The resizing of International Labor LawThe transformations brought about by the globalization of the labour world render insufficient the national efforts to face a cross-boundaries phenomenon. Similarly, the International Labour Organization efforts are praiseworthy but incomplete because its Members are reluctant to new international commitments. In this situation, labour human rights are in the best position to face the challenges of globalization. / Las transformaciones que viene provocando la globalización en el mundo del trabajo hacen insuficientes los esfuerzos desde los ordenamientos nacionales para abordar un fenómeno que trasciende sus fronteras. De igual modo, los esfuerzos desde la Organización Internacional del Trabajo son meritorios pero todavía incompletos porque sus Miembros son renuentes a adquirir nuevos compromisos internacionales. Frente a este panorama, son los derechos humanos laborales los que están en mejores condiciones para enfrentar los retos de la globalización.

L'arrivée de la globalisation a révélé l'existence de deux crises. La crise de l'État-nation et la crise du droit international. Ces crises sont devenues plus aigües à cause des nouveaux problèmes de l'humanité. Problèmes qui échappent tant au contrôle de l’État qu’à la régulation du droit international interétatique. Face à cette problématique, il est apparu le droit global, qui prétend substituer le droit international, en supprimant les Nations Unies, à travers la création d’une nouvelle organisation internationale dénommée : l’humanité unie. Afin de sauver le droit international ainsi que d’éviter les conséquences nuisibles qui pourrait porter le droit global à la communauté internationale, il est proposé la création d’un nouveau droit, le droit international humaniste, fondé sur la protection des intérêts des personnes et de l’humanité. Pour faire effectif le droit international humaniste, il est proposé le concept d’État-outil ainsi que la mise en œuvre du contrôle de conventionnalité, dans le but d’harmoniser les droits étatiques avec la régulation humaniste. / The arrival of the globalization revealed the existence of two crises. The crisis of the nation state and the crisis of the international law. These crises became more acute because of the new problems of the humanity. Problems which escape both the control of the State and the regulation of the interstate international law. In the face of this problem, it appeared the global law, which claims to substitute the international law, by eliminating the United Nations, through the creation of a new international organization: The United Humanity. To save the international law as well as avoid the harmful consequences who could wear the global law for the international community, is proposed the creation of a new law, the international law for humankind, based on the protection of the interests of the people and the humanity. To make staff the international law for humankind, is proposed the concept of Tool- State as well as the implementation of the conventionality control, with the aim of harmonizing the state rights with the humanist regulation.

Submitted by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2017-12-15T16:33:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 HenriqueGentilOliveiraDissertacao2017.pdf: 1745896 bytes, checksum: c4b14bbc2816b15c2c3d96dd6c2fec15 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2017-12-15T16:33:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 HenriqueGentilOliveiraDissertacao2017.pdf: 1745896 bytes, checksum: c4b14bbc2816b15c2c3d96dd6c2fec15 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-15T16:33:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HenriqueGentilOliveiraDissertacao2017.pdf: 1745896 bytes, checksum: c4b14bbc2816b15c2c3d96dd6c2fec15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-25 / The global refugees crisis that settled in the 21st century brought a daunting scenario, whose solution, beyond politics, inter-state relations and the economy, necessarily goes through international human rights law. The focus of this dissertation is to contrast the critical scenario with the protection that the law sets on behalf of the refugees, the interpretation of it's values and the prospects that the correct application of the treaties can form an instrument to increase the lives of the displaced. There will be a brief historical analysis of the events relevant to the construction of the refuge institute and a critical analysis of the terminological definition brought by the 1951 Convention About the Refugees Status, concluding by it's insufficiency in the context of the 21st century and by the need for a re-reading that modernizes it's values. There is also space devoted to the principle of nonrefoulement, through it's historical construction, enforcement and it's jus cogens status. The paper will also focus on the new faces of migration and the details of the humanitarian crisis of the beginning of the 21st century, as well as the economic analysis of the reception of refugees by European states and the inviability of invocation of economic and political arguments for the return of refugees to places where their core rights may be at risk. / A crise mundial de refugiados que se instalou no s??culo XXI trouxe cen??rio desalentador, cuja solu????o, al??m do mundo da pol??tica, rela????es interestatais e da economia, necessariamente passa pelo direito internacional dos direitos humanos. O enfoque principal desta disserta????o ?? exatamente contrastar o cr??tico cen??rio com a prote????o conferida pelo direito posto em prol dos refugiados, a interpreta????o de seus preceitos e as perspectivas de que sua correta aplica????o seja um instrumento para o incremento da vida dos deslocados. Ser?? feita sucinta digress??o hist??rica dos eventos relevantes para a constru????o do instituto do ref??gio e uma an??lise cr??tica da defini????o terminol??gica trazida pela Conven????o de 1951 Relativa ao Estatuto dos Refugiados, concluindo-se por sua insufici??ncia no contexto do s??culo XXI e pela necessidade de uma releitura modernizadora de seus valores. Tamb??m h?? espa??o dedicado ao princ??pio do non-refoulement, passando por sua constru????o hist??rica, aplica????o coercitiva e argumenta????o sobre seu enquadramento como jus cogens. Adiante, o escrito se debru??ar?? sobre as novas faces da migra????o e os pormenores da crise humanit??ria do in??cio do s??culo XXI, al??m de fazer an??lise econ??mica da recep????o de refugiados pelos Estados europeus e da inviabilidade de invoca????o de argumentos econ??micos e pol??ticos para a devolu????o de refugiados a locais em que seus direitos essenciais possam sofrer riscos.

O objetivo desta tese é questionar o discurso da imperatividade das normas de jus cogens no direito internacional, verificando se ele se é compatível com uma sociedade internacional de caráter horizontal, descentralizado e baseada fundamentalmente no consentimento dos Estados. Para isso, a primeira parte deste trabalho examinará se a configuração normativa do jus cogens apoia a imperatividade a ele conferida, começando pelo estudo do desenvolvimento e afirmação histórica do conceito, buscando identificar tanto suas raízes remotas quanto o conteúdo desenvolvido pela Comissão de Direito Internacional das Nações Unidas, que culminou com a positivação do jus cogens na Convenção de Viena de 1969 sobre o Direito dos Tratados. O segundo capítulo da primeira parte tentará esclarecer o conteúdo normativo do jus cogens, abordando sua fundamentação teórica e buscando identificar sua fonte, examinando características inerentes a tais normas, como a não-derrogabilidade e a possibilidade de modificação para, ainda, abordar a questão da identificação das normas de jus cogens. Na segunda parte, a aplicabilidade das normas de jus cogens no direito internacional será verificada, questionando se é possível que tais normas operem os efeitos que lhe são atribuídos. O primeiro capítulo desta parte examinará áreas do direito internacional chamadas de “consolidadas”, nas quais existe alguma regulamentação em relação às consequências das normas peremptórias, tais como o direito dos tratados e a responsabilidade internacional do Estado. Em seguida, o segundo capítulo abordará os efeitos atribuídos ao jus cogens em campos não consolidados, que não possuem de previsão legal, mas que são objeto de grande produção doutrinária e jurisprudencial, tais como a possibilidade de exercício jurisdicional em virtude de violações às normas peremptórias e de criação de uma hierarquia na ordem do direito internacional para, finalmente, tecer conclusões a respeito do tema. A pesquisa utilizou os métodos histórico e dedutivo, através de pesquisa documental. / The aim of this thesis is to question the imperativeness discourse of jus cogens norms in international law, verifying if it is compatible with an international society of horizontal and decentralized character, which is primarily based on the consent of states. For this purpose, the first part of this paper will examine whether the normative configuration of jus cogens supports the imperativeness attributed to such norms, beginning with the study of the historical development and affirmation of the concept, seeking to identify both its remote roots as well as the content developed by the International Law Commission of the United Nations, which culminated with the provision on jus cogens in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. The second chapter of the first part attempts to clarify the normative content of jus cogens, approaching its theoretical foundation and seeking to identify its source, examining the characteristics inherent to these norms, such as non-derogation and the possibility of modification, also addressing the issue of identification of jus cogens norms. In the second part, the applicability of jus cogens norms in international law will be verified, questioning whether it is possible for these norms to operate the effects attributed to them. The first chapter of this part will examine the "consolidated" areas, in which there is some kind of regulation regarding the consequences of peremptory norms, v.g. the law of treaties and the international responsibility of the state. Then, the second chapter will address the effects attributed to jus cogens in the so-called unconsolidated fields, which lack legal provision, but which are the subject of great doctrinal and jurisprudential production, such as the possible exercise of jurisdiction due to violations of peremptory norms, as well as the creation of a hierarchy in the international law order, to finally draw conclusions on the subject. The research used historical and deductive methods, through documentary research.

Le droit international classique volontaire basé sur la notion absolue de la souveraineté étatique est remis en cause par l’émergence des règles impératives (jus cogens). A cet égard, la cristallisation des droits humains impératifs est le résultat du processus d’humanisation du droit international moderne où les règles impératives des droits humains de rangs supérieurs se situent au sommet. On peut estimer que l’acceptation des droits humains impératifs créée des obligations erga omnes de protection pour les États membres de la communauté internationale. Dans ce cadre, dans le cas de violations des droits humains impératifs, tous les États sont directement affectés, touchés et lésés par les violations en question et ont le droit d’agir. A cet effet, il nous semble que tous les États peuvent adopter des contre-mesures individuelles à l’encontre de l’État fautif, violateur des droits humains impératifs. Dans le cas de violations des droits humains impératifs, il nous paraît aussi que, sous certaines conditions, les États peuvent recourir à une intervention militaire à but humanitaire, même sans l’avis favorable du Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies. Aussi, selon certaines conditions, les États peuvent fournir une aide humanitaire aux victimes des violations des droits humains impératifs survenues à l’extérieur de leur territoire, même sans le consentement de l’État territorial. Les États sont aussi tenus de réprimer les crimes de jus cogens commis à l’extérieur de leur territoire. Dans ce contexte, il nous semble que les États en appliquant la règle aut dedere aut judicare, peuvent poursuivre les étrangers suspectés d’avoir commis des crimes de jus cogens. Dans ce cadre, les États doivent appliquer la règle aut dedere aut judicare en respectant l’obligation de non refoulement afin de prévenir les violations des droits humains impératifs à l’étranger. Il nous paraît aussi que les États en appliquant la règle aut dedere aut judicare, doivent prévoir la compétence universelle des juridictions internes. A cet égard, les États peuvent exercer la compétence universelle à l’encontre des crimes de jus cogens commis à l’étranger par l’étranger et sur l’étranger. Dans ce cadre, il nous semble que les États peuvent exercer la compétence universelle absolue. A cet effet, un État peut déclencher une poursuite pénale à l’encontre de l’étranger suspecté d’avoir commis des crimes de jus cogens, même si ce dernier n’est pas présent et/ou en détention sur le territoire de l’État du for. Il nous semble aussi que, l’immunité des hauts représentants d’État, ainsi que les lois d’amnistie étrangères, ne peuvent pas empêcher l’État du for d’exercer la compétence universelle afin de protéger les intérêts généraux de la communauté internationale dans son ensemble. / Traditional international law based on absolute notion of state sovereignty, is challenged by theemergence of peremptory norms Çus cogens). In this respect, the crystallization of peremptory humanrights norms is the result of the process of humanization of modern international law where theperemptory human rights norms of superior ranks place at the summit. We could believe that theacceptance of peremptory human rights norms creates erga omnes obligations of protection for States,members of the international community. In this context, in the case of violations of peremptoryhuman rights norms, all States are directly affected and injured by the violations in question and have the right to react. To this end, we believe that all States can adopt individual countermeasures against the wrongdoer state, violator of peremptory human rights norms. In the case of violations ofperemptory human rights norms, under certain conditions, States may resort to military interventionfor humanitarian purposes, even without the autholization of the United Nations Security Council.Also, under certain conditions, States can provide humanitarian aid to victims of violations ofperemptory human rights norms occurred outside their territory, even without the consent of theterritorial state. States are also required to suppress jus cogens crimes committed outside their territory. In this context, we believe that States can apply the principle of aut dedere aut judicare and prosecute aliens suspected of jus cogens crimes. In this context, States that apply the principle of aut dedere aut judicare, must respect the obligation of non-refoulement to prevent violations of peremptory human rights norms abroad. It seems to us that States that apply the principle of aut dedere aut judicare must also apply the principle of universal jurisdiction before their internal courts. In this regard, States can exercise universal jurisdiction againsl jus cogens crimes committed abroad, by foreigners and against foreigners. In this context, we believe that States may exercise the absolute universal jurisdiction. To this end, a State may initiate criminal proceedings against alien suspected of jus cogens crimes, even if helshe is not present and/or in custody in the territory ofthe forum State. It also seems to us that the immunity of senior state representatives and foreign amnesty laws, cannot prevent the forum State to exercise universal jurisdiction in order to protect the general interests of the international community as a whole.

Teilw. zugl.: @Cambridge, Univ., Diss., 2004. / Literaturverz. S. [593] - 613.

Univ., Diss.--Cambridge, 2004. / Literaturverz. S. [593] - 613.

Jus cogens is a mysterious body of international law. It comprises legal standards which are thought to be superior to those in ordinary international law, namely, international treaties, customary international law, and general principles of law. The title of this study 'Conflicts with Jus Cogens in International Lawa' condenses its main aims. The study examines conflict-situations between jus cogens rules and rules of ordinary international law. The study is divided into four Parts. Part I clarifies what jus cogens status means and how jus cogens rules are made. Part II analyses some of the different ways in which legal rules come into conflict with each other. I seek to push the boundaries of our understanding of legal conflict, and I also construct a typology of legal conflict. In Part III, I apply the analysis of conflict in Part II to the jus cogens context by identifying and classifying situations where rules of ordinary international conflict with jus cogens rules. Finally, Part IV explores the consequences of the conflicts with jus cogens which were identified in Part III. What we see is that the consequences of these conflicts are varied. Most strikingly, however, we find that in some cases jus cogens rules are being defeated by rules of ordinary international law. This challenges the orthodox thinking that jus cogens rules are straightforwardly superior to ordinary international law, in the sense that they always prevail in conflict-situations. But while the conclusion of the study may seem radical, it is informed by theoretical writing about law and about how rules conflict. Ultimately, the study seeks to improve our understanding of jus cogens rules in international law, as well as the more general problem of how legal rules conflict with each other.

O objetivo desta tese é questionar o discurso da imperatividade das normas de jus cogens no direito internacional, verificando se ele se é compatível com uma sociedade internacional de caráter horizontal, descentralizado e baseada fundamentalmente no consentimento dos Estados. Para isso, a primeira parte deste trabalho examinará se a configuração normativa do jus cogens apoia a imperatividade a ele conferida, começando pelo estudo do desenvolvimento e afirmação histórica do conceito, buscando identificar tanto suas raízes remotas quanto o conteúdo desenvolvido pela Comissão de Direito Internacional das Nações Unidas, que culminou com a positivação do jus cogens na Convenção de Viena de 1969 sobre o Direito dos Tratados. O segundo capítulo da primeira parte tentará esclarecer o conteúdo normativo do jus cogens, abordando sua fundamentação teórica e buscando identificar sua fonte, examinando características inerentes a tais normas, como a não-derrogabilidade e a possibilidade de modificação para, ainda, abordar a questão da identificação das normas de jus cogens. Na segunda parte, a aplicabilidade das normas de jus cogens no direito internacional será verificada, questionando se é possível que tais normas operem os efeitos que lhe são atribuídos. O primeiro capítulo desta parte examinará áreas do direito internacional chamadas de “consolidadas”, nas quais existe alguma regulamentação em relação às consequências das normas peremptórias, tais como o direito dos tratados e a responsabilidade internacional do Estado. Em seguida, o segundo capítulo abordará os efeitos atribuídos ao jus cogens em campos não consolidados, que não possuem de previsão legal, mas que são objeto de grande produção doutrinária e jurisprudencial, tais como a possibilidade de exercício jurisdicional em virtude de violações às normas peremptórias e de criação de uma hierarquia na ordem do direito internacional para, finalmente, tecer conclusões a respeito do tema. A pesquisa utilizou os métodos histórico e dedutivo, através de pesquisa documental. / The aim of this thesis is to question the imperativeness discourse of jus cogens norms in international law, verifying if it is compatible with an international society of horizontal and decentralized character, which is primarily based on the consent of states. For this purpose, the first part of this paper will examine whether the normative configuration of jus cogens supports the imperativeness attributed to such norms, beginning with the study of the historical development and affirmation of the concept, seeking to identify both its remote roots as well as the content developed by the International Law Commission of the United Nations, which culminated with the provision on jus cogens in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. The second chapter of the first part attempts to clarify the normative content of jus cogens, approaching its theoretical foundation and seeking to identify its source, examining the characteristics inherent to these norms, such as non-derogation and the possibility of modification, also addressing the issue of identification of jus cogens norms. In the second part, the applicability of jus cogens norms in international law will be verified, questioning whether it is possible for these norms to operate the effects attributed to them. The first chapter of this part will examine the "consolidated" areas, in which there is some kind of regulation regarding the consequences of peremptory norms, v.g. the law of treaties and the international responsibility of the state. Then, the second chapter will address the effects attributed to jus cogens in the so-called unconsolidated fields, which lack legal provision, but which are the subject of great doctrinal and jurisprudential production, such as the possible exercise of jurisdiction due to violations of peremptory norms, as well as the creation of a hierarchy in the international law order, to finally draw conclusions on the subject. The research used historical and deductive methods, through documentary research.

O objetivo desta tese é questionar o discurso da imperatividade das normas de jus cogens no direito internacional, verificando se ele se é compatível com uma sociedade internacional de caráter horizontal, descentralizado e baseada fundamentalmente no consentimento dos Estados. Para isso, a primeira parte deste trabalho examinará se a configuração normativa do jus cogens apoia a imperatividade a ele conferida, começando pelo estudo do desenvolvimento e afirmação histórica do conceito, buscando identificar tanto suas raízes remotas quanto o conteúdo desenvolvido pela Comissão de Direito Internacional das Nações Unidas, que culminou com a positivação do jus cogens na Convenção de Viena de 1969 sobre o Direito dos Tratados. O segundo capítulo da primeira parte tentará esclarecer o conteúdo normativo do jus cogens, abordando sua fundamentação teórica e buscando identificar sua fonte, examinando características inerentes a tais normas, como a não-derrogabilidade e a possibilidade de modificação para, ainda, abordar a questão da identificação das normas de jus cogens. Na segunda parte, a aplicabilidade das normas de jus cogens no direito internacional será verificada, questionando se é possível que tais normas operem os efeitos que lhe são atribuídos. O primeiro capítulo desta parte examinará áreas do direito internacional chamadas de “consolidadas”, nas quais existe alguma regulamentação em relação às consequências das normas peremptórias, tais como o direito dos tratados e a responsabilidade internacional do Estado. Em seguida, o segundo capítulo abordará os efeitos atribuídos ao jus cogens em campos não consolidados, que não possuem de previsão legal, mas que são objeto de grande produção doutrinária e jurisprudencial, tais como a possibilidade de exercício jurisdicional em virtude de violações às normas peremptórias e de criação de uma hierarquia na ordem do direito internacional para, finalmente, tecer conclusões a respeito do tema. A pesquisa utilizou os métodos histórico e dedutivo, através de pesquisa documental. / The aim of this thesis is to question the imperativeness discourse of jus cogens norms in international law, verifying if it is compatible with an international society of horizontal and decentralized character, which is primarily based on the consent of states. For this purpose, the first part of this paper will examine whether the normative configuration of jus cogens supports the imperativeness attributed to such norms, beginning with the study of the historical development and affirmation of the concept, seeking to identify both its remote roots as well as the content developed by the International Law Commission of the United Nations, which culminated with the provision on jus cogens in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. The second chapter of the first part attempts to clarify the normative content of jus cogens, approaching its theoretical foundation and seeking to identify its source, examining the characteristics inherent to these norms, such as non-derogation and the possibility of modification, also addressing the issue of identification of jus cogens norms. In the second part, the applicability of jus cogens norms in international law will be verified, questioning whether it is possible for these norms to operate the effects attributed to them. The first chapter of this part will examine the "consolidated" areas, in which there is some kind of regulation regarding the consequences of peremptory norms, v.g. the law of treaties and the international responsibility of the state. Then, the second chapter will address the effects attributed to jus cogens in the so-called unconsolidated fields, which lack legal provision, but which are the subject of great doctrinal and jurisprudential production, such as the possible exercise of jurisdiction due to violations of peremptory norms, as well as the creation of a hierarchy in the international law order, to finally draw conclusions on the subject. The research used historical and deductive methods, through documentary research.