A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar e explorar uma metodologia na área de Trabalho Cooperativo Apoiado por Computador (Computer Supported Cooperative Work – CSCW), que aborda processos colaborativos unindo indivíduos, assim como grupos, para que possam trabalhar em conjunto visando metas comuns, estando fisicamente ou não no mesmo local, atuando de forma síncrona ou assíncrona. A metodologia proposta procura reunir o conhecimento de várias pessoas sobre determinados temas, por meio de um sistema de comunicação em rede de computadores, transformando o grupo de indivíduos em uma única voz, sendo o sistema o Interlocutor do grupo. O Sistema Interlocutor funciona em rede e depende de três módulos: o Interrogador que é a comunicação com o meio externo, o Colaborador que é o canal para participação dos membros do grupo, e o Servidor que controla o funcionamento de todo o aplicativo. A metodologia Interlocutor é inspirada em conceitos extraídos de várias áreas tais como Inteligência Coletiva, método Delphi, estrutura de Comitês, Sistemas de Apoio à Decisão (Group Decision Support System - GDSS), Grupos de Trabalho (Groupware) entre outros. Esta metodologia pode ser empregada em situações críticas, que demandam respostas rápidas e precisas, ou mesmo em contextos planejados nos quais se deseja estudar alternativas detalhadamente. Na presente tese são apresentados três possíveis cenários de aplicação da metodologia proposta, bem como possíveis configurações para futuros estudos mais apurados. São apresentados ainda os resultados dos testes efetuados em um desses cenários que validaram a metodologia. Em conclusão, a metodologia Interlocutor é uma forma para a criação e o funcionamento de sistemas capazes de obter resultados de Inteligência Coletiva. / The present research aims to identify and to explore a methodology in the area of Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), encompassing cooperative processes that joint individuals, as well as groups, in a way that they can work seeking common goals together, being or not physically in the same place, acting synchronously or asynchronously. The proposed methodology searches to gather the several people's knowledge on certain themes, through a communication system in net of computers, transforming the individuals' group in a single voice, being the system the Interlocutor of the group. The Interlocutor System works in net and it depends on three modules: the Interrogator that it is the communication with the external middle, the Collaborator that it is the channel for participation of the members of the group, and the Servant that controls the operation of the whole application. The Interlocutor Methodology is inspired in extracted concepts of several such areas as, among others, Collective Intelligence, method Delphi, structure of Committees, Group Decision Support System (GDSS), Groupware. This methodology can be used in critical situations, that demand quick and necessary answers, or even in planned contexts in which it is wanted to study alternatives in full details. The present thesis presents three possible sceneries of application of the proposed methodology, as well as possible configurations for futures approaches. It is also presented the results of the tests made in one of these sceneries that validated the methodology. In conclusion, the Interlocutor Methodology is a form for the creation and the operation of systems capable to obtain results of Collective Intelligence.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:23:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Carlos Junqueira.pdf: 2902739 bytes, checksum: 4ec1e0e7a07c0af257870a0ee896add3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-11 / This study investigates the impact of processes of co-creation in organizations in general. Based on a multidisciplinary approach, case studies were carried out in four companies in order to investigate different levels of awareness and maturity concerning organizational processes. The focus was on two of the basic concepts that involve co-creation, i.e., self-organization and collective intelligence. A general survey presents the theoretical framework of the state of the art in research in self-organization and collective intelligence. It identifies the intersections and common characteristics between these concepts with reference to authors such as Humberto Maturana, Edgar Morin, Pierre Lévy, Manuel Castells, Lucia Santaella, Edward Hutchins, and Venkat Ramaswamy. The aim of the case studies was to find evidence for the awareness of processes of self-organization and the impact of collective intelligence in organizations. The result of this study shows that the importance of co-creation is only beginning to be acknowledged in organizations. It was found that there is still a lack of methodology and metrics. In particular, maturity curves are not yet being used, as they should. More specific studies to develop a methodology and tools for the interpretation of adherence in collaborative processes are needed / O objeto de estudo desta pesquisa é o impacto dos novos processos de cocriação nas organizações em geral. Baseado numa abordagem transdisciplinar, o trabalho apresenta estudos de caso em quatro organizações específicas que possuem processos em níveis diferenciados de conscientização e maturidade no entendimento de dois dos conceitos básicos que envolvem a cocriação, os quais são a auto-organização e a inteligência coletiva. A demonstração da evidência destes conceitos com os estudos de caso é realizada através do levantamento do referencial teórico em estado da arte dos conceitos e da identificação de intersecções de características comuns entre estes conceitos e sua evidenciação nos processos das organizações analisadas. Os trabalhos que dão sustentação a este estudo são de autores de referência como Humberto Maturana, Edgar Morin, Pierre Lévy, Manuel Castells, Lucia Santaella, Edward Hutchins e Venkat Ramaswamy. O resultado deste trabalho foi a constatação que a utilização de processos de cocriação nas organizações ainda é incipiente e carente de metodologias e métricas, sendo necessários estudos mais específicos para a elaboração de uma metodologia com ferramentas para a interpretação de aderência em processos colaborativos baseada em curvas de maturidade

Cette thèse porte sur le tourisme durable et son impact sur le développement régional. Alors que les démarches de développement durable sont souvent envisagées dans une logique de développement descendant (top down), nous privilégions dans ce travail une approche ascendante (bottom up) qui mobilise les énergies de terrain et les transforme en intelligence collective. Cette approche se retrouve dans le concept d’intelligence territoriale. L’intelligence territoriale (Masselot 2008; Bertacchini 2004) pose l’hypothèse que le développement d’un territoire est entre les mains des acteurs territoriaux. Faire de l’intelligence territoriale, c’est comprendre le maillage entre différentes familles d’acteurs poursuivant chacun leur objectif propre. C’est aussi mobiliser les acteurs de terrain autour d’un projet partagé. Une des contributions de ce travail est de présenter une « boîte à outils » interdisciplinaire constituée d’outils méthodologiques complémentaires au service d’un état des lieux d’un système complexe, le territoire étudié. Les outils que nous avons retenus reposent tous sur la nature interactionniste des données et des acteurs territoriaux. La clé pour comprendre un territoire nous semble être la compréhension fine des interactions entre ses acteurs (institutionnels, publics, privés, associatifs, éducatifs…), l’interaction entre les variables qui le décrivent (environnementales, économiques, sociales, politiques, endogènes, exogènes...). Les outils méthodologiques que nous proposons de mobiliser appartiennent à des horizons scientifiques distincts. Ainsi parmi les 3 méthodes que nous avons mobilisées, la méthode MERI, d’origine Roumaine (Robu et Macoveanu, 2010) a été développée dans un contexte d’ingénierie environnementale. La méthode d’analyse structurelle, d’origine française(Godet 2001a,b,c), a été développée dans le domaine des sciences de gestion et de la prospective stratégique. Enfin la méthode d’analyse réseau, née en sociologie des organisations (Wasserman et Faust, 1994) est largement utilisée en sciences de l’information et de la communication (Boutin, 1999). Notre approche théorique s’appuie sur un travail de terrain qui a été conduit au sein de la microrégion de Sucéava (Roumanie). Cette région présente des avantages physiques et géographiques qui en font une des premières places touristiques de Roumanie. Ce travail de recherche conduit à aborder des concepts appartenant à des champs disciplinaires distincts. Assez naturellement, ce travail de thèse est donc interdisciplinaire : - le domaine applicatif du tourisme, est inscrit en sciences de gestion de même que la méthodologie d’analyse structurelle que nous avons retenue ;- les perspectives de développement régional s’inscrivent davantage en sciences économiques ;- l’intérêt manifesté par la durabilité conduit à intégrer une approche environnementale que l’on retrouve en génie de l’environnement et qui se retrouve dans la méthode MERI ;-enfin certains concepts (intelligence territoriale) et outils (analyse réseau) sont issus ou travaillés en sciences de l’information et de la communication. Cette interdisciplinarité constitue une richesse de ce travail et justifie le choix de cette cotutelle dans laquelle se trouvent présentes les dimensions environnementales et information-communication / This PhD thesis focuses on the sustainable tourism and on its impact on the regional development. While the researches concerning the sustainable development are frequently conceived according to a descendant logic (a top-down perspective), we applied in our work an ascending approach (a bottom-up perspective) that takes into consideration the field energies and transforms them into collective intelligence. This approach is based on the concept of territorial intelligence. The territorial intelligence (Masselot 2008; Bertacchini 2004) puts forward the hypothesis according to which the development of a territory is in the hands of the territorial actors. The implementation of the concept of territorial intelligence means the comprehension of the network created by different families of actors, each having its own objective. The implementation of this concept also means the grouping of the field actors around a shared project. One of the contributions of the thesis herein resides in the fact that it presents an interdisciplinary “toolkit” implying complementary methodological tools that’s serve a specific situation form a complex system, namely the studied territory. The tools used in our research are all based on the interactionist nature of the data and of the territorial actors. The key element of the comprehension of a territory is, in our opinion, the in-depth study of the interactions between its actors (institutional, public, private, associative, educational actors…), as well as the interaction between the variables that describe these actors (environmental, economical, social, political, endogenous, exogenous variables…). The methodological tools that we applied in our research belong to various scientific horizons. Thus, from the 3 methods implemented by us, the MERI method, a Romanian one (Robu et Macoveanu, 2010) was developed in the environmental engineering field. The structural analysis method, developed in France (Godet 2001 a,b,c), was created in the management field and in the strategic prospective field. Finally, the network analysis method, conceived in the sociology of organizations (Wasserman and Faust, 1994) is largely used in the information and communication sciences (Boutin, 1999).Our theoretical approach is based on a groundwork that was carried out in the micro-region of Suceava (Romania). This region has physical and geographical advantages, being one of the most important tourist attractions in Romania. This research work required the use of several concepts belonging to different fields. Therefore, our research work is an interdisciplinary one: - the applicative field of tourism, as well as the structural analysis methodology used in our research, belong to the management sciences;- the regional development approach rather belongs to the economics; - the interest for sustainability led us to the implementation of an environmental approach, specific to the environmental technology; it is present in case of the MERI method;- finally, various concepts (such as the territorial intelligence) and tools (such as the network analysis) belong to the information and communication sciences. The interdisciplinary nature of our research represents the specific of this work and explains the joint supervision of this PhD thesis that gets together the environmental and the informative-communicative dimensions.

Avec le développement des objets connectés, les agents embarqués déployés dans des environnements physiques et les applications multi-agents qui les impliquent deviennent de plus en plus populaires. Ces systèmes multi-agents sont amenés à partager le même environnement physique. Cette cohabitation d'agents de systèmes différents, qui n'ont pas nécessairement été prévus pour interagir entre eux par les concepteurs, les amène cependant à se solliciter. Un agent peut alors participer à la réalisation d'objectifs incompatibles avec les siens ou ceux de ses collectifs. Pour éviter ces situations, nous proposons un modèle d'agent basé sur les identités pour l'aider à décider de sa participation ou non à des actions collectives. / Embedded agents deployed in physical environments are increasingly interoperable, and are likely to coexist with agents of others systems in a same physical space. So, an agent needs to be able to cooperate with agents from other systems and to form coalitions with unfamiliar teammates. However, before committing to cooperate with others, an agent must take into account that it may get involved in the achievement of objectives that are incompatible with its own, with the global objectives of its system, or with those derived from its previously joined coalitions. To avoid such situations, we propose an identity-based cooperation mechanism. This mechanism involves creating and sustaining the agent identity, and a commitment process to reason about identities when solicited to participate in a collective trans-MAS action.

Cette recherche menée au sein de l’organisation GRDF rassemble à la fois l’instrumentation numérique à vocation sociotechnique et l’Intelligence Collective afin d’interroger la capacité de construction de l’organisation par ses membres à travers une notion présentée : l’ « eXpérience Organisation ». Ces transformations de l’entreprise répondent à des tendances dans le secteur énergétique (transition écologique) et à des attentes des salariés de l’entreprise.Après avoir présenté l’hybridité de l’organisation étudiée et son inscription dans la « Société de l’Information », l’accent est mis sur des objets scientifiques questionnés par les Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication : la connaissance, les dispositifs sociotechniques et l’Intelligence Collective. Fruits d’une observation participante, deux cas pratiques issus du terrain GRDF sont exposés et analysés tout au long de ce travail de recherche : la co-construction d’un dispositif sociotechnique (le projet Tuilage) et l’émergence d’une Intelligence Collective autour du système d’information de GRDF avec la communauté Hack@demy. Complémentaires, ces deux projets interrogent l’organisation sous le prisme info-communicationnel. Ils mettent en exergue l’évolution de l’organisation. / This research conducted within the national gas distributor in France GRDF combines sociotechnical and Collective Intelligence in order to question the company’s ability to be self-constructed by its employees trought the concept of organizational experience. These corporate’s transformations respond to trends in the energy sector (ecological transition) and to the employees’ expectations. The organization tends towards a so call meta-organization.After presenting the hybridity of the studied organization, its inscription in the "Information Society", the emphasis is placed on Information and Communication Sciences’ objects: knowledge, sociotechnical devices and Collective Intelligence. Resulting of a participant observation, two cases studies from GRDF are presented and studied throughout this research: the co-construction of a sociotechnical system (project Tuilage) and the emergence of a Collective Intelligence, Hack@demy, inside the information system of the company. Complementary, these two projects use an info-communicational approach to highlight the evolution of the company

Abstract Title: Wikipedia as a source? Is it accepted in the studies of Media and Communications at Uppsala University? (Wikipedia som källa? Är det accepterat vid studier i ämnet medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap vid Uppsala universitet?) Number of pages: 38 (39 including enclosures) Author: Susanna Salomon Tutor: Else Nygren Course: Media and Communication Studies C Period: Autumn 2007 University: Division of Media and Communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala University Purpose/ Aim: The purpose is to study whether or not the Internet encyclopedia Wikipedia is an accepted source when a student writes a paper in Media and Communications at Uppsala University Material/ Method: Qualitative research method based on interviews with teachers and on litterature. Main results: The study shows that there is no common view within the faculty whether or not Wikipedia could be used as a source when writing a paper in Media and Communications. Some accept it, others do not. The results show that the teachers of this subject at Uppsala University have not yet decided upon how to adjust to the new large information bank wich is Wikipedia. Keywords: Wikipedia, Uppsala University, sources, reliability, objectivity, collective intelligence, the Internet

The purpose of this study is to explore the Swedish site Funbeat which is a space dedicated to people who share an interest in exercising in general, and running in particular. By applying a netnographic analysis, I will investigate if Funbeat matches the criteria of a participatory culture and how the members manage to establish a collective intelligence within the community. In order to achieve this, I will analyze the interactivity between the participants which occurs in discussion threads concerning injuries related to running, in the sites discussion forum. The results will then be discussed in relation to previous research within the field for participatory culture, collective intelligence and interactivity. The outcome of the study revealed that Funbeat can be regarded as very good example of a participatory culture. By each member sharing their individual knowledge in matters regarding injuries, a collective intelligence was established. This knowledge has been acquired by personal experience, by consulting a physiotherapist or by sharing information which intend to serve as self-help for other members.

In economy nowadays, the act of innovation is in general social; it requires the management of knowledge, and the techniques and methodologies to drive it. Innovation is not the product of one isolated intelligence, instead, it is the result of a multi-disciplinary workgroup lead by a process or a methodology. The conceptual design, which is found in the first stages of the innovation process, represents one of the most important challenges in industry nowadays. One of the main challenges faced by chemical industries related to the conceptual design phase is to provide the means in the form of methods and computational tools, for solving problems systematically, at the same time that benefiting from the collective efforts of individual intelligences involved. Hence, the main objective of this work is to provide a solution to improve the creative capacity of a team involved in the innovation process, in particular the preliminary (critical) phase of conceptual design. Consequently, it is important to understand the techniques, methods and tools that best support the generation of novel ideas and creative solutions. In addition, it is necessary to study the contribution of information and communication technologies as the mean to support collaboration. Web technologies are considered as complementary tools to implement methods and techniques in collaborative design, and particularly in the conceptual design stage. These technologies allow setting up distributed collaborative environments to bring together the resources and the experts who can relate the existing pieces of knowledge to new contexts. It is the synergy created in this kind of environment, which allow producing valuable concepts and ideas in the form of Collective Intelligence. Nevertheless in most existing solutions for collective intelligence or crowdsourcing environments, they do not report the use of a particular methodology to improve the participants' creativity. The solution in this work describes a social network service that enables users to cooperatively solve problems oriented (but not limited) to the phase of conceptual design. In this work we propose that the use of Collective Intelligence in combination with the model TRIZ-CBR could lead the creative efforts in a team to develop innovative solutions. With this work we are looking for connecting experts from one particular field, TRIZ practitioners and stakeholders with the objective to solve problems in collaboration unlashing the collective intelligence to improve creativity. This work uses the basis of the concept named "Open CAI 2.0" to propose a solution in the form of a theoretical framework. The contributions seek to move the development of the field in Computer Aided Innovation a step forward.

A partir da contextualização da colaboração enquanto processo integrante da inteligência coletiva (LÉVY, 2003) e da sabedoria das multidões (SUROWIECKI, 2006), este trabalho visa estudar o conflito como importante fator destes processos coletivos. Os desequilíbrios fazem parte da trajetória humana, porém, percebe-se a recorrente intenção de os vislumbrar como questões negativas e de aniquilação das relações, deixando de lado sua faceta de potencialidade à impulsão de uma reconfiguração benéfica do processo em que atua. Uma prática interessante no estudo dos conflitos na colaboração é a escrita coletiva online. A independência de espaço e tempo e a multiplicidade de vozes que podem incidir em um projeto textual abrem espaço para negociações, debates e tensões de diversas naturezas. Além disso, também se verifica uma visão por vezes demasiada otimista, que acaba relevando as questões estruturais, dinâmicas e comportamentais nos processos de produção de sentido e os conflitos que podem surgir a partir disso. Nesse sentido, questiona-se: qual a influência dos conflitos no processo de escrita coletiva online? Este projeto, através de pesquisa teórica e empírica, procura responder a esta questão sob uma perspectiva comunicacional, que leve em consideração as relações e interações para além da harmonia permanente atribuída a estes processos por diversas áreas do conhecimento. Para a verificação empírica apresentam-se dois projetos colaborativos de produção textual: a Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre de larga utilização e popularidade e o projeto do Laboratório de Interação Mediada por Computador da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, o Co-dex, o dicionário social, ambiente criado para abarcar conceitos, resenhas e biografias da área da comunicação e da ciência da informação. Em ambos foram realizadas observações sistemáticas para verificação das tensões provenientes da interação e produção coletiva a fim de que, juntamente com o aporte teórico desenvolvido, a questão norteadora deste trabalho pudesse ser investigada. Conclui-se que os conflitos que permeiam os processos colaborativos de produção de sentido dizem respeito a aspectos de ordem textual e de ordem relacional e que estes se encontram conexos na medida em que exercem influência um no outro. Acredita-se que as tensões possuem forte relevância no desenvolvimento das relações entre os colaboradores e na construção de conteúdo no sentido de instaurar os desequilíbrios necessários a uma "reequilibração majorante" (PIAGET, 1977). / From the context of collaboration as a process of the collective intelligence (LÉVY, 2003) and wisdom of crowds (SUROWIECKI, 2006) this work aims to study the conflict as an important factor of these collective processes. The imbalances are part of human history, however, recurrently we find a purpose to see this issues as negative and of annihilation of relations, leaving aside the aspect of the potential impulsion to beneficial reconfiguration of the process in which it operates. An interesting practice in the study of conflicts in collaboration is the online collective writing. The independence of space and time and the multiplicity of voices that can focus on a project textual, opens space for negotiations, debates and tensions of various kinds. In addition, sometimes there is too optimistic view, which relieves the issues of structural, dynamics and behavior in the production of meaning and the conflict that may arise from it. In this sense, is questioned: what is the influence of conflicts in the process of online collective writing? This project, through theoretical and empirical research, seeks to answer this question in a communicational perspective, which takes into account the relationships and interactions beyond the harmony permanently assigned to these processes for various areas of knowledge. For the empirical verification are presented two collaborative projects of textual production: the Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, wide used and with popularity and the project of the Laboratory of Computer-mediated Interaction of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, the Co-dex, the social dictionary, environment created for concepts, reviews and biographies of the area of communication and information science. In both observations were made for systematic verification of the tensions from the interaction and collective production so that, together with the developed theoretical contribution, the guiding question of this work could be investigated. It is concluded that the conflicts that permeate the processes of collaborative production of meaning relate to aspects of a textual and relational order and that they are related and influence each other. It is believed that the tensions have strong relevance in the development of relations between the collaborators and building content to introduce imbalances needed for a "majorant reequilibration" (Piaget, 1977).

A partir da contextualização da colaboração enquanto processo integrante da inteligência coletiva (LÉVY, 2003) e da sabedoria das multidões (SUROWIECKI, 2006), este trabalho visa estudar o conflito como importante fator destes processos coletivos. Os desequilíbrios fazem parte da trajetória humana, porém, percebe-se a recorrente intenção de os vislumbrar como questões negativas e de aniquilação das relações, deixando de lado sua faceta de potencialidade à impulsão de uma reconfiguração benéfica do processo em que atua. Uma prática interessante no estudo dos conflitos na colaboração é a escrita coletiva online. A independência de espaço e tempo e a multiplicidade de vozes que podem incidir em um projeto textual abrem espaço para negociações, debates e tensões de diversas naturezas. Além disso, também se verifica uma visão por vezes demasiada otimista, que acaba relevando as questões estruturais, dinâmicas e comportamentais nos processos de produção de sentido e os conflitos que podem surgir a partir disso. Nesse sentido, questiona-se: qual a influência dos conflitos no processo de escrita coletiva online? Este projeto, através de pesquisa teórica e empírica, procura responder a esta questão sob uma perspectiva comunicacional, que leve em consideração as relações e interações para além da harmonia permanente atribuída a estes processos por diversas áreas do conhecimento. Para a verificação empírica apresentam-se dois projetos colaborativos de produção textual: a Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre de larga utilização e popularidade e o projeto do Laboratório de Interação Mediada por Computador da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, o Co-dex, o dicionário social, ambiente criado para abarcar conceitos, resenhas e biografias da área da comunicação e da ciência da informação. Em ambos foram realizadas observações sistemáticas para verificação das tensões provenientes da interação e produção coletiva a fim de que, juntamente com o aporte teórico desenvolvido, a questão norteadora deste trabalho pudesse ser investigada. Conclui-se que os conflitos que permeiam os processos colaborativos de produção de sentido dizem respeito a aspectos de ordem textual e de ordem relacional e que estes se encontram conexos na medida em que exercem influência um no outro. Acredita-se que as tensões possuem forte relevância no desenvolvimento das relações entre os colaboradores e na construção de conteúdo no sentido de instaurar os desequilíbrios necessários a uma "reequilibração majorante" (PIAGET, 1977). / From the context of collaboration as a process of the collective intelligence (LÉVY, 2003) and wisdom of crowds (SUROWIECKI, 2006) this work aims to study the conflict as an important factor of these collective processes. The imbalances are part of human history, however, recurrently we find a purpose to see this issues as negative and of annihilation of relations, leaving aside the aspect of the potential impulsion to beneficial reconfiguration of the process in which it operates. An interesting practice in the study of conflicts in collaboration is the online collective writing. The independence of space and time and the multiplicity of voices that can focus on a project textual, opens space for negotiations, debates and tensions of various kinds. In addition, sometimes there is too optimistic view, which relieves the issues of structural, dynamics and behavior in the production of meaning and the conflict that may arise from it. In this sense, is questioned: what is the influence of conflicts in the process of online collective writing? This project, through theoretical and empirical research, seeks to answer this question in a communicational perspective, which takes into account the relationships and interactions beyond the harmony permanently assigned to these processes for various areas of knowledge. For the empirical verification are presented two collaborative projects of textual production: the Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, wide used and with popularity and the project of the Laboratory of Computer-mediated Interaction of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, the Co-dex, the social dictionary, environment created for concepts, reviews and biographies of the area of communication and information science. In both observations were made for systematic verification of the tensions from the interaction and collective production so that, together with the developed theoretical contribution, the guiding question of this work could be investigated. It is concluded that the conflicts that permeate the processes of collaborative production of meaning relate to aspects of a textual and relational order and that they are related and influence each other. It is believed that the tensions have strong relevance in the development of relations between the collaborators and building content to introduce imbalances needed for a "majorant reequilibration" (Piaget, 1977).