Orientador: Adalberto Farache Filho / Banca: Maria da Penha Longo Mortatti Catanozi / Banca: Wellington Cyro de Almeida Leite / Resumo: Com a dúvida sobre a qualidade da água de abastecimento público, o cidadão passou a utilizar a água mineral com maior intensidade. Para atender a esta demanda as indústrias aumentaram a produção, novas empresas surgiram e também os falsários. Assim, é necessário conhecer-se a qualidade esperada e paga pelo consumidor nesse produto, realmente existe. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar aspectos de qualidade microbiológica em amostras de água mineral natural, não carbonatada, em garrafas individuais de 330mL a 600mL, das diversas marcas comercializadas em supermercados na cidade de Araraquara-SP. Foram utilizadas sessenta e nove amostras provenientes de dezessete marcas. As amostras foram adquiridas aleatoriamente, em épocas e estabelecimentos diferentes para que fossem originadas de lotes diversos. Para análise de coliformes totais e coliformes fecais/E. coli utilizou-se a técnica de substratos cromogênicos; para enterococos e Pseudomonas aeruginosa foram utilizadas as técnicas de tubos múltiplos específicas; para contagem de bactérias heterotróficas, foi utilizada a técnica de cultivo em profundidade. Todas as amostras de todas as marcas (100%) apresentaram ausência de coliformes fecais/E.coli, duas amostras (2,9%) de uma marca (5,9%) apresentaram contaminação por coliformes totais, duas amostras (2,9%), de duas marcas (11,8%) apresentaram contaminação por enterococos, três amostras (4,3%) de duas marcas (11,8%) apresentaram Pseudomonas aeruginosa e quarenta amostras (58%) de doze marcas (70,6%) apresentaram contagens acima de 500 UFC/mL para bactérias heterotróficas. Verificou-se que, das sessenta e nove amostras analisadas (100%) apenas seis (8,7%) apresentaram-se contaminadas com um ou mais dos indicadores especificados pela legislação brasileira para águas minerais. Entretanto, considerando os padrões para água mineral e o padrão...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: With the doubt on the water quality in public supplying, the citizen started to use the mineral water with larger intensity. For attend this demand the factory had increased the production, new companies had appeared and also the falsifiers. Thus, it's necessary to know if the quality waited and paid for the consumer in this product, really exists. The objective of the research was to evaluate aspects of microbiological quality in natural mineral water samples, not carbonated, in individual bottles of 330mL to 600mL, of the diverse marks commercialized in supermarkets in the city of Araraquara-SP. Sixty nine samples proceeding from seventeen marks had been used. The samples had been acquired aleatory, at different times and establishments for that they were originated from diverse lots. For analysis of fecal coliform/E. coli and total used it cromogenic substrate technique; for enterococcus and for Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used the technique of multiple tube specific; for counting of heterotrophic bacteria, was used the technique of culture in depth. All the samples of all the marks (100%) had presented absence for fecal coliform/E.coli., two samples (2.9%) of one mark (5.9%) had presented contamination for total coliform, two samples (2.9%), of two marks (11.8%) had presented contamination for enterococcus, three samples (4.3%) of two marks (11.8%) had presented Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and forty samples (58%) of twelve marks (70.6%) had presented counting above of 500 CFU/mL for heterotrophic bacteria. It was verified that, of the sixty nine analyzed samples (100%), only six (8.7%) had been presented contaminated with one or more than the pointers specified for the Brazilian legislation for mineral waters used in this research. However, considering the standards for mineral water and the standard for heterotrophic bacteria established by the legislation for water of human consumption...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Luiz Carlos de Souza / Resumo: Os objetivos deste trabalho foram os de realizar um levantamento de propriedades que utilizavam água de poços e minas, localizados tanto na área rural quanto na peri-urbana, no município de Botucatu, além de verificar a qualidade da água em função de seu uso e detectar a percepção dos proprietários em relação a importância de sua qualidade em termos de saúde pública. A metodologia usada para essa pesquisa consistiu de entrevistas com os proprietários dos poços e minas, por meio de questionário englobando aspectos da propriedade, da fonte e tipo de tratamento, da colheita e análise da água. Foram estudadas 28 fontes, sendo 22 poços e 6 minas. Foram colhidas três amostras de cada fonte em semanas consecutivas, e realizadas análises bacteriológicas de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, através da técnica dos tubos múltiplos e análises químicas de cobre, fosfato e organoclorados. Os resultados obtidos pelas análises revelaram um índice de contaminação por coliformes totais de 93% e de coliformes termotolerantes em 82% nas fontes analisadas, concluindo-se que estavam impróprias para consumo, de acordo com a legislação vigente, a Portaria nº 518 do Ministério da Saúde, que estabelece os procedimentos para o controle e a vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano e seu padrão de potabilidade. Não foram detectados teores de cobre e organoclorados nas amostras... / Abstract: The objectives of this work had been to carry a survey of properties that used water of wells and mines, located in the agricultural area and in the peri-urban one, in the city of Botucatu, besides verifying the quality of the water in function of its use and detecting the perception of the proprietors in relation the importance of its quality in terms of public health. The used methodology for this research consisted of interviews with the proprietors of the wells and mines, by means of questionnaire including aspects of the property, the spring, type of treatment, the harvest and analysis of the water. 28 sources had been studied, being 22 wells and 6 mines. Three samples of each source had been harvested, in consecutive weeks, and they were carried through bacteriological analysis of total and termotolerante coliforms through the multiple tube fermentations technique and chemical analysis of copper, phosphate and organochlorines. The results gotten for the analysis had disclosed an index of contamination for total coliform of 93% and termotolerant coliform in 82% in the analyzed sources, concluding that they were improper for consumption, in accordance with the current law, Portaria nº 518 of the Health department that it establishes the procedures for the control and the monitoring of the quality of the water for human consumption and its potable standard... / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:16:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rolim_rg_me_botfmvz.pdf: 619306 bytes, checksum: 9eda35e64a6ec67af8363a7d9517136b (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Os objetivos deste trabalho foram os de realizar um levantamento de propriedades que utilizavam água de poços e minas, localizados tanto na área rural quanto na peri-urbana, no município de Botucatu, além de verificar a qualidade da água em função de seu uso e detectar a percepção dos proprietários em relação a importância de sua qualidade em termos de saúde pública. A metodologia usada para essa pesquisa consistiu de entrevistas com os proprietários dos poços e minas, por meio de questionário englobando aspectos da propriedade, da fonte e tipo de tratamento, da colheita e análise da água. Foram estudadas 28 fontes, sendo 22 poços e 6 minas. Foram colhidas três amostras de cada fonte em semanas consecutivas, e realizadas análises bacteriológicas de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, através da técnica dos tubos múltiplos e análises químicas de cobre, fosfato e organoclorados. Os resultados obtidos pelas análises revelaram um índice de contaminação por coliformes totais de 93% e de coliformes termotolerantes em 82% nas fontes analisadas, concluindo-se que estavam impróprias para consumo, de acordo com a legislação vigente, a Portaria nº 518 do Ministério da Saúde, que estabelece os procedimentos para o controle e a vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano e seu padrão de potabilidade. Não foram detectados teores de cobre e organoclorados nas amostras... / The objectives of this work had been to carry a survey of properties that used water of wells and mines, located in the agricultural area and in the peri-urban one, in the city of Botucatu, besides verifying the quality of the water in function of its use and detecting the perception of the proprietors in relation the importance of its quality in terms of public health. The used methodology for this research consisted of interviews with the proprietors of the wells and mines, by means of questionnaire including aspects of the property, the spring, type of treatment, the harvest and analysis of the water. 28 sources had been studied, being 22 wells and 6 mines. Three samples of each source had been harvested, in consecutive weeks, and they were carried through bacteriological analysis of total and termotolerante coliforms through the multiple tube fermentations technique and chemical analysis of copper, phosphate and organochlorines. The results gotten for the analysis had disclosed an index of contamination for total coliform of 93% and termotolerant coliform in 82% in the analyzed sources, concluding that they were improper for consumption, in accordance with the current law, Portaria nº 518 of the Health department that it establishes the procedures for the control and the monitoring of the quality of the water for human consumption and its potable standard...

The main aim of the study was to analyse the impact of physico-chemical parameters on drinking water quality, biofilm formation and antibiotic resistant bacteria in the drinking water distribution system in Mafikeng, North West Province, South Africa. Another objective was to isolate and characterise Pseudomonas and Aeromonas species from drinking water distribution system and detect the virulence gene determinants in the isolates by PCR analysis. The physico-chemical data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Excel 2007 (Microsoft) and SPSS (version 14.0) programmes. Pearson’s correlation product of the moment was used to determine the correlation between EC, TDS, pH and temperature. The two tailed test of significance (p<0.05) was used in order to determine the significance of the result. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Cluster analysis based on the antibiotic inhibition zone diameter data of different organisms isolated from different sites was determined and was expressed as dendograms using Wards algorithm and Euclidean distance of Statistica version 7. Specific PCR was used to determine the identities of presumptive Pseudomonas and Aeromonas species through amplification of the gyrB, toxA and the ecfX gene fragments. Virulence gene determinants for the confirmed Pseudomonas and Aeromonas species were detected by amplifying the exoA, exoS and exoT genes and the aerA and hylH gene fragments, respectively. A Gene Genius Bio imaging system (Syngene, Synoptics; UK) was used to capture the image using GeneSnap (version 3.07.01) software (Syngene, Synoptics; UK) to determine the relative size of amplicons. Physico-chemical parameters were monitored from three drinking water sources three times a week and bacteriological quality was monitored weekly for four months from raw and treated drinking water. Water samples were analysed for pH, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS) and electric conductivity (EC). Bacterial consortia from drinking water samples were isolated using selective media and enumerated. The results revealed a good chemical quality of water. However, the microbial quality of the water is not acceptable for human consumption due to the presence of Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, faecal coliforms (FC), total coliforms (TC) and Heterotrophic bacteria. The results showed that the drinking water is slightly alkaline with pH value ranging between7.7 to 8.32. What is of concern was the microbial quality of the water. Pseudomonas sp., faecal coliforms (FC), total coliforms (TC) and heterotrophic bacteria were present in some of the treated water samples. The most significant finding of this study is that all drinking water samples were positive for Pseudomonas sp.(>100/100ml), but also that when one considers the TDS it demonstrates that water from the Modimola Dam has an impact on the quality of the mixed water. The prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of planktonic and biofilm bacteria isolated from drinking water were determined. The susceptibility of these isolates was tested against 11 antibiotics of clinical interest and the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) patterns were compiled. The most prevalent antibiotic resistance phenotype observed was KF-AP-C-E-OT-K-TM-A. All isolates from all samples were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. However, all faecal coliforms and Pseudomonas spp. were susceptible to neomycin and streptomycin. On the contrary all organisms tested were resistant to erythromycin (100%) trimethoprim and amoxycillin. Cluster analysis based on inhibition zone diameter data could not differentiate the various isolated into sample types. The highest prevalence of antibiotic resistant isolates was observed in Modimola Dam and Molopo eye. Biofilms were investigated in both raw water and treated drinking water sources for the presence of faecal coliforms, total coliforms, Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas spp. and heterotrophic bacteria based on conventional microbiology and molecular methods. Drinking water biofilms were grown twice and the biofilm developing device containing copper and galvanized steel coupons were utilized. The Mini Tap filter, a home water treatment device which can be used at a single faucet, under constant flow was used during the second collection of treated water samples from cold water taps. Scanning electron micrograph revealed the existence of biofilms in all the sites investigated and the highest density was obtained on galvanized steel coupons. Isolates were tested against the antibiotics ampicillin (10μg), cephalothin (5μg), streptomycin (10μg), erythromycin (15μg), chloramphenicol (30μg), neomycin (30 μg), amoxycillin (10 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), trimethoprim (25μg), kanamycin (30μg), and oxytetracycline (30μg). The multiple antibiotic resistance profiles and the presence of virulence related genes were determined. Various types of drug resistance and presence of virulence genes were observed. The most prevalent resistance phenotype observed was KF-AP-C-E-OT-TM-A. In conclusion, the results indicated the occurrence of faecal indicator bacteria in the drinking water destined for human consumption. Faecal indicator bacteria are the major contributors of poor drinking water quality and may harbour opportunistic pathogens. This highlighted survival of organisms to treatment procedures and the possible regrowth as biofilms in plumbing materials. The detection of large proportion of MAR Aeromonas and Pseudomonas species which possessed virulent genes was a cause of concern as these could pose health risks to humans. The data obtained herein may be useful in assessing the health risks associated with the consumption of contaminated water. / PhD (Microbiology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The main aim of the study was to analyse the impact of physico-chemical parameters on drinking water quality, biofilm formation and antibiotic resistant bacteria in the drinking water distribution system in Mafikeng, North West Province, South Africa. Another objective was to isolate and characterise Pseudomonas and Aeromonas species from drinking water distribution system and detect the virulence gene determinants in the isolates by PCR analysis. The physico-chemical data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Excel 2007 (Microsoft) and SPSS (version 14.0) programmes. Pearson’s correlation product of the moment was used to determine the correlation between EC, TDS, pH and temperature. The two tailed test of significance (p<0.05) was used in order to determine the significance of the result. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Cluster analysis based on the antibiotic inhibition zone diameter data of different organisms isolated from different sites was determined and was expressed as dendograms using Wards algorithm and Euclidean distance of Statistica version 7. Specific PCR was used to determine the identities of presumptive Pseudomonas and Aeromonas species through amplification of the gyrB, toxA and the ecfX gene fragments. Virulence gene determinants for the confirmed Pseudomonas and Aeromonas species were detected by amplifying the exoA, exoS and exoT genes and the aerA and hylH gene fragments, respectively. A Gene Genius Bio imaging system (Syngene, Synoptics; UK) was used to capture the image using GeneSnap (version 3.07.01) software (Syngene, Synoptics; UK) to determine the relative size of amplicons. Physico-chemical parameters were monitored from three drinking water sources three times a week and bacteriological quality was monitored weekly for four months from raw and treated drinking water. Water samples were analysed for pH, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS) and electric conductivity (EC). Bacterial consortia from drinking water samples were isolated using selective media and enumerated. The results revealed a good chemical quality of water. However, the microbial quality of the water is not acceptable for human consumption due to the presence of Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, faecal coliforms (FC), total coliforms (TC) and Heterotrophic bacteria. The results showed that the drinking water is slightly alkaline with pH value ranging between7.7 to 8.32. What is of concern was the microbial quality of the water. Pseudomonas sp., faecal coliforms (FC), total coliforms (TC) and heterotrophic bacteria were present in some of the treated water samples. The most significant finding of this study is that all drinking water samples were positive for Pseudomonas sp.(>100/100ml), but also that when one considers the TDS it demonstrates that water from the Modimola Dam has an impact on the quality of the mixed water. The prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of planktonic and biofilm bacteria isolated from drinking water were determined. The susceptibility of these isolates was tested against 11 antibiotics of clinical interest and the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) patterns were compiled. The most prevalent antibiotic resistance phenotype observed was KF-AP-C-E-OT-K-TM-A. All isolates from all samples were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. However, all faecal coliforms and Pseudomonas spp. were susceptible to neomycin and streptomycin. On the contrary all organisms tested were resistant to erythromycin (100%) trimethoprim and amoxycillin. Cluster analysis based on inhibition zone diameter data could not differentiate the various isolated into sample types. The highest prevalence of antibiotic resistant isolates was observed in Modimola Dam and Molopo eye. Biofilms were investigated in both raw water and treated drinking water sources for the presence of faecal coliforms, total coliforms, Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas spp. and heterotrophic bacteria based on conventional microbiology and molecular methods. Drinking water biofilms were grown twice and the biofilm developing device containing copper and galvanized steel coupons were utilized. The Mini Tap filter, a home water treatment device which can be used at a single faucet, under constant flow was used during the second collection of treated water samples from cold water taps. Scanning electron micrograph revealed the existence of biofilms in all the sites investigated and the highest density was obtained on galvanized steel coupons. Isolates were tested against the antibiotics ampicillin (10μg), cephalothin (5μg), streptomycin (10μg), erythromycin (15μg), chloramphenicol (30μg), neomycin (30 μg), amoxycillin (10 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), trimethoprim (25μg), kanamycin (30μg), and oxytetracycline (30μg). The multiple antibiotic resistance profiles and the presence of virulence related genes were determined. Various types of drug resistance and presence of virulence genes were observed. The most prevalent resistance phenotype observed was KF-AP-C-E-OT-TM-A. In conclusion, the results indicated the occurrence of faecal indicator bacteria in the drinking water destined for human consumption. Faecal indicator bacteria are the major contributors of poor drinking water quality and may harbour opportunistic pathogens. This highlighted survival of organisms to treatment procedures and the possible regrowth as biofilms in plumbing materials. The detection of large proportion of MAR Aeromonas and Pseudomonas species which possessed virulent genes was a cause of concern as these could pose health risks to humans. The data obtained herein may be useful in assessing the health risks associated with the consumption of contaminated water. / PhD (Microbiology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Current competitive status among potable and non-potable use makes the water reuse mandatory. Presently, water reuse is common only for reclaimed water coming from municipal or industrial water treatment plants. In those facilities, the treatment includes disinfection. The disinfection methods widely used are chlorination and Ultra Violet (UV) lamps adapted to the conditions of large volume of municipal and industrial systems. This study proposes a disinfection method adequate to the household level to reuse graywater. The method is called solar disinfection (SODIS), which allows the reuse of graywater even though it contains fecal contamination. In this research, natural sun radiation as a free source of heat and UV radiation was utilized. In a first stage, periods of sun exposure, graywater depth, and cell covers as external factors were studied. In later stages, the graywater temperature (GWT) and the UV radiation effects on the reduction of the microbial indicators were observed. Results showed that graywater depth of five cm had a statistical significant reduction rather than ten cm depth (p = 0.0035). Plexiglas and poly-vinyl chloride (PVC), as transparent covers, had a statistical significant reduction (p<0.00001) due to the greenhouse effect increasing the GWT. The black cover had the lowest GWT and reduction of the bacterial and viral indicators. This research found different behavior between bacteria and virus reduction by graywater solar disinfection. In order to reduce the concentration of total coliforms, Escheriquia coli (E. coli) and enterococcus to non-detectable levels (<1.0 most probable number, MPN 100 ml⁻¹), a combination of GWT >45 °C, and UV radiation >24 W m⁻² was required. In contrast, coliphage MS-2, as viral indicator, was resistant to different UV radiation magnitudes (up to 50 W m⁻²), but with a GWT >55 °C non-detectable levels (<1.0 plaques forming units, PFU) were reached.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

A cadeia produtiva do leite pode favorecer a contaminação por Listeria monocytogenes bem como outras espécies de Listeria sp, e o leite cru pode servir de fonte de contaminação para a indústria e subprodutos. Fatores como saúde do animal, ordenhador, boas práticas de manejo e limpeza adequada de equipamentos e utensílios garantem um leite de melhor qualidade e com baixa contagem de coliformes. A refrigeração do leite é um aspecto importante implementado pela IN 51, na qual o leite cru deve permanecer a 4ºC na propriedade leiteira em tanques ou a 7ºC em latões, porém a esta temperatura pode ocorrer a proliferação de microrganismos psicrotróficos como as espécies de Listeria sp. Três Regiões A, B e C com 25 propriedades fornecedoras de leite para cada região foram caracterizadas por meio da aplicação de um questionário e avaliadas quanto à presença de Listeria monocytogenes, coliformes totais e E. coli em leite cru e avaliadas quanto a presença de Listeria sp em ambiente de ordenha. Foram avaliadas 287 amostras de leite cru, 10 Mechas de Moore e 49 amostras ambientais. As análises foram feitas de acordo com protocolo preconizado pelo FDA descrito no Bacteriological Analitycal Manual (BAM), com enriquecimento em BLEB e plaqueamento em meios Oxford e ALOA. A confirmação dos isolados foi feita em Kit Api Listeria. Das 75 fazendas estudadas, 77,3% (n=58) apresentaram condições insatisfatórias de produção de leite, higienização de equipamentos e infra-estrutura; 20% (n=15) em condições regulares e apenas 2,7% (n=2) em condições satisfatórias. Quanto à enumeração de coliformes totais, nas regiões A, B e C, as amostras de leite apresentaram 86% (n=85), 75% (n=71) e 72% (n=66) de contagens acima de 103 NMP/mL, respectivamente e E. coli esteve presente em 66% (região A) , 66% (região B) e 49% (região C) das amostras. Das amostras de leite cru em relação à presença de L. monocytogenes todas foram negativas. Das mechas de Moore todas foram negativas para Listeria sp e as amostras do ambiente de ordenha foram positivas em uma propriedade da região C em dois pontos, sendo eles: ralo e chão de ordenha representando 4,44% das amostras ambientais, sendo os isolados pertencentes à espécie Listeria innocua. Nas duas cepas foram feitas a análise por sorotipagem pela Fio Cruz/RJ e o resultado foi de sorotipo 6a e 6b. No ralo de ordenha foram testadas duas colônias sendo encontrados dois sorotipos diferentes 6a e 6b indicando a presença de dois sorotipos em uma mesma amostragem e no piso da sala de ordenha as duas colônias testadas foram do sorotipo 6a. Embora não tenha sido detectada a presença de L. monocytogenes, a presença de L. innocua nas amostras pode indicar presença presumida de L. monocytogenes visto que as mesmas apresentam características fisiológicas semelhantes e podem ocorrer no mesmo ambiente. Quanto à produção do leite, apesar da vigência da IN 51, as regiões estudadas ainda encontram-se, em geral, em condições precárias e são necessárias muitas mudanças para se obter um leite de melhor qualidade. / The production chain of milk may promote contamination by Listeria monocytogenes and other species of Listeria sp and raw milk can serve as a source of contamination for the industry and byproducts. Factors such as animal health, milker, good management practices and proper cleaning of equipment and utensils provide a better quality milk with low coliform counts. The cooling of milk is an important aspect introduced by the IN 51, in which the raw milk should remain at 4 °C in dairy farms in tanks or 7 °C in cans, but at this temperature can occur proliferation of psychrotrophic microorganisms, such as species of Listeria sp. Three regions A, B and C with 25 farms which supply milk for each region were characterized by applying a questionnaire and evaluated for the presence of Listeria monocytogenes, coliforms and E. coli in raw milk and for the presence of Listeria sp in the milking environment. We evaluated 287 samples of raw milk, Moore 10 wicks and 49 environmental samples. Analyses were made according to a protocol recommended by the FDA as described in the Bacteriological Analitycal Manual (BAM), with enrichment and plating media Bleb Oxford and ALOA. Confirmation of isolates was done in Kit Api Listeria. Of the 75 farms studied, 77.3% (n = 58) showed unsatisfactory conditions of milk production, hygiene equipment and infrastructure, 20% (n = 15) on a regular basis and only 2.7% (n = 2 ) in satisfactory condition. As for the enumeration of coliforms, in regions A, B and C, milk samples showed 86% (n = 85), 75% (n = 71) and 72% (n = 66) scores above 103 MPN / mL, respectively, and E. coli was present in 66% (region A), 66% (region B) and 49% (region C) of the samples. All the raw milk samples were negative for the presence of L. monocytogenes. The fuses Moore were all negative for Listeria sp, and the environmental samples were positive for milking on a farm in the region C in two points, namely: the floor drain and milking, which represent 4.44% of environmental samples, and the isolates belong to the species Listeria innocua. In the two strains the analysis were made by serotyping, executed by Fio Cruz / RJ, and the results were serotype 6a and 6b. In the drain of milking two colonies were tested, founding two different serotypes, 6a and 6b, indicating the presence of two serotypes in the same sampling and floor in the parlor. The two colonies tested were of serotype 6a. Although not detected the presence of L. monocytogenes, the presence of L. innocua in samples may indicate presumed presence of L. monocytogenes since they have similar physiological characteristics and may occur in the same environment. For milk production, despite the validity of the IN 51, the regions studied are still generally in poor condition and many changes are necessary to achieve a better quality milk.

Em quase todos os ambientes aquáticos são encontrados diversos microrganismos, entre eles alguns patogênicos ao homem, que tem como rota de transmissão o ciclo fecal-oral. Pelo fato de a água ser o alimento mais consumido pela população, ela está associada a diversos casos de doenças e de riscos à saúde pública. Assim, o controle da qualidade da água antes do seu consumo é essencial, e para a garantia de sua qualidade devem ser feitas análises que buscam indicar a contaminação por material de origem fecal. O grupo de bactérias mais usado para a determinação de contaminação fecal é o grupo coliformes totais, que tem como subgrupo os coliformes termotolerantes. A bactéria Escherichia coli é integrante do grupo coliforme termotolerante, e é a mais indicada para determinação de contaminação fecal pelo fato de estar presente em grande quantidade em fezes de humanos e animais de sangue quente. Para a análise de bactérias do grupo coliformes totais e E. coli há diversos métodos, entre eles o método convencional de fermentação em tubos múltiplos (FTM) e os métodos rápidos Colilert e Colitag. Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar estes três métodos para tais análises em amostras de água provenientes de pontos com contaminações distintas (abastecimento, bica e rio), assim como comparar as contagens encontradas de coliformes termotolerantes e E. coli pelo método FTM. Os métodos rápidos Colilert e Colitag se mostraram equivalentes ao FTM nas análises de coliformes totais em amostras de água provenientes de bica e de abastecimento, e nas análises de E. coli em amostras de água de abastecimento, da bica e do rio. Para as análises de coliformes totais em amostras de água do rio o método FTM apresentou uma diferença significativa em relação ao método Colilert e Colitag. Ambos os métodos rápidos não diferiram entre si. A diferença encontrada entre estes métodos nestas análises pode ter ocorrido devido à presença de Aeromonas nas amostras, que podem ter gerado resultados falso-positivos nos métodos rápidos, superestimando a contagem de coliformes totais; ou pela maior capacidade dos métodos rápidos em recuperar células injuriadas de coliformes totais, detectando uma quantidade maior destas bactérias. Na comparação das contagens encontradas para coliformes termotolerantes e E. coli nas mesmas amostras foi encontrada uma diferença significativa. Este resultado é explicado pelo fato de o grupo coliforme termotolerante incluir bactérias de origem não exclusivamente fecal, tais como Enterobacter e Klebsiella, o que pode superestimar a contaminação fecal da amostra. Já a E. coli tem origem exclusivamente fecal, sendo mais indicada para tal análise. Assim, como os métodos rápidos se mostraram equivalentes ao método convencional estudado, devese preferir o uso dos métodos rápidos, que dão o resultado em 24 horas, indicando a qualidade da água a tempo de evitar o uso desta pela população. Na escolha entre as bactérias do grupo coliformes termotolerantes e a E. coli para a indicação da contaminação fecal, deve-se preferir o uso da E. coli. / In almost all aquatic environments are found in various microorganisms, including some pathogenic to man, which route of transmission is the fecal-oral cycle. Because the water is the food most consumed by people, it is associated with several cases of diseases and risks to public health. Thus, control of water quality prior to consumption is essential, and to guarantee its quality must be made analysis seeking to indicate contamination by fecal material of origin. The group of bacteria most commonly used for the determination of fecal contamination is the total coliform group, which has as subgroup thermotolerant coliforms. The bacterium Escherichia coli is a member of the group thermotolerant coliform, and is most suitable for determination of fecal contamination by being present in large quantities in feces of humans and warmblooded animals. For the analysis of bacteria of the group coliform and E. coli there are several methods, including the conventional method Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF), and the rapid methods Colilert and Colitag. This study aimed to compare these three methods for analysis in water samples from different points with different contamination (supply, fountain and river) and compare the count found for thermotolerant coliform and E. coli by the method FTM. The methods Colilert, Colitag and FTM were equivalent in the analysis of total coliform in water samples from the fountain and supply, and the analysis of E. coli in samples of supply, fountain and river. For analysis of total coliform in water samples from the river, FTM method showes a significant difference compared to the methods Colilert and Colitag. Both rapid methods did not differ. The difference between these methods in these tests may be due to the presence of Aeromonas in the samples, which may have generated false-positive results in rapid methods, overestimating the total coliform count; or the largest capacity of rapid methods in recovering injured cells of coliforms, detecting a larger amount of these bacteria. Comparing the scores found for thermotolerant coliform and E. coli in the same samples was found a significant difference. This result is explained by a thermotolerant coliform group include bacteria not exclusively fecal origin, such as Klebsiella and Enterobacter, which may overestimate the faecal contamination of the sample. Since E. coli is exclusively fecal origin, being more suitable for such analysis. So, as rapid methods showed to be equivalent to the conventional method studied, one should prefer the use of rapid methods that give results in 24 hours, indicating the water quality in time to prevent its use in the population. In choosing between coliform thermotolerant bacteria and E. coli for the indication of fecal contamination, it is preferable to use E. coli.

A água ocupa um lugar específico entre os recursos naturais. É a substância mais abundante no planeta, embora disponível em diferentes quantidades, em diferentes lugares. A saúde humana está associada a um suprimento de água potável segura, adequada e acessível. Entretanto, sabe-se que boa parte da água doce disponível no planeta encontra-se em algum nível de contaminação, inclusive as águas de profundidade (nascentes). Tendo em vista a grande procura da população de Piracicaba por águas de nascentes é de fundamental importância o conhecimento de suas qualidades. Nesse contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar parâmetros físicos, químicos, microbiológicos e ecotoxicológicos indicadores da qualidade da água de oito nascentes urbanas no município, em um período de doze meses. Os resultados demonstraram que as águas analisadas estão fora dos padrões de aceitação para consumo humano estabelecidos por legislação em, no mínimo, um parâmetro mensurado. A maioria das nascentes está localizada em áreas densamente urbanizadas do município e sofre interferência antropogênica acentuada, o que é determinante para influenciar a qualidade física, química e biológica dessas águas. Os parâmetros mais preocupantes no contexto da saúde pública foram o número de coliformes totais, Escherichia coli e bactérias heterotróficas e os teores de nitrato, ferro e manganês. Os testes de ecotoxicidade com Hydra attenuata nas águas de quatro nascentes indicaram o aparecimento de efeitos subletais e/ou letais para esses organismos. A análise estatística multivariada mostrou que as variáveis que mais influenciaram na qualidade das amostras de água das oito nascentes nos quatro períodos de amostragem foram: coliformes totais, bactérias heterotróficas, E. coli, turbidez e oxigênio consumido. A ecotoxicidade para H. attenuata foi associada, nos efeitos crônicos, com a presença de amônia, nitrato, alumínio, manganês e dureza, sendo a letalidade associada a alta condutividade elétrica e variação de pH / Water plays a special role among natural resources. It is the most abundant substance on the planet, although available in different amounts and in different regions of the planet. Human health is associated with a safe, adequate and accessible supply of potable water. However, it was known that the most of fresh water available on earth presents some level of pollution, including springs waters. Given the high demand of the population from Piracicaba-SP by springs waters, is crucial to know their qualities. Therefore, this study aimed evaluate the physical, chemical, microbiological, and ecotoxicological parameters that indicate the water quality of eight urban springs in the city, during a period of twelve months. The results showed that the analyzed waters are improper to human consumption according to the established legislation. Most springs are located in densely urbanized areas of the city and are subjected to severe anthropogenic interference, which is crucial to influence the water quality. The parameters of major concern in the context of public health were the number of coliforms, Escherichia coli and heterotrophic bacteria, as well as the nitrate, iron and manganese levels. The ecotoxicity tests using Hydra attenuata indicated the occurrence of sublethal and/or lethal effects in the water from four springs. The multivariate statistical analysis showed that the variables that most influenced the quality of water samples from eight springs in the four sampling time were: total coliforms, heterotrophic bacteria, E. coli, turbidity, and consumed oxygen. The ecotoxicity to H. attenuata was associated, in chronic effects, with the presence of ammonia, nitrate, aluminum, manganese, and hardness, while the mortality was associated with high electrical conductivity and pH variation