SODIS (Solar Water Disinfection) é uma tecnologia simples para tratamento de água no pontode- uso, sendo uma alternativa importante para disponibilizar água em situações de emergência ou onde não há acesso à água potável. A ação concomitante entre a temperatura e a radiação ultra violeta do sol provoca a morte dos microorganismos presentes na água. Este estudo avaliou a eficiência de inativação de coliformes totais e Escherichia coli pela técnica SODIS para as águas de chuva (coletada em telhado), de poço freático e de manancial superficial (reservatório), sob as condições climáticas de verão de Porto Alegre, RS. Foram ainda, realizados ensaios para verificar se ocorreu o recrescimento dos microorganismos após 24 e 48 horas do término da exposição ao sol. Também foram determinadas as constantes de decaimento das bactérias utilizando a Lei de Chick para representar o declínio dos microorganismos. Os ensaios de SODIS foram realizados em batelada, utilizando garrafas PET transparentes de 1,5 L, expostas ao sol por um período de 6 h. O mesmo número de garrafas era mantido à sombra pelo mesmo período, como controle. As temperaturas do ar e da água e a radiação ultravioleta foram monitoradas ao longo dos ensaios. Os valores médios de remoção de concentrações de E. coli no SODIS nas amostras das águas analisadas variaram entre 98,8 a maior do que 99,99%; para coliformes totais as reduções médias nas amostras variaram entre 90,00 – 99,99%. Não houve recrescimento de microorganismos após 24 e 48 horas seguindo-se ao término da exposição solar. As constantes de decaimento para coliformes totais e E. coli foram, respectivamente, 0,2979 h-1 e 0,9397 h-1, confirmando as observações de que E. coli é mais sensível a desinfecção. Os coeficientes de determinação para a equação da Lei de Chick foram de 0,938 (E. coli) e 0,877 (coliformes totais). Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que as águas de chuva e de poço freático tratadas com SODIS atingiram os padrões microbiológicos recomendados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, o que não ocorreu com as amostras de água do reservatório superficial estudado. / SODIS (Solar Water Disinfection) is a simple techhnology for point-of-use drinking water treatment, and can be used during emergencies or in sites without running water. The joint action of high temperature and ultraviolet radiation causes the die-off of microrganisms. This study evaluated the removal of total coliforms and Escherichia coli using SODIS to disinfect water from rain (collected in roofs), from well and from surface water (reservoir) under the climate conditions of Porto Alegre, RS. Essays were also conducted to see if bacteria regrowth occurred after 24 and 48 h after the end of the SODIS test. In addition, bacterial decay coefficients were calculated using the Chick´s Law as model. SODIS essays were performed in batch reactors using 1.5 L transparent PET bottles exposed to the sunlight for 6 h.The same number of bottles were kept in the shadow, as a control. Air and water temperatures and ultraviolet radiation were monitored hourly. E. coli mean removals in samples from the three sources of water varied between 98,8% to greater than 99,99%. The mean reductions for total coliforms varied between 90.0% to 99.99%. Microorganism regrowth was not observed after 24 and 48 h. Decay coefficients for coliforms and E. coli were, respectively, 0.2979 h-1 e 0.9397 h-1, confirming the observation that E. coli is more sensitive than total coliforms to SODIS. Coefficients of determination for Chick´s Law equation were 0.938 (E. coli) and 0.877 (total coliform). The results from this research indicate that water from rain and well , but not reservoir, achieved the World´s Health Organization drinking water guidelines for drinking water with low risk of disease acquisition.

De um total de 402 propriedades rurais do Município de Botucatu, S.P. que tinham entre suas atividades a exploração pecuária, foram sorteadas 60 (15 por cento ) pelo processo de amostragem probabilística simples. Nestas 60 propriedades localizou-se 113 bebedouros que eram os mais utilizados pelos animais para sua dessedentação. Foram colhidas amostras de água destes bebedouros visando a pesquisa de bactérias do gênero SaLmonella, a determinação do Número Mais Provável (NMP) de bactérias coliformes fecais e a verificação do pH. Antes da coleta das amostras procedia-se a medida da temperatura da água. Obteve-se isolamento positivo para salmonelas nas amostras de água de 15 (13,27 por cento ) bebedouros correspondentes a 12 (20 por cento ) das 60 propriedades visitadas, identificando-se os seguintes sorotipos: S. dublin, S. newport, S. madelia, S. IV 43:g,z57:-, S. sphra, S. glostrup, S IV ochsenzool e S. I 9,12:i:-. Das 113 amostras de água analisadas, 14(12,39 por cento ) apresentaram-se com NMP/100 ml de coliformes fecais acima de 4000. Não foi constatada associação entre o isolamento positivo de salmonelas e NMP/100 ml de coliformes fecais acima de 4000. A positividade maior parao isolamento de salmonelas e o NMP/100 ml de coliformes fecais acima de 4000 deu-se em temperaturas superiores a 18°C. Quanto ao pH, em ambas as situações a positividade maior ocorreu entre 6,0 e 7,0. / Sixty small farms from the Municipality of Botucatu*, that are dedicated to cattle breeding were studied. These farms represent 15 per cent of the 402 farms that exist in the Municipality. The sample was drawn by simple probabilistic technique. On the farms one hundred and thirteen drinking p1aces were localized. Samples of water were taken from these drinking places and examined for bacteria of the genus Salmonella, for the determination of Most Probable Number (MPN) of fetal coliform bacteria as well as determination of the water\'s pH. Temperature of water was measured before collection. Samples of 15 drinking places (13.27 per cent ) were positive for Salmonella. The drinking places belonged to 12 of the sixty farms studied (20 per cent ). The following serotypes were identified: S. dublin, S. newpoPt, S. madeZia, S. IV 43: g,z57:-, S .saphra, S. glostrup, S. IV ochsenzool e S.I9,12:i:-. Of the 113 samples studied 14 (12.39 per cent ) presented MPN/100 ml of fecal coliforms above 4000. There was no relatiotiship between MPN/100 ml of fecal coliforms above 4000 and positivity for Salmonella. Highest positivity for Salmonella and MPN/lOOml of fecal coliforms over 4000 both occured at temperatures that were higher than 18ºC. Regarding pH, both situation occured at pH between 6.0 and 7.0. * São Paulo, Brazil.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um sistema de desinfecção de águas oriundas de esgotos domésticos, no qual seja aproveitado o calor gerado pelo sol, mantendo na água suas características químicas úteis às plantas. O experimento foi desenvolvido em duas etapas, a fim de se verificar sua viabilidade. A primeira etapa foi realizada em laboratório, com amostras de água coletadas no Ribeirão Piracicamirim. Utilizando-se um regulador automático de temperatura, foram realizados testes com o objetivo de verificar a redução de coliformes, sob as temperaturas de 45, 50, 55 e 60°C. Para os testes de quantificação e viabilidade dos ovos de helmintos foi feita a coleta de água residuária, proveniente da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE) Piracicamirim. Ao ser encontrada a menor temperatura na qual ocorre a maior redução de coliformes, utilizou-se o mesmo regulador automático de temperatura e procederam-se os testes sob as temperaturas 60, 70, 80, 90 e 100°C, durante o período de 1 hora de exposição. A segunda etapa foi realizada em campo. Foi implantado um sistema composto por placa solar para o aquecimento da água e reservatórios, utilizando como principio a diferença de altura de carga entre os reservatórios de entrada e saída para que a água atingisse a temperatura necessária. Nesta etapa, foram utilizados três reservatórios. No 3° reservatório, foi instalado um mecanismo que permitiu que o tubo conectado a caixa fosse movimentado de modo a ficar mais alto ou mais baixo, de acordo com a temperatura desejada. As amostras onde objetivou-se verificar presença e viabilidade de ovos de helmintos foram submetidas ao processo de separação de resíduos que permitiu posteriormente análise ao microscópio. Ao término do experimento foi realizada a comparação dos resultados e observou-se que nas temperaturas de 55°C e 60°C, o tempo de uma hora foi eficiente para eliminar tanto coliformes totais como Escherichia coli presentes nas amostras em comparação à amostra de caracterização da água testada. Diante disso, realizaram-se testes reduzindo o tempo de exposição das amostras, obtendo-se como resultado o tempo mínimo de 15 minutos à temperatura de 60°C para que fosse alcançado o mesmo resultado obtido com uma hora de exposição. Nas amostras que foram submetidas ao tratamento e incubadas, apenas na amostra submetida a 60°C foi possível a observação de um ovo de helminto, que se verificou infértil. Nas demais amostras correspondentes aos outros tratamentos, não foi possível a recuperação de ovos de helmintos nas lâminas observadas. É possível que durante o processo de limpeza para redução de resíduos nas amostras tenha ocorrido perda de material devido à desintegração da matéria orgânica presente. Diante dos resultados obtidos, pôde-se chegar à conclusão que, apesar do sistema de desinfecção não ter apresentado os resultados esperados, ele atendeu ao objetivo proposto. O sistema deve ser aprimorado para que se chegue a um modelo em que, possa ser utilizado de maneira segura o aproveitamento de águas residuárias para uso em diversos sistemas de irrigação para a agricultura. / The objective of this study was to develop a water disinfection system originated from domestic sewage, which is harnessed the heat generated by the sun, keeping the water their chemical characteristics useful to plants. The experiment was conducted in two stages, in order to verify its viability. The first step was performed in the laboratory, with water samples collected in Piracicamirim brook. Using an automatic temperature regulator, tests were performed in order to verify the reduction in coliform, at temperatures of 45, 50, 55 and 60°C. For the tests of quantification and viability of helminth eggs was made to collect wastewater from the Wastewater Treatment Station (WWTS) Piracicamirim. When found to be the lowest temperature at which happens the greatest reduction in coliform, we used the same automatic temperature regulator and the tests were carried at temperatures 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100°C for a period of 1 hour exposure. The second stage was conducted in the field. A system comprising solar panel to heat the water tank, using principle as the load height difference between the inlet and outlet reservoirs for the water to reach the required temperature has been deployed. In this step, three reservoirs are used. On the 3rd tank was installed a mechanism that allowed the tube to be connected to the box so as to be moved higher or lower, according to the desired temperature. Samples where the objective was to verify the presence and viability of helminth eggs were submitted to the waste separation process which subsequently allowed analysis under the microscope. At the end of experiment was performed to compare the results and it was observed that at temperatures of 55°C and 60°C, the time of one hour was effective to eliminate both total coliforms and Escherichia coli in the samples compared to the sample characterization of the test water. Therefore, tests were conducted by reducing the exposure time of the samples, obtaining as a result a minimum of 15 minutes at a temperature of 60°C time for which achieved the same result was obtained with a one hour exposure. In the samples that were subjected to treatment and incubated, only in the sample treated at 60°C was possible to observe a helminth egg it was found infertile. In the other samples corresponding to other treatments, recovery of helminth eggs in the observed blades was not possible. It is possible that during the cleaning process for waste reduction has occurred in the samples loss of material due to disintegration of the organic matter. Based on these results, we could conclude that despite the disinfection system not producing expected results, he met the objective. The system should be improved in order to arrive at a model that can be used safely harnessing wastewater for use in various irrigation systems for agriculture.

A principal fonte de escoamento da piscicultura no Brasil, são os pesqueiros comerciais (\"pesque-pagues\"), que recebem cerca de 90% da produção. A tilápia é um dos peixes mais utilizados nestas criações dado a sua rusticidade, fácil manejo, alto rendimento e grande aceitação. É inegável a contribuição que os pesqueiros trazem para a atividade, pois propiciam, além do lazer, uma divulgação do produto, aumento do consumo e até mudanças nos hábitos alimentares. Porém, com a internacionalização dos hábitos alimentares, pratos com peixes crus, típicos da culinária japonesa, tem sido servidos ao consumo nos pesqueiros sem qualquer controle sanitário ou inspeção veterinária. Estes peixes podem contrair uma variada gama de microrganismos em águas poluídas por contaminação fecal tornando o pescado um importante veiculador de agentes patogênicos responsáveis por diversas doenças no homem. O crescimento desordenado deste segmento, oferece portanto, produtos de qualidade duvidosa colocando em risco a saúde do consumidor, sendo indispensável desenvolver o setor buscando a qualidade e segurança do pescado produzido. O presente trabalho pesquisou coliformes totais, fecais e Salmonella spp em tilápias (Oreochromis spp) em 30 pesqueiros da região metropolitana de São Paulo. Foram analisados 180 peixes na época seca e fria, entre os meses de setembro e outubro de 2001; e 180 peixes na época chuvosa e quente, entre fevereiro e março de 2002. Os resultados revelaram que 70% dos pesqueiros estudados apresentaram coliformes fecais e/ou Salmonella spp em desacordo com a legislação, sendo que 63,3% dos pesqueiros apresentaram coliformes fecais, em níveis acima do permitido pela legislação e 20% a presença de Salmonella spp, independentemente do período do ano estudado. Conclui-se portanto que nos pesqueiros estudados foram encontrados peixes contaminados por coliformes fecais e Salmonella spp, com valores em desacordo com a legislação, estando impróprios para o consumo humano direto. / The main source of drainage of the fish farming in Brazil, are the \"pesqueiros comerciais\" (fish and pay), they receive about 90% of the production. The tilapia is one of the fish more used in these fish farming for their rusticity, easy handling, high income and great acceptance. It is undeniable the contribution that the \"pesqueiros\" bring for the activity, because they propitiate, besides the leisure, a popularization of the product, increase of the consumption and changes in the alimentary habits. However, with the internationalization of the alimentary habits, plates with raw fish, typical of the Japanese cookery, has been served to the consumption in the \"pesqueiros\" without any sanitary control or veterinary inspection. These fish can contract a varied range of microorganisms in waters polluted by fecal contamination turning the fish an important pathogenic agent disseminator responsible for several diseases in the man. The disordered growth of this segment, offers products of doubtful quality putting in risk the consumer\'s health, being indispensable to develop the section looking for the quality and safety of the produced fish. The present work researched total, fecal coliforms and Salmonella spp in tilapias (Oreochromis spp) in 30 \"pesqueiros\" of the metropolitan area of São Paulo. They were analyzed 180 fish at dries and cold time, between the months of September and October of 2001; and 180 fish at rainy and hot time, between February and March of 2002. The results revealed that 70% of the \"pesqueiros\" studied presented fecal coliforms and/or Salmonella spp in disagreement with the legislation, and 63,3% of the \"pesqueiros\" presented fecal coliforms, in levels above allowed by the legislation and 20% the presence of Salmonella spp, independently of the period of the studied year. It was concluded that in the \"pesqueiros\" studied fish were found contaminated by fecal coliforms and Salmonella spp, with values in disagreement with the legislation, being inappropriate for the direct human consumption.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:09:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gattijunior_p_me_jabo.pdf: 375413 bytes, checksum: 84c43699cec0d037bc0f63dba9fc7f0c (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os riscos para a saúde pública apresentado por tilápias, produzidas em cativeiro, comercializadas em supermercados na região nordeste de São Paulo. Para tal, análises microbiológicas foram realizadas, em 40 amostras de tilápias in natura e em 50 filés de tilápias. No peixe in natura foi analisado a água de enxaguadura da pele e o trato gastrintestinal. Os números mais prováveis de coliformes totais e termotolerantes foram determinados assim como a contagem Staphylococcus coagulase positivo e a presença de Salmonella spp. de acordo com a American Public Health Association (APHA). Os resultados obtidos foram analisados utilizando valores logarítmicos e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, com nível de 5% de probabilidade. A pele foi o tecido com maior nível de contaminação em relação ao trato gastrintestinal e músculo de tilápia in natura. O número de amostras com presença de coliformes totais e termotolerantes na água de enxaguadura da pele foi, respectivamente, 72,5% e 60%, no trato gastrintestinal 25% e 12,5% e no músculo 17,5% e 5%. A carga bacteriana foi significativamente maior no filé em relação ao músculo. Em duas amostras de filé foram verificados Staphylococcus coagulase positivo, uma acima dos parâmetros microbiológicos estabelecidos pela Resolução RDC nº 12/2001 da ANVISA. Salmonella spp. não foi detectada em nenhuma amostra analisada. As amostras de peixes estavam em boas condições para consumo, com exceção de duas amostras de filé. Os filés apresentaram maior contaminação que o músculo da tilápia in natura. Indicadores de poluição fecal demonstraram que a pele foi o órgão com maior contaminação / The objective of this work was to evaluate the risks to public health of consumption of tilápia fish growed in captivity and commercialised in supermarkets in the Northwest region of São Paulo state. In order to accomplish with the objective the researcher undertook analysis in 40 samples of fresh tilápias and in 50 fillets of the fish. In the fresh fish it was also analysed the washing water of the skin and of the gastrointestinal tract. It were determined, in accordance to the American Public Health Association (APHA), the number of total and thermotolerant fecal coliforms as well as the number of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus and presence of the bacteria Salmonella spp. The results were analyzed using logarithmic values and means compared by Tukey test with 5% of probability. The skin was the tissue with higher levels of contamination comparing with the gastrointestinal tract and muscle of the fresh tilapia. The percentage of samples with total and thermotolerant fecal coliforms in the skin washing water was 72.5% and 60% respectively; 25% and 12.5% in the gastrointestinal tract and 17.5% and 5% in the muscles. Bacterial presence was significantly higher in fillets comparing to muscles. Moreover, it was noticed presence of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus in two samples of fillet; one of them showed levels above of the microbiological parameters established by the RDC resolution no. 12/2001 ANVISA. Additionally, it was not identified presence of Salmonella spp in any of the samples analyzed. Generally, the studied samples were in good condition for human consumption, except for two samples of fillets. Fillets presented higher levels of contamination comparing with muscles of the fresh tilapia. Fecal pollution indicators have proved that the skin was the organ with higher levels of contamination

De um total de 402 propriedades rurais do Município de Botucatu, S.P. que tinham entre suas atividades a exploração pecuária, foram sorteadas 60 (15 por cento ) pelo processo de amostragem probabilística simples. Nestas 60 propriedades localizou-se 113 bebedouros que eram os mais utilizados pelos animais para sua dessedentação. Foram colhidas amostras de água destes bebedouros visando a pesquisa de bactérias do gênero SaLmonella, a determinação do Número Mais Provável (NMP) de bactérias coliformes fecais e a verificação do pH. Antes da coleta das amostras procedia-se a medida da temperatura da água. Obteve-se isolamento positivo para salmonelas nas amostras de água de 15 (13,27 por cento ) bebedouros correspondentes a 12 (20 por cento ) das 60 propriedades visitadas, identificando-se os seguintes sorotipos: S. dublin, S. newport, S. madelia, S. IV 43:g,z57:-, S. sphra, S. glostrup, S IV ochsenzool e S. I 9,12:i:-. Das 113 amostras de água analisadas, 14(12,39 por cento ) apresentaram-se com NMP/100 ml de coliformes fecais acima de 4000. Não foi constatada associação entre o isolamento positivo de salmonelas e NMP/100 ml de coliformes fecais acima de 4000. A positividade maior parao isolamento de salmonelas e o NMP/100 ml de coliformes fecais acima de 4000 deu-se em temperaturas superiores a 18°C. Quanto ao pH, em ambas as situações a positividade maior ocorreu entre 6,0 e 7,0. / Sixty small farms from the Municipality of Botucatu*, that are dedicated to cattle breeding were studied. These farms represent 15 per cent of the 402 farms that exist in the Municipality. The sample was drawn by simple probabilistic technique. On the farms one hundred and thirteen drinking p1aces were localized. Samples of water were taken from these drinking places and examined for bacteria of the genus Salmonella, for the determination of Most Probable Number (MPN) of fetal coliform bacteria as well as determination of the water\'s pH. Temperature of water was measured before collection. Samples of 15 drinking places (13.27 per cent ) were positive for Salmonella. The drinking places belonged to 12 of the sixty farms studied (20 per cent ). The following serotypes were identified: S. dublin, S. newpoPt, S. madeZia, S. IV 43: g,z57:-, S .saphra, S. glostrup, S. IV ochsenzool e S.I9,12:i:-. Of the 113 samples studied 14 (12.39 per cent ) presented MPN/100 ml of fecal coliforms above 4000. There was no relatiotiship between MPN/100 ml of fecal coliforms above 4000 and positivity for Salmonella. Highest positivity for Salmonella and MPN/lOOml of fecal coliforms over 4000 both occured at temperatures that were higher than 18ºC. Regarding pH, both situation occured at pH between 6.0 and 7.0. * São Paulo, Brazil.

A cadeia produtiva do leite pode favorecer a contaminação por Listeria monocytogenes bem como outras espécies de Listeria sp, e o leite cru pode servir de fonte de contaminação para a indústria e subprodutos. Fatores como saúde do animal, ordenhador, boas práticas de manejo e limpeza adequada de equipamentos e utensílios garantem um leite de melhor qualidade e com baixa contagem de coliformes. A refrigeração do leite é um aspecto importante implementado pela IN 51, na qual o leite cru deve permanecer a 4ºC na propriedade leiteira em tanques ou a 7ºC em latões, porém a esta temperatura pode ocorrer a proliferação de microrganismos psicrotróficos como as espécies de Listeria sp. Três Regiões A, B e C com 25 propriedades fornecedoras de leite para cada região foram caracterizadas por meio da aplicação de um questionário e avaliadas quanto à presença de Listeria monocytogenes, coliformes totais e E. coli em leite cru e avaliadas quanto a presença de Listeria sp em ambiente de ordenha. Foram avaliadas 287 amostras de leite cru, 10 Mechas de Moore e 49 amostras ambientais. As análises foram feitas de acordo com protocolo preconizado pelo FDA descrito no Bacteriological Analitycal Manual (BAM), com enriquecimento em BLEB e plaqueamento em meios Oxford e ALOA. A confirmação dos isolados foi feita em Kit Api Listeria. Das 75 fazendas estudadas, 77,3% (n=58) apresentaram condições insatisfatórias de produção de leite, higienização de equipamentos e infra-estrutura; 20% (n=15) em condições regulares e apenas 2,7% (n=2) em condições satisfatórias. Quanto à enumeração de coliformes totais, nas regiões A, B e C, as amostras de leite apresentaram 86% (n=85), 75% (n=71) e 72% (n=66) de contagens acima de 103 NMP/mL, respectivamente e E. coli esteve presente em 66% (região A) , 66% (região B) e 49% (região C) das amostras. Das amostras de leite cru em relação à presença de L. monocytogenes todas foram negativas. Das mechas de Moore todas foram negativas para Listeria sp e as amostras do ambiente de ordenha foram positivas em uma propriedade da região C em dois pontos, sendo eles: ralo e chão de ordenha representando 4,44% das amostras ambientais, sendo os isolados pertencentes à espécie Listeria innocua. Nas duas cepas foram feitas a análise por sorotipagem pela Fio Cruz/RJ e o resultado foi de sorotipo 6a e 6b. No ralo de ordenha foram testadas duas colônias sendo encontrados dois sorotipos diferentes 6a e 6b indicando a presença de dois sorotipos em uma mesma amostragem e no piso da sala de ordenha as duas colônias testadas foram do sorotipo 6a. Embora não tenha sido detectada a presença de L. monocytogenes, a presença de L. innocua nas amostras pode indicar presença presumida de L. monocytogenes visto que as mesmas apresentam características fisiológicas semelhantes e podem ocorrer no mesmo ambiente. Quanto à produção do leite, apesar da vigência da IN 51, as regiões estudadas ainda encontram-se, em geral, em condições precárias e são necessárias muitas mudanças para se obter um leite de melhor qualidade. / The production chain of milk may promote contamination by Listeria monocytogenes and other species of Listeria sp and raw milk can serve as a source of contamination for the industry and byproducts. Factors such as animal health, milker, good management practices and proper cleaning of equipment and utensils provide a better quality milk with low coliform counts. The cooling of milk is an important aspect introduced by the IN 51, in which the raw milk should remain at 4 °C in dairy farms in tanks or 7 °C in cans, but at this temperature can occur proliferation of psychrotrophic microorganisms, such as species of Listeria sp. Three regions A, B and C with 25 farms which supply milk for each region were characterized by applying a questionnaire and evaluated for the presence of Listeria monocytogenes, coliforms and E. coli in raw milk and for the presence of Listeria sp in the milking environment. We evaluated 287 samples of raw milk, Moore 10 wicks and 49 environmental samples. Analyses were made according to a protocol recommended by the FDA as described in the Bacteriological Analitycal Manual (BAM), with enrichment and plating media Bleb Oxford and ALOA. Confirmation of isolates was done in Kit Api Listeria. Of the 75 farms studied, 77.3% (n = 58) showed unsatisfactory conditions of milk production, hygiene equipment and infrastructure, 20% (n = 15) on a regular basis and only 2.7% (n = 2 ) in satisfactory condition. As for the enumeration of coliforms, in regions A, B and C, milk samples showed 86% (n = 85), 75% (n = 71) and 72% (n = 66) scores above 103 MPN / mL, respectively, and E. coli was present in 66% (region A), 66% (region B) and 49% (region C) of the samples. All the raw milk samples were negative for the presence of L. monocytogenes. The fuses Moore were all negative for Listeria sp, and the environmental samples were positive for milking on a farm in the region C in two points, namely: the floor drain and milking, which represent 4.44% of environmental samples, and the isolates belong to the species Listeria innocua. In the two strains the analysis were made by serotyping, executed by Fio Cruz / RJ, and the results were serotype 6a and 6b. In the drain of milking two colonies were tested, founding two different serotypes, 6a and 6b, indicating the presence of two serotypes in the same sampling and floor in the parlor. The two colonies tested were of serotype 6a. Although not detected the presence of L. monocytogenes, the presence of L. innocua in samples may indicate presumed presence of L. monocytogenes since they have similar physiological characteristics and may occur in the same environment. For milk production, despite the validity of the IN 51, the regions studied are still generally in poor condition and many changes are necessary to achieve a better quality milk.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-06-12T17:09:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ThaisPaiva.pdf: 594078 bytes, checksum: dab90ce2d1146580c6639f13c540e873 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-12T17:09:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ThaisPaiva.pdf: 594078 bytes, checksum: dab90ce2d1146580c6639f13c540e873 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Contaminated waters not only directly affect human health but also cause serious damage to the aquatic biota, causing deterioration in fish quality. The objective was to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary conditions of the water and the fresh fish from the Mearim river in BacabalMa during the rainy season, through the identification of the potentially pathogenic bacteria. A total of 54 samples of water and 54 samples of fresh fish that were colected between October 2015 and March 2016, which were submitted to the quantification of total and thermo tolerant coliformes by the thechnique of Most Probable Number (MPN/g) and Clostridium sulphite reducing research. After that, the biochemical identification of isolated bacteria coming from the Enterobacteriaceae family was performed using commercial biochemical tests. The results showed that the microbiological quality of the water and the fish is unsatisfactory due to the high contamination rates of thermotolerant coliforms, being below the microbiological quality standards, as well as the the presence of total coliforms and Clostridium sulphite reducers in considerable concentrations both in water and in fish. The water’s contamination by coliforms was significantly higher than in the fishes, in the dry season as well as in the rainy season. Escherichia coli was the bacterium with the highest frequency of isolation in water samples, both in the dry season and in the rainy season. Citrobacter diversus and Serratia odorífera also had important isolation frequency in the water samples of the two seasons. In the fish samples, the highest frequency of identification was also from Escherichia coli. Serratia odorífera and Citrobacter diversus also had relevant frequencies in the dry season. In the rainy season Escherichia coli kept the highest frequency of isolation, followed by Serratia odorífera and Citrobacter freundii. / Águas contaminadas não só afetam diretamente a saúde humana como também causam sérios danos à biota aquática, provocado deterioração na qualidade dos peixes. Objetivou-se avaliar as condições higiênico-sanitárias da água e dos peixes frescos oriundos do rio Mearim, Bacabal/MA, no período seco e chuvoso, através da identificação de bactérias potencialmente patogênicas. Foram analisadas 54 amostras de água e 54 amostras de peixes frescos coletadas no período de outubro de 2015 a março de 2016, as quais foram submetidas à quantificação de coliformes totais e termotolerantes pela técnica do Número Mais Provável (NMP/g) e pesquisa de Clostridium sulfito redutor. Em seguida a identificação bioquímica das bactérias isoladas da família Enterobacteriaceae foi realizada utilizando testes bioquímicos comerciais. Os resultados mostraram que a qualidade microbiológica da água e dos peixes estava insatisfatória, devido aos elevados índices de contaminação por coliformes termotolerantes, estando fora dos padrões de qualidade microbiológica exigidos pelas legislações vigentes, e pela presença de coliformes totais e Clostridium sulfito redutores. A contaminação da água por coliformes foi significativamente maior que nos peixes, tanto no período seco quanto no chuvoso. Escherichia coli foi a bactéria com maior frequência de isolamento nas amostras de água, tanto no período seco quanto no chuvoso. Citrobacter diversus e Serratia odorífera também tiveram importante frequência de isolamento nas amostras de água dos dois períodos. Nas amostras de peixes a maior frequência de identificação também foi de Escherichia coli. Serratia odorífera e Citrobacter diversus também tiveram frequências relevantes no período seco. No período chuvoso Escherichia coli manteve-se com maior frequência de isolamento, seguida de Serratia odorífera e Citrobacter freundii.

Bacterial source tracking (BST) methods often involve the use of phenotypic or genotypic fingerprinting techniques to compare indicator bacteria such as Escherichia coli isolated from unknown sources against a library of fingerprints from indicator bacteria found in the feces of various known source animals. The predictive capability of a library is based in part on how well the library isolates reflect the true population diversity of indicator bacteria that can potentially impact a water body. The purpose of this study was to compare the behavior of E. coli population structures in the feces of humans, beef cattle and horses across different parameters. Ribotyping and antibiotic resistance analysis were used to "fingerprint", or subtype E. coli isolates. Significantly greater diversity was observed in the E. coli population of horses compared to the human or beef cattle sampled. Subtype sharing between individuals from all host categories was infrequent, therefore the majority of E. coli subtypes were sampled from a single individual. The dominant E. coli populations of nine individuals (three per host source category) were monitored over time, which demonstrated that E. coli subtypes within a host individual vary on a monthly time frame, and an increase in the frequency of subtype sharing was noted between individuals within the same source group over time. The E. coli population of a single human that had just finished antibiotic treatment was studied on a daily basis for one month. The loss of an E. coli subtype with high antibiotic resistance was observed over time, however there was a single dominant E. coli subtype that was present at every sampling event during the entire month. Geographic distinctiveness of E. coli populations was investigated by sampling four herds located in different geographical regions. We observed that E. coli populations are not geographically distinct, but are somewhat individual-specific, as most E. coli isolates had a subtype that was found in a single individual. This study defines factors that should be considered when constructing a successful BST library, and suggests that E. coli may not be the appropriate indicator organism for BST.

Understanding the relationships between human health, water, sanitation, and environmental health is a requirement to understanding the challenges that face researchers when it comes to addressing global health relating to water and sanitation. Access to improved water and sanitation is not only a precondition to health, but to all aspects of daily living. Target 7.C of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) addresses worldwide disparities in access to improved water and sanitation by calling for the reduction in "half of the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and sanitation by 2015". Over 90% of the population of Costa Rica has access to improved water and sanitation, thus exceeding the water and sanitation targets for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Despite having access to water and sanitation, little is known whether communities are only interested in access or if quality and quantity of water and sanitation systems are as equally as important. Target 7.c of the MDGs does not include water quality in the definition of safe water. Furthermore, the use of the words "safe" and "improved" in the target are often interchanged and can be misleading, especially when considering the impact of water quality on population health. In Costa Rica, households in the Nandamojo watershed have access to improved water and sanitation; it is unclear whether the drinking water is potable with respect to Costa Rican and the World Health Organization (WHO) water quality standards. The impact of leaking septic systems on human and environmental health is also unknown. Illnesses associated with recreational water are an increasing public health problem, causing a great burden of disease in bathers every year. The global health impact of infectious diseases associated with recreational water exposure has been estimated at around three million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per year, resulting in an estimated economic loss of around twelve billion dollars per year. Fecal and chemical contamination of recreational water is a concern, especially in areas of non-point source pollution. Health-based water monitoring is often conducted in recreational waters as a tool for assessing risk. In Costa Rica, recreational water sampling is conducted at coastal beach areas only, neglecting other surface waters used by residents and tourists. Community perspectives regarding recreational water use and the associated risks are limited. Understanding these perspectives will enable public health professionals to better target community needs, such as education and to address the concerns of participating communities. This dissertation was divided into three chapters. The first chapter explored community perceptions on improved water and sanitation, the second chapter assessed community water systems and the risk of acute diarrheal disease, and the third chapter captured community perceptions on recreational water use and the risk of waterborne illness. Methodologies for water sampling and analyses were used to assess water quality, while household interviews and focus groups were conducted to capture qualitative data. Results from the first chapter showed participants had positive perceptions towards their improved water and sanitation systems. Household interviews revealed almost half of the respondents had concerns with water quality, while less than 25% did not think their septic tanks leaked or overflowed during rain events. Focus group discussions revealed common themes. Participants identified water quality, health, pipes, water scarcity, odors, insects, and overflow/infiltration of water and sanitation to be important issues. Participants revealed convenience, improved health and safety and the lack of odors to be themes directly related to customer satisfaction of improved water and sanitation. Results from the second study revealed 57% of household samples had total coliform bacteria above the Costa Rican standard for safe drinking water exceeding the single standard limit of zero, while 61% failed the World Health Organization standard for fecal coliforms exceeding the single standard limit of zero. AGII was identified in 41 of the 378 household residents (11%). The odds ratio for AGII among household residents with a water sample positive for total coliforms was 1.88 (0.81-3.17). Fecal coliforms were statistically significant for those with AGII (OR = 3.19, 1.43-7.12). Regression modeling analyses revealed individuals with AGII and household drinking water positive for fecal coliforms to be statistically significant (OR = 3.01, 1.33 - 6.84), while other covariates (total coliforms, gender, treated water, and families) also had odds ratios greater than one, but were not significant. Results from the third chapter indicated most respondents felt recreational water sources, such as streams and rivers were contaminated with human, animal, and chemical wastes. Focus group participants also stated they did not use inland waters for recreational purposes for these reasons. However, many did admit using marine water for recreational bathing and felt these areas were not contaminated. These beliefs did coincide with the water quality results from freshwater sources, but not marine sources. Fecal coliform contamination was widespread throughout the watershed in freshwater sources. Marine water samples failed the World Health Organization (WHO) and Costa Rican recreational water standards for fecal coliform and enterococci in 36% and 6% of the samples, respectively. The overall results of this dissertation suggest that the definitions of improved water and sanitation have to include, at a minimum, water quality, water quantity, proper construction and containment of storage tanks, and oversight and maintenance of these systems. Given the challenges facing communities in the Nandamojo watershed regarding water and sanitation, it is essential for scientists, researchers, policy makers, water committees, health providers, and community members to design and implement strategies in water resource management and proper waste management. Communities and water committees would also be best served if they worked with government agencies to conduct concurrent testing of both recreational water and drinking water, especially since both them target many of the same parameters.