The aim of this thesis is to describe two central narratives of the Holocaust in the collective memory of Poland on the example of the clash of these narratives in one of the biggest debates in Polish history, triggered by the publication of Jan Tomasz Gross's book Neighbours in 2000. The first attempt to focus legislatively on those who do not follow the official narrative of the past of the Holocaust, was the creation of "Lex Gross" in 2006 during the first period of the reign of the right-wing conservative political party PiS. In 2018, the proposed legislation was elaborated into an Amendment to the Act on the IPN, known as "Holocaust Law" which had provoked a great controversy. The aim of this one-case study of the amendment is to present the motives for the amendment and explain the controversy it provoked within the framework of politics of memory of PiS. The amendment is interpreted in the context of different narratives of Holocaust, so-called memory wars - that means in the collective memories of the national states on the one hand, and of transnational acteurs on the other. Thus, memory may become the subject of populism, which heralds the disintegration of the neoliberal consensus.

The present thesis offers a new perspective on Holocaust memory in Greece by examining the ways in which divergent mnemonic representations about the Greek 1940s, as evidenced in polarized public contestation, influence the position of Holocaust in contemporary Greek collective memory. Adopting a micro-level case-study approach, the thesis focuses on the process of renaming a street in Salonika (or Thessaloniki), by examining public discourses around the issue. On the basis of theoretical elaborations in the area of collective memory, and through an application of Kubik and Bernhard's conceptualization of the politics of memory, a qualitative evaluation of Holocaust memory in Salonika is presented by attempting to categorize the memory regime emerging. It is assessed that the memory regime pertaining to the Holocaust is affected by the salience of pre-established memory regimes, occupies a secondary status in the wider mnemonic field and, what is more, is not unified. In such context, a problematic tendency to actually distort the historical record of the Holocaust, in the form of downplaying the complicity of local elites in the implementation of the Nazi genocidal policy, is also detected and explained as a repercussion of the specific dynamics at play whenever political actors engage in discussions about the Greek 1940s. All things considered, the study demonstrates that the official institutionalization of Holocaust memory on a commemorative level, a phenomenon observed during the past twenty years, should not be equated to the emergence of a cosmopolitan Holocaust memory in the country.

Prague Spring in Collective Memory of the Members 28th Fighter-Bomber Air Regiment in Čáslav Jiří Hlaváček The aim of essay is to analyse the course and the consequences of the Prague Spring at the 28th Fighter Bomber Wing in Čáslav based on oral recollections of the direct participants of the events and their comparison with accessible contemporary sources. The research is utilizes the method of oral history, focussing on the testimonies of six members of the 28th Fighter Bomber Wing, who were dismissed from the Army during the normalization purges between 1968 and 1974. The essay is concerned with the important events of Prague Spring, covering them chronologically from January 1968 until Apríl 1969 and with reflection of these events by the formal members of the Wing. The main part of the essay focusses on a detailed description of the events taking place at Čáslav airport during the entry of the Warsaw Pact troops on the territory of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. The other part is devoted to the methods of the normalization purges in the Army and their impact on the witnesses lives inclusive of theme of collective memory of this group. Key words: Czechoslovak People's Army - Prague Spring - Air Force - the normalization - rehabilitation - oral history - collective memory - biography.

The thesis deal with transformations of st. Wenceslas symbol and his cult in the Czech press around breaking points of Czech 20th century history. It asks about impact of contemporary policy and incidents on presentation of st. Wenceslas symbol, then about parts of st. Wenceslas cult and finally about connection of this symbol with other national symbols. The thesis is based on the assumtion that national identity is constructed through collective memory of members of the nation, appropriate symbology and history interpretation. Research uses qualitative metods (discourse analysis). Sample is made of Czech (mostly) statewide press articles that are related to st. Wenceslas and his cult, from the period around the st. Wenceslas day (28th September), in several years intervals around appointed breaking points (1918, 1938, 1939, 1945, 1948, 1968 and 1989). It has been found that 1. st. Wenceslas symbol represents unchanging connection of the church and the nation in the case of Catholic perspective, 2. in danger it mobilizes and symbolizes the statehood and the strength of the nation in case of the nationalistic use and 3. it can support legitimity of new established regime. The national symbology is connected with some conservative and nationalistic approach, st. Wenceslas symbol also with religion,...

The Master's thesis "ETA in Spanish Fiction Movies: Product or Creator of Spanish Collective Memory?" focuses on the interrelationship between history, cinematic representations and the way individuals perceive the traumatic past of Spanish history related to the Basque separatist organization ETA. Althought in the recent years there has been a proliferation of literature on collective memory, the approach, which this research follows, fills the gap by combining the macro-level (public) and micro-level (personal) of collective memory. Using the dynamics memory perspective, a theoretical framework that has grown popular within the multidisciplinary territories of collective memory scholarship, the thesis analyses four movies dealing with the ETA subject. These works allow us reflect on how the Basque separatist organization is portrayed in Spanish cinema and how this image has changed through time. To complement the investigation at the macrolevel, semi-structured interviews with 14 participants were conducted, searching for answers how cinematic representations influence people's perception of ETA and its actions. In both cases, thematic analysis was employed as a technique of data analysis

Cette recherche analyse la mémoire collective dans l’oeuvre de la réalisatrice paraguayenne Paz Encina. Poussée par une pulsion d’archiviste (Foster), Encina construit la mémoire en saturant ses oeuvres d’affects et en privilégiant un regard rétrospectif afin de réécrire l’histoire à partir de vies ordinaires. Dans sa production cinématographique, qui inclut des documentaires, des courts métrages expérimentaux, des installations et un long métrage de fiction, elle projette la mémoire collective (Halbwachs) en revisitant deux événements majeurs dans l’histoire du Paraguay: la Guerre du Chaco (1932-1935) et la dictature d’Alfredo Stroessner (1954-1989). L’analyse prend en considération la dépossession territoriale, dont les conséquences sont vécues par les populations de paysans et d’indigènes. À travers la représentation des desaparecidos, victimes de la disparition forcée, la recherche aborde également des questions concernant la post-mémoire (Hirsch). Nous utilisons trois approches pour étudier l’oeuvre d’Encina. Dans le premier chapitre, les installations de Notas de memoria (2012) et les courts métrages Arribo (2014) et Familiar (2014) nous aident à étudier l’utilisation combinée des archives personnelles et des archives officielles du régime dictatorial, connues comme Los Archivos del Terror. Le deuxième chapitre s’intéresse aux populations rurales dans le film Hamaca paraguaya (2006), dont la temporalité anachronique et disjonctive est analysée comme le symptôme d’un traumatisme historique. Le troisième chapitre se penche sur la représentation du paysage naturel, conçu comme un réservoir de la mémoire, à travers les courts métrages Viento Sur (2011), Tristezas (2016) et le documentaire Ejercicios de memoria (2016). / This research analyzes how Paraguayan filmmaker Paz Encina addresses collective memory. Driven by a strong archival impulse (Foster), Encina builds memory by saturating her work with affects, emphasizing a retrospective view to rewrite history through the ordinary lives of ordinary people. In her cinematographic work, which includes documentaries, experimental short films, installations and a feature-length fiction film, she projects a collective memory (Halbwacks) as she revisits Paraguay’s decisive historical moments: the Chaco War (1932-1935) and the dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner (1954-1989). The research considers the consequences of the territorial dispossession suffered by the country’s indigenous and peasant population, and through representations of the desaparecidos, the victims of forced disappearance, addresses questions concerning postmemory (Hirsch). We use three approaches to study the work of Paz Encina. In the first chapter, the installations in Notas de memoria (2012) and the short films Arribo (2014) and Familiar (2014) help us study how she combines the official archives of Stroessner dictatorship, known as Archivos del Terror, to personal and family archives. Chapter two focuses on the length-feature fiction film Hamaca paraguaya (2006) to study historical trauma and its anachronical and disjunctive temporality, and the country’s peasant population. The final chapter focuses on the representation of landscape, conceived as a reservoir of memory, through the short films Viento Sur (2011), Tristezas (2016) and the documentary Ejercicios de memoria (2016). / Esta tesina estudia cómo la directora paraguaya Paz Encina aborda la memoria colectiva. Dueña de un fuerte impulso archivístico (Foster), Encina satura su obra de afectos para tejer la memoria, priorizando la mirada retrospectiva y, como resultado, reescribe la historia a través de vidas y gestos ordinarios. En su producción cinematográfica, que incluye documentales, cortos experimentales, instalaciones y un largometraje de ficción, proyecta una memoria colectiva (Halbwachs) al revisitar momentos decisivos de la historia paraguaya: la Guerra del Chaco (1932-1935) y la dictadura de Alfredo Stroessner (1954-1989). La investigación toma en cuenta el fenómeno del despojo territorial que viven los campesinos e indígenas desde hace centenares de años, y aborda la figura de los desaparecidos a través de la generación de la posmemoria (Hirsch). Estudiamos la obra de Paz Encina a partir de tres enfoques. En el primer capítulo, analizamos el uso combinado de archivos familiares y personales con los archivos oficiales de la dictadura stronista, conocidos como los Archivos del Terror, a través de sus instalaciones en Notas de memoria (2012) y los cortometrajes Arribo (2014) y Familiar (2014). En el segundo capítulo, nos servimos del largometraje Hamaca paraguaya (2006) para estudiar la temporalidad anacrónica y disyuntiva, propia del traumatismo histórico, y las poblaciones campesinas. El tercer capítulo está dedicado a la representación del paisaje natural, concebido como un resguardo de la memoria, a través de los cortometrajes Viento Sur (2011) y Tristezas (2016), y el largometraje documental Ejercicios de memoria (2016).

Cette thèse se propose de réactualiser les apports des principaux fondateurs de la notion de mémoire collective : Halbwachs (1925/1992, 1941/2008, 1950/1997) et Bartlett (1932/2003) dans le cadre théorique de la pensée sociale (Rouquette, 1973, 2009). Après une présentation de leurs apports respectifs, une articulation entre mémoire et pensée sociale sera présentée. À partir de cette dernière, nous proposons un ensemble d’études empiriques sur la base de la distinction théorique entre l’influence du présent sur le passé et l’influence du passé sur le présent (Jedlowski, 2001, Jodelet, 1992). Ainsi, dans une première partie empirique nous examinons, à travers cinq études, l’influence de l’implication personnelle, opérationnalisant les intérêts du présent, sur la reconstruction du souvenir social via la représentation d’un événement du passé. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l’implication personnelle vis-à-vis d’un événement influence la représentation sociale de celui-ci. Particulièrement, la faible implication personnelle tend à rendre saillant des aspects descriptifs de la représentation du passé, tandis que la forte implication personnelle tend à rendre saillant des aspects évaluatifs. Dans une seconde partie empirique, nous considérons l’influence du souvenir sur la pensée sociale (le présent) au travers des fonctions de la mémoire collective. Dans une étude empirique, nous nous intéresserons d’abord à sa fonction de mobilisation à travers l’influence de la cohérence (ou de l’incohérence) entre le souvenir d’un événement et un exemplaire similaire à venir. Puis nous nous intéresserons à la fonction de définition de l’identité sociale grâce à trois études empiriques. Nos résultats montrent que le partage de souvenir entre un individu et une cible entraine une similarité perçue plus importante et une catégorisation sociale de celle-ci dans l’endogroupe. De plus, à travers le paradigme de l’effet brebis galeuse, nos résultats suggèrent que le partage de souvenir a un aspect normatif. La discussion de l’ensemble de ces études reviendra sur la distinction structurant notre partie empirique (i.e. influence réciproque entre passé et présent) en proposant que ces deux mouvements soient considérés comme dynamiques. Des pistes d’études intégrant ses aspects seront alors proposées / This thesis proposes to update and extend the main contributions of the founders of the concept of collective memory: Halbwachs (1925/1992, 1941/2008, 1950/1997) and Bartlett (1932/2003) in the theoretical framework of Social Thinking (Rouquette 1973, 2009). After a presentation of their contributions, we present a link between memory and Social Thinking. Based on this review, we propose a set of empirical studies on the basis of the theoretical distinction between the influence of the present on the past and the influence of the past on the present (Jedlowski, 2001; Jodelet, 1992). In the first empirical part, we examined, in five studies, the influence of personal involvement that represents the interests of the present, on the reconstruction of the social memory, via the representation of a past event. The results show that the personal involvement vis-à-vis an event influences its social representation. Specifically, low personal involvement tends to make salient descriptive aspects of the representation of the past, whereas high personal involvement tends to make salient its evaluative aspects. In the second empirical part, we consider the influence of memory on Social Thinking (i.e. the present) related to the functions of collective memory. In an empirical study, we first looked at its mobilization function through the influence of the consistency (vs. inconsistency) between the memory of an event and a similar future event. Then, in three empirical studies, we look at the social identity definition function. Our results show that when an individual and a target share the same memories, perceived similarity increases and the target is more likely to be categorized as an ingroup. In addition, through the paradigm of the black sheep effect, our results suggest that sharing memory has a normative aspect. The general discussion focuses on the distinction that has structured our empirical part (i.e. the interplay between past and present) and proposes that these two movements have to be considered as a dynamic. Suggestions of studies incorporating this aspect are also proposed

Les années 1960 ont marqué la ville de Montréal et ont participé considérablement à l’ancrage de son identité. La quantité impressionnante d’habitations locatives construites à cette époque pour répondre à l’insalubrité des quartiers populaires nous laisse un parc immobilier important peu reconnu et négligé. Ces habitations sont intéressantes aux niveaux social et culturel, tout d’abord parce que les loyers sont abordables et parce qu’elles ont une identité singulière représentative du courant moderne propre à Montréal. Dans ce contexte, la présente recherche porte sur l’approche à prioriser pour assurer la pérennité et augmenter la reconnaissance de cette typologie. Les objectifs principaux sont de démocratiser l’accès aux enjeux patrimoniaux, de déstigmatiser les locataires et l’architecture de ces habitations en plus de faire avancer les connaissances méthodologiques de la mise en valeur du cadre bâti. Dans le but de mieux comprendre le concept de pérennité en architecture et la qualité sociale de la typologie, le cadre théorique est basé sur les notions patrimoniales et la notion complexe de l’habiter. La gestion du patrimoine par les valeurs et la place identitaire du patrimoine dans les sociétés contemporaines théorisées par le Getty Conservation Institute, Françoise Choay et France Vanlaethem confirment la pertinence du sujet de recherche. Les écrits de Perla Serfaty-Garzon et de Thierry Paquot sur l’expérience d’habiter et l’importance de l’attachement au chez-soi dans le développement personnel de l’habitant appuient la qualité fonctionnelle des habitations. Les entretiens semi-dirigés avec les professionnels et l’affichage thématique démontrent que chaque méthode est pertinente à différents niveaux en fonction du résultat souhaité. Ainsi, la pérennité des habitations dans la mémoire collective est possible par un travail de sensibilisation et de verbalisation ainsi que par la réalisation d’un inventaire. Une approche communicative, centrée sur le partage d’expériences, d’avis et de différents points de vue, favorise une approche dynamique de la mise en valeur du cadre bâti. Cette approche communicative rend également accessible à un plus grand public une compréhension des enjeux architecturaux contemporains. Au terme de l’étude, il semble possible de réduire les préjugés auxquels font face les habitations et leurs locataires. Pour ce faire, il faut un travail considérable de sensibilisation aux qualités architecturales des bâtiments, leur place dans l’identité caractéristique de Montréal et de partager les propos des locataires sur leur attachement au logement et leur appropriation du lieu. Finalement, la recherche démontre qu’il est pertinent de conserver certaines habitations locatives des années 1960 emblématiques en s’appuyant sur les valeurs patrimoniales, dont la valeur sociale, culturelle et architecturale. / The Sixties made a mark on the City of Montreal and significantly contributed to the definition of its identity. The considerable amount of rental housing developed in that time as a response to decrepitude issues which paralyzed working-class neighborhoods leaves us with many neglected and undervalued buildings. Those buildings are of interest for both their social and cultural contexts; first, because the apartments are affordable and second, because they are representative of the modern movement for which Montreal is globally recognized. In this context, the research project aims to better understand which approach would be suitable in order to ensure the sustainability and increase in recognition of this type of building. The main goals are to democratize the access to building heritage issues, to destigmatize the tenants and the architecture of those buildings and to advance the methodological knowledge on how to raise awareness and appreciation towards the built environment. In order to better understand the core concepts of sustainability in architecture and the social quality of the buildings, the theoretical framework is based upon building heritage notions and the complex notion of dweling. The built heritage fundamentals, by the analysis of the work of Aylin Orbasli and Françoise Choay; who tackle the approach of value-based management of the built heritage and the core place of heritage in the definition of the identity of contemporary societies; confirms the relevance of the research subject. Publications by Perla Serfaty-Garzon and Thierry Paquot on the experience of dweling and the importance of home attachment in the personal development of the inhabitant confirms the functional quality of the housing buildings. The semi-structured interviews with professionals and the thematic display of the research demonstrates that every method used is relevant at different levels, depending on the expected outcome. Thus, it is likely that the sustainability of some housing buildings from the Sixties is feasible by a sensibilization and verbalization campaign and by developing an extensive inventory. A communicative approach centered on the sharing of experiences, opinions and points of views promotes a dynamic approach to build heritage and the built environment. This approach also facilitates access to contemporary architectural issues to a wider audience. In retrospect, it seems possible to reduce the stigma toward tenants and the buildings themselves. To achieve this, considerable work is needed to raise awareness of the architectural qualities of the buildings, their place in the identity of Montreal and promote the tenants’ point of view of their attachment and approval of the apartments. Finally, the research shows that it is relevant to preserve some iconic housing buildings from the Sixties based on heritage values, including social, cultural, and architectural values.

In this diploma thesis, the subject of research will be the topic of collective memory in Ukraine and Poland. The goal of the work will be to perform a comparative qualitative analysis of current historiographical discourses of the politics of memory devoted to the Ukrainian insurgent army (sometimes inaccurately referred to as "Bandera Movement") in Ukraine and Poland. The theoretical framework of the work will be studies of collective memory. The aim of the work will be to perform a qualitative analysis of deeper epistemic assumptions of Ukrainian and Polish political discourse. The work will examine how the UPA is represented in political memories in Poland and Ukraine, respectively, how the professional "truth" is constructed, which is behind the attitude of both societies, to which individuals with a deeper interest come closer. The purpose of this work is to identify a deeper - historiographical - subsoil of political thought, which is reflected in the discourses of Polish and Ukrainian politicians, historians or representatives of memory institutions or publicists and which is the source of their argumentation. Key words: Collective memory, discourse analysis, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, Poland, Ukraine, memory distinctions, legacy

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