paramètre clé dans l'évaluation de l'aléa sismique car elle contrôle l'amplitude et la durée du mouvement du sol. Deux mécanismes contribuent à l'atténuation des ondes sismiques courte-période (f>1Hz, avec f la fréquence) : (1) l'absorption, quantifiée par son facteur de qualité Qi(f); et (2) le scattering, quantifié par Qsc(f). L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de cartographier l'atténuation sismique en France Métropolitaine en déterminant l'importance relative de ces deux processus. Pour mener à bien cette tâche, nous avons modélisé le transport de l'énergie sismique multi-diffusée - aussi appelée coda sismique - à l'aide de l'équation de transfert radiatif dans un milieu présentant des variations latérales des propriétés de diffusion et d'absorption. En utilisant une approche perturbative, nous avons calculé les noyaux de sensibilité de l'intensité de la coda sismique à des variations spatiales de Qi(f) et Qsc(f) à 2-D, dans le cas où la diffusion est isotrope. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons mesuré la vitesse de décroissance énergétique de la coda sismique, quantifiée par le facteur de qualité de la coda Qc(f), sur plus de 120000 formes d'onde collectées en France, en Belgique et sur l'ensemble de l'arc alpin. L'approche théorique développée dans cette thèse nous a permis d'établir une relation approximative entre Qc et Qi. Cette relation prend la forme d'une intégrale de Qi sur le rai direct reliant la source à la station. Cette approximation a été utilisée afin de cartographier pour la première fois les variations régionales de l'absorption entre 1 et 32 Hz dans les Alpes et en France Métropolitaine. Nos résultats mettent en évidence de très fortes variations latérales (±30%) de l'absorption. À basse fréquence (f~1Hz), une corrélation claire apparaît entre la géologie de surface et les structures d'absorption : les zones de forte absorption se localisent sur les séries sédimentaires peu consolidées tandis que les régions de faible absorption correspondent au socle affleurant dans le Massif Armoricain, le Massif Central et dans les chaînes de montagne comme les Pyrénées et les Alpes. À haute fréquence (f~24Hz), la corrélation entre géologie de surface et atténuation disparaît. Nous avons formulé l'hypothèse que la dépendance fréquentielle de la structure en atténuation est due à un changement du contenu ondulatoire de la coda sismique avec la fréquence. Ainsi la sensibilité de la coda aux structures profondes de la croûte augmenterait avec la fréquence. Enfin, nous avons initié la mise en oeuvre des noyaux de sensibilité isotrope exacts à 2-D afin d'obtenir une tomographie d'absorption. L'inversion des mesures de Qc par décomposition en valeurs singulières nous a permis de construire la première tomographie d'absorption qui tienne compte de toute la sensibilité des trajets des ondes multi-diffusées. La carte préliminaire d'absorption obtenue pour les Pyrénées est prometteuse. Nos résultats fournissent des bases théoriques solides pour l'inversion linéarisée de Qsc et Qi à partir de la coda sismique. Ils offrent également des informations complémentaires aux tomographies de vitesse et des perspectives d'amélioration de la régionalisation des calculs de l'aléa sismique en France Métropolitaine. / Attenuation is a key parameter for seismic hazard assessment. It plays an important role in the observed variability of ground motion amplitude and duration. There are two main causes for attenuation of short period seismic waves (f>1Hz, with f the frequency) : (1) absorption, quantified by the quality factor Qi ; and (2) scattering, quantified by Qsc. The main objective of this thesis is to map the seismic attenuation in Metropolitan France and to determine the relative importance of these two processes. To model the transport of multiply-scattered seismic waves - also known as the seismic coda - we employ a scalar version of the radiative transfer equation with spatially dependent absorption and scattering properties. The sensitivity kernels of the coda intensity to spatial variations of Qi and Qsc are computed in 2-D isotropically and anisotropically scattering media. The coda quality factor Qc (f) - quantifying the decay rate of the seismic coda energy - have been estimated on a collection of 120000 waveforms recorded in France, Belgium and in the Alpine range. According to the theory developed in this thesis, we establish a linearized approximate relation between the coda quality factor Qc (f) and the absorption quality factor Qi. This relation is expressed as an integral along the direct ray path connecting the source to the station. This approximation is used to map regional variations of absorption in the Alps and in Metropolitan France between 1 and 32Hz. Our maps reveal strong lateral variations (±30%) of absorption in the crust. At low frequency (f~1Hz), the correlation between sedimentary deposits and high absorption regions is clear : strong absorption zones are localized on the poorly consolidated sedimentary series while low absorption regions correspond to the basement which outcrops in the Massif Armoricain, the Massif Central and in the mountain ranges as the Pyrenees or the Alps. At high frequency (f~24Hz), the correlation between surface geology and absorption structures tends to disappear. We hypothesize that the frequency dependence of the attenuation structure is caused by a change of the wavefield composition which accentuates the sensitivity of the coda to the deeper parts of the medium as the frequency increases. Finally, we initiate the implementation of the exact 2D isotropic sensitivity kernels to retrieve the crustal absorption structures. Using the linear relation between Qc and Qi, we obtain the first absorption map which takes into account the precise spatio-temporal sensitivity of coda waves. The inverse problem is solved with a singular value decomposition approach. The preliminary map of Qi for the Pyrenees is promising. Our results constitute a solid theoretical basis to develop linearized inversions of Qsc and Qi from the analysis of the seismic coda. They also significantly improve the knowledge of the regional variations of seismic attenuation in Metropolitan France. Our maps provide new insights on the crustal structure of the Alpine Range in complement to seismic velocity images. These attenuation maps have direct implication for the design of future seismic hazard maps.