South African property investment vehicles consist of collective investment schemes in property (CISPs), also known as property unit trusts (PUTs) and property loan stock (PLS) companies. The application of sections 25B(1), 11(s), 10(1)(k)(i)(aa) and 64B(5)(b) of the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 (“the Act”) and paragraph 67A(1) of the Eighth Schedule to the Act result in these property investment vehicles being taxed based on their legal form, that of a trust versus a company, rather than on their common purpose. The South African Revenue Service recognised these inconsistencies in the 2007/8 budget tax proposals and proposed that it be reviewed. In December 2007, National Treasury released a discussion paper on the reform of the listed property investment sector in South Africa. The discussion paper is aimed at adopting a real estate investment trust (REIT) regime in South Africa to make South African property investment vehicles more attractive to foreign investors as well as to address the current tax inconsistencies and fragmented regulation of the South African listed real estate sector. In this study, the current inconsistent tax treatment of these property investment vehicles is reviewed, both as to how they apply to the property investment vehicle and to their respective investors. This study further reviews how REITs in selected other countries are regulated and taxed and National Treasury’s proposals as to how REITs applicable in South Africa should be regulated and taxed. Copyright / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Taxation / unrestricted

Структура магистерской диссертации включает в себя введение, три главы, заключение, список использованных источников. В первой главе рассмотрены теоретические основы функционирования биржевых паевых инвестиционных фондов и институциональные основы коллективного инвестирования. Во второй главе проведен анализ современного состояния российского рынка паевых инвестиционных фондов (ПИФов), в том числе показана деятельность управляющих компаний на данном рынке. В третьей главе показаны пути дальнейшего развития деятельности ПИФов в условиях макроэкономической неопределенности. В заключении сформированы основные выводы. / The structure of the master's thesis includes an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, and a list of sources used. The first chapter examines the theoretical foundations of the functioning of exchange-traded mutual funds and the institutional foundations of collective investment. The second chapter provides an analysis of the current state of the Russian market for mutual funds (MUIFs), including showing the activities of management companies in this market. The third chapter shows ways to further develop the activities of mutual funds in conditions of macroeconomic uncertainty. In conclusion, the main conclusions are drawn.

Collective investments have become a very popular investment vehicle in South Africa because it is, among other things, transparent, liquid and easily accessible. Growing investor knowledge, good market returns and its suitability for diversification, which minimizes risk, also contributes to its popularity. A value chain that adds value to the investor has developed around the collective investment scheme. The role players in this chain include the investment manager, the management company and financial intermediaries. The growth in this part of the collective investment industry has been so dynamic that regulation and the introduction of various new intermediary layers are constantly affecting the value chain and the value added for the investor. Research was conducted to assess the impact of the value chain on the behaviour of the individual investor and the effect this has on wealth creation. The literary review established that the environment surrounding this dynamic and interdependent value chain is well-regulated and that costs and investor behaviour could have a significant impact on investment returns. The empirical study revealed that the average individual investor recognizes the impact of the value chain on his investment, but perceives himself as being knowledgeable enough to avert ineffectiveness in the chain by ensuring desired investment returns through good investment decisions. Over-diversification and irresponsible switching between funds by the investor can, however, destroy value and negate the effect of long-term returns. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Cherez Pavia.pdf: 894695 bytes, checksum: a970a2e19c594b709f4f4f5f0ff7501a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-05 / This is a master s dissertation which aims to make a contribution to the analysis under the legal aspect of the operation of the investment fund industry in Brazil and the agents who participate in it. Accordingly, we shall analyze the historical remote precedents and the development of the structures of collective investment schemes in the world, the history of invesment funds in Brazil, as well as the financial and capital markets regulation nowadays, the regulators and the legal nature of investment funds. Also, we shall decribe the roles of each participant agent of the industry and the rules and regulation which they are submitted to. Finally, the liability of the administrator and the investment manager, essential players of investment funds, will be outlined. The purpose will be to try to conclude that the existing legal and regulatory framework, as well as self-regulation and court decisions, work as a network for investor protection and private investments / Trata-se de dissertação de mestrado que tem como objetivo trazer uma contribuição para a análise, sob o aspecto jurídico, do funcionamento da indústria de fundos de investimento no Brasil e dos agentes que dela participam. Nesse sentido, serão analisados os precedentes históricos remotos e o desenvolvimento de estruturas de investimento coletivo no mundo, o histórico dos fundos de investimento no Brasil, bem como a regulação dos mercados financeiro e de capitais atualmente vigentes, os órgãos reguladores e a natureza jurídica dos fundos de investimento. Serão descritos, ainda, os papéis de cada agente participante da indústria e as normas a que se submetem. Finalmente, será delineado o fundamento da responsabilidade civil do administrador e do gestor, agentes essenciais no fundo de investimento. A finalidade será tentar concluir que o arcabouço jurídico existente, legal e regulatório, bem como a autorregulação e as decisões judiciais, funcionam como uma rede de proteção do investidor e da poupança privada

Višnevska V., Lietuvos KIS rizikos ir grąžos palyginamoji analizė: Finansų rinkų studijų programos magistro baigiamasis darbas / vadovas Prof. habil. dr. A. Buračas; Mykolo Romerio universitetas, Ekonomikos fakultetas, bankininkystės ir investicijų katedra. Vilnius, 2007. 69 psl. Šiame darbe pristatomos plačiausiai paplitusios kolektyvinio investavimo subjektų (KIS) rūšys bei galimi jų klasifikavimo bei kategorizavimo pagrindai, apžvelgiami žinotini investicinės grąžos bei investicijų rizikos teoriniai bei praktiniai aspektai, apžvelgiami KIS sektoriaus veiklą reglamentuojantys ES ir nacionaliniai teisės aktai, pristatoma KIS sektoriaus problematika Europos Sąjungoje bei Lietuvoje, pateikiama KIS rizikos bei grąžos kompleksinio vertinimo specifika, pristatomas universalus bet kokio tipo KIS vertinimo algoritmas, įvairiais pjūviais analizuojama jauna LR KIS rinka. Pirmojoje darbo dalyje pristatomas tyrimo objektas, antrojoje bei trečiojoje – tyrimo dalykas, o darbo empirinėje dalyje nagrinėjama reali 2007 metų rugsėjo 30 d. LR egzistavusi KIS įvairovė, sudaromas jų reitingas remiantis atlikta rizikos ir grąžos palyginamąja analize bei trumpalaikės grąžos palyginimu. Remiantis išsamiai pristatytais pasaulinėje praktikoje nusistovėjusiais metodais suklasifikuoti fondai buvo vertinami pagal individualius jų rizikos ir grąžos parametrus naudojantis matematiniais bei analitiniais metodais bei MS Excel duomenų analizės funkcijomis ir rezultatų apdorojimo programa SPSS. Pirma... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Višnevska V., Comparative Analysis of Risk and Return of The Lithuanian Collective Investment Undertakings: Financial Markets Study Programme Final Master Thesis / supervisor Prof. Habil. Dr. A. Buračas, Banking and Investment Department, Faculty of Economics, Mykolas Romeris University. Vilnius, 2007. 69 p. This master thesis reviews the most widespread types and classifications of mutual funds, overlooks the most important theoretical and practical aspects of investment return and investment risks in Lithuania. The work overlooks the collective investment undertakings (CIU) sector problems within the European union and Lithuania, present legal acts regulating CIU activity at the EU and national level, provides specific mutual fund risk and return complex evaluation methods, suggests universal algorithm for analyzing any type of mutual fund and analysis of the young Lithuanian mutual fund market using different cross-sections. The first part of the paper presents the object of the study – mutual fund concept, their variety and possible classifications. In the second and third parts the theoretical and practical aspects of investment risks and return are disclosed, whilst the empirical part is composed of analysis of the variety of mutual funds that existed as of September 30, 2007, provides Lithuania based mutual funds rating in accordance with the performed risk- return and short term return analysis. Funds were classified based on the througoughtly presented methods and... [to full text]

Collective investments have become a very popular investment vehicle in South Africa because it is, among other things, transparent, liquid and easily accessible. Growing investor knowledge, good market returns and its suitability for diversification, which minimizes risk, also contributes to its popularity. A value chain that adds value to the investor has developed around the collective investment scheme. The role players in this chain include the investment manager, the management company and financial intermediaries. The growth in this part of the collective investment industry has been so dynamic that regulation and the introduction of various new intermediary layers are constantly affecting the value chain and the value added for the investor. Research was conducted to assess the impact of the value chain on the behaviour of the individual investor and the effect this has on wealth creation. The literary review established that the environment surrounding this dynamic and interdependent value chain is well-regulated and that costs and investor behaviour could have a significant impact on investment returns. The empirical study revealed that the average individual investor recognizes the impact of the value chain on his investment, but perceives himself as being knowledgeable enough to avert ineffectiveness in the chain by ensuring desired investment returns through good investment decisions. Over-diversification and irresponsible switching between funds by the investor can, however, destroy value and negate the effect of long-term returns. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

The section of collective investment in Czech Republic registered very dynamic development in last years. The progressive volumes of bussines realized between financial mediator and wide investic public deposes about this fact. But also this section fights with these problems, which can lead to milliards´ exits goods and reflux of investors. The purpose of theoretic part is identification investor with history of collective investment, its development and changes throught this district, eventually in the near future are expecting. Practic part follows to shares funds, formation and their contrast on the basic of fixed criterions. All evalution is completed with indicences of global financial crises, the biggest problem of all world´s economic. This part contains also real procedure, which can potencial investor asserts as suitable investic alternate.

This thesis focuses on guaranteed investment funds, which have become very popular among investors in the Czech Republic in recent years. The reason for this popularity is the conservativeness of a typical domestic investor, who appreciates the lower bound for the value of his investment. Guaranteed funds characteristically have a complex structure and valuation of their profitability based solely on intuition is therefore impossible. This analysis tries to provide an answer to the question if investing in these funds is reasonable. A large part of the thesis is dedicated to the option theory and option valuation methods, including the famous Black-Scholes formula, as guaranteed investment funds have the characteristics of an option. Thanks to the complicated structure of these products, the analysis itself is done by Monte Carlo simulation.

The master thesis deals with collective investment possibilities in Czech Republic designed for small investors with focus on instruments carrying very low risk. The goal is to assess these possibilities and their mutual comparison according to their return and risks. Special attention is devoted to protected mutual funds, as popular instrument of risk-averse investors.

Les hedge funds sont devenus des acteurs incontournables des marchés financiers et, pourtant, ils demeurent toujours inconnus ou «mal connus» à la fois par le grand public, les régulateurs et les juristes. À l’heure du bilan de la directive AIFM qui avait pour ambition de proposer une réglementation ambitieuse de l’industrie des hedge funds au sein de l’Union européenne, il convient de revenir sur ces entités dont l’histoire, les stratégies, le statut juridique, les caractéristiques et le régime juridique demeurent, encore, flous. La thèse vise à proposer une définition et un portrait-robot précis des hedge funds via leur identification par leurs caractéristiques, qu’elles soient propres ou empruntées à d’autres entités. Un hedge fund n’est pas un fonds de gestion collective ni une forme juridique à part entière. Un hedge fund peut revêtir tout type de forme sociale et sera communément considéré comme tel dès lors que l’entité s’emploiera à adopter certaines stratégies d’investissement et disposera d’une structure de rémunération et organisationnelle particulière. Ces dernières sont des indices permettant la caractérisation d’un hedge fund dont la nature juridique est quasi-exclusivement celle d’un fonds.Le hedge fund en tant que fonds est, selon le droit français, dépourvu, à tort, de la personnalité juridique alors même qu’il dispose de tous les attributs juridiques nécessaires à une telle reconnaissance. La présente étude démontre que le législateur français a ôté la personnalité juridique à la forme sociale originelle du hedge fund en droit français alors que les arguments en faveur de cette reconnaissance étaient plus convaincants. Un hedge fund en tant que fonds s’apparente davantage à une société hybride qu’à un numéro de compte. Cette théorie s’appuie principalement sur l’argument selon lequel il existe une personnalité morale embryonnaire où la personnalité juridique serait graduelle selon l’entité concernée. / Hedge funds have become key players in financial markets and are still unknown or « poorly known » by the general public, regulators and lawyers. At the time of the review of the AIFM directive which aimed to propose an ambitious regulation of the hedge fund industry within the European Union, it is necessary to return to these entities whose history, strategies, legal status, characteristics and legal regime remain, still, unclear. The thesis aims to propose a definition and an accurate robot portrait of hedge funds through their identification by their characteristics. These characteristics are both specific to hedge funds and borrowed from other entities. A hedge fund is not a collective fund or a legal form in its own right. A hedge fund can take any legal form and will be commonly considered as such when the entity strives to adopt certain investment strategies and will have a particular compensation and organizational structure. These characters are clues allowing the characterization of a hedge fund whose legal nature is almost exclusively that of a fund. However, the hedge fund as a fund is, under French law, wrongly deprived of legal personality even though it has all the legal attributes necessary for such recognition. The present study demonstrates that the French legislature removed the legal personality from the original social form of the hedge fund in French law while the arguments in favor of this recognition were more convincing. A hedge fund as a fund is more like a hybrid company than an account number. This theory is based mainly on the argument that there is a cohabiting legal personality where the legal personality is gradual depending on the entity concerned.