<p>Increased national and international travel over the lastdecades has caused an increase in the global number ofpassengers using different means of transportation. Greateffort is being directed to improving the noisy environment inthe residential community. This is to face the growing strictnoise requirements which are implemented by international noiseregulatory authorities, governments, and local airports. Thereis also a strong competition between different manufacturers tomake their products quieter. The propulsion system in anaircraft is the major source of noise during relevant flightconditions. The engine noise in a vehicle dominates the totalradiated noise at low speeds especially inside cities. Manyrecent studies on noise reduction involve the use of perforatedplates in the air and gas flow ducting connected to the engine.This thesis deals with the modelling of perforates as anabsorbent.</p><p>There are many difficulties in using liners in theseapplications. The most important is that there is no largesurface area to which the linings may be applied. Equally, theenvironment in which linings have to survive is hostile.Therefore, liners have to be carefully tailored in order toachieve the most efficient attenuation. The full-scalesimulation testing, which is usually necessary to define thenoise attenuation produced by a liner installation, is bothtime-consuming and expensive. Therefore, a need for accuratemodels is a must. This thesis fills some gaps in the impedancemodelling of perforated liners. It also concentrates on thosecomplicated situations of sound propagation in ducts that weresolved earlier using Finite Element Methods. Alternateanalytical solutions to these problems are developed here,which gives more physical insight into the results.</p><p>The key design parameter of perforates is the acousticimpedance. The impedance is what determines their efficiency toabsorb sound waves. A semi empirical impedance model wasdeveloped to be capable of accurately predicting the linerimpedance as a function of its physical properties and thesurrounding conditions. It was compared to all previous modelsin the literature. Nothing in the literature has been reportedon the effect of temperature on the perforate impedance,therefore a complete study was performed. A new inverseanalytical impedance measurement technique was proposed. It isbased on educing the impedance value based on the measurementof the attenuation across a lined duct section. Twoapplications were further considered: The effect of hard stripsin lined ducts on there attenuation properties; and themodelling of perforations in a complicated automotive mufflersystem.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>Perforates–Liners–Acousticimpedance–Hot stream liners–Hard splices–Mufflers–Lined ducts–Collocation–Flowduct.</p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>The aim of this essay is to establish whether or not the word foxy can serve to illustrate gender differences and gender stereotypes in English. The analysis is conducted by using one American English corpus and one British English corpus in order to make a comparison of the two English varieties. Apart from the comparative study, foxy is examined and categorized according to gender and a number of features to help answering the research questions which are:</p><p>• What difference in meaning, if any, does the word foxy carry when used for males, females and inanimate things?</p><p>• Can the word foxy serve to illustrate gender stereotypes in English?</p><p>• Are there any differences regarding how foxy is used in American English compared to British English?</p><p>Throughout the essay previous studies are presented, terms and tools that have been used are defined and argued for. One of the conclusions drawn in this study is that there is a significant difference in meaning when foxy is used in American English compared to British English. There are, however, also differences concerning the use of foxy when referring to males, females and inanimate things.</p><p>Keywords: Collocation, corpus studies, foxy, gender, language, linguistics, semantic prosody, stereotypes.</p>

We consider a collocation method for Cauchy singular integral equations on the interval based on weighted Chebyshev polynomials , where the coefficients of the operator are piecewise continuous. Stability conditions are derived using Banach algebra methods, and numerical results are given.

本文旨在探討現代漢語近義詞「買賣」、「交易」、「貿易」的異同，透過它們的搭配現象以及語意韻律的表現來進行討論。本文的語料來自「中央研究院漢語平衡語料庫」，根據搭配詞本身與「買賣」、「交易」、「貿易」的句法及語意關係來做為搭配詞的判斷，接著對於搭配詞的句法行為、語意功能以及框架要素再去做近一步的探討。 「買賣」、「交易」、「貿易」的前後搭配詞在句法上經常做名詞使用，在語意功能及框架要素方面，「買賣」及「交易」經常呈現交換者(exchanger)以及交換品(theme)兩個要素，「貿易」主要凸顯的是交換者(exchanger)。在語料裡，大部分的框架要素都呈現在前置搭配詞，主要有交換者(exchanger)、交換品(theme)、處所(location)、時間(time)、方式(manner)、頻率(frequency)；後置搭配詞有交換者(exchanger)、交換品(theme)、處所(location)、時間(time)、方式(manner)、頻率(frequency)、組織(organization)、條例(regulation)。在語意韻律方面，「買賣」及「交易」傾向和負面語意的前置搭配詞出現，而「貿易」則是有較多負面的後置搭配詞。透過共現行為及語意韻律的分析，本文系統性地呈現了「買賣」、「交易」、「貿易」的相似與相異處。 / This thesis explores three near-synonymous transaction words in Mandarin Chinese, maimai, jiaoyi, and maoyi. These three words are defined in a circular manner in the dictionary, and their meanings are not distinguishable. The present study aims to detect the similarities and differences among them via the examination of their collocational behaviors and semantic prosody. The data are extracted from Sinica Corpus, and the left-sided and right-sided collocates based on their syntactic and semantic relation to the node words are identified. Then, the collocated words are discussed in terms of their syntactic behaviors, semantic functions, and frame elements. The collocates of maimai, jiaoyi, and maoyi frequently function as nouns on both sides. The semantic functions and frame elements of both maimai and jiaoyi frequently express exchanger and theme in their instances, while for maoyi, exchanger and manner make up the majority of its frame elements. Most frame elements are profiled in the collocates. On the left side, there are exchanger, theme, location, time, manner and frequency. On the right side, there are exchanger, theme, location, time, manner, frequency, organization, and regulation. As for semantic prosody, most collocates are neutral. The left-sided collocates of maimai and jiaoyi tend to be negative words. Regarding the right-sided collocates, maoyi has more negative collocates than maimai and jiaoyi. With the collocational behaviors and semantic prosody analyzed, the study presents the similarities and differences of the three synonymous words in a systematic way.

The classical continuum theory is not capable of predicting failure without an external crack growth criteria and treats the interface having zero thickness. Alternatively, a nonlocal continuum theory referred to as peridynamic theory eliminates these shortcomings by utilizing formulation that uses displacements, rather than derivatives of displacements, and including material failure in its constitutive relations through the response functions. This study presents a new response function as part of the peridynamic theory to include thermal loading. Furthermore, an efficient numerical algorithm is presented for solution of peridynamic equations. Solution method relies on the discretization of peridynamic equations at collocation points resulting in a set of ordinary differential equations with respect to time. These differential equations are then integrated using explicit methods. In order to improve numerical efficiency of the computations, spatial partitioning is introduced through uniform grids as arrays of linked lists. Furthermore, the domain of interest is divided into subunits each of which is assigned to a specific processor to utilize parallel processing using OpenMP. In order to obtain the static solutions, the adaptive dynamic relaxation method is developed for the solution of peridynamic equations. Furthermore, an approach to couple peridynamic theory and finite element analysis is introduced to take advantage of their salient features. The regions in which failure is expected are modeled using peridynamics while the remaining regions are modeled utilizing finite element method. Finally, the present solution method is utilized for damage prediction of many problems subjected to mechanical, thermal and buckling loads.

The object of the study is the structure and semantics of fixed collocations and idioms in the English language and their Lithuanian equivalents. The aim of the work is to research how English fixed collocations and idioms are translated into Lithuanian and what stylistic and semantic changes they undergo. The main research methods applied in the research are descriptive theoretical literary analysis, contrastive method and statistical method.In theoretical part the concepts of fixed collocation and idiom are discussed. Further consideration is focused on the classification of previously mentioned idiomatic expressions. Fixed collocations and idioms are classified regarding to what they mean and what they refer to. Translation strategies and the difficulties when translating the idiomatic expressions are discussed. The practical part is divided into three parts which examine fully equivalent, semantically similar, formally modified and functionally equivalent fixed collocations and idioms. The selected examples prove that the majority of idioms undergo semantic, stylistic or structural changes in the process of translating them from one language into the other. Though there are some English idioms that have equivalents in Lithuanian, in the majority of cases only few or none of the elements coincide. / Bakalauro baigiamojo darbo objektas yra fiksuotų kolokacijų ir idiomų struktūra bei semantika anglų kalboje ir jų lietuviškuose atitikmenyse. Darbo tikslas - ištyrinėti kaip angliškos fiksuotos kolokacijos bei idiomos išverčiamos į Lietuvių kalbą bei kaip pasikeičia jų stilistika ir semantika. Pagrindiniai tyrimo metodai yra šie: aprašomoji teorinė literatūros analizė, gretinamasis metodas, statistinis metodas. Teorinėje dalyje nagrinėjamos fiksuotos kolokacijos ir idiomos sąvokos. Toliau dėmesys skiriamas jau minėtų idiomatinių išsireiškimų klasifikacijai. Fiksuotos kolokacijos ir idiomos sugrupuotos pagal reikšmę bei tą, ką jos nurodo. Aptariamos vertimo strategijos bei idiomatinių išsireiškimų vertimų sunkumai. Praktinis tyrimas suskirstytas į tris dalis, kurios tiria visiškai ekvivalentiškas, panašias semantiškai, bet pakeista forma ir praktiškai ekvivalentiškas fiksuotas kolokacijas ir idiomas. Pasirinkti pavyzdžiai įrodo, kad daugumos idiomų semantika, stilistika ir struktūra pasikeičia jas verčiant iš vienos kalbos į kitą. Nors ir yra angliškų idiomų, kurios turi atitikmenis Lietuvių kalboje, daugeliu atvejų sutampa tik keli arba nei vienas žodis.

Darbo tyrimo objektas – kolokacijos ir jų tyrimo metodai. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti statistiniais metodais nustatytų kolokacijų sąrašus, juos palyginti ir išnagrinėti atrinktų kolokacijų vertimo atitikmenis. Darbo aktualumas – kolokacijų analizė padės lingvistams ir kitiems kalbos specialistams pasirinkti tinkamą kolokacijų nustatymo metodą tiek anglų, tiek lietuvių kalbai. O kolokacijų vertimo proceso supratimas svarbus vertimo analizei, vertėjų darbui. Tyrimas susideda iš penkių dalių. Antrajame skyriuje pristatoma teorinė kolokacijos sąvoka. Pateikiama sudėtinga kolokacijų vertimo problematika ir keturių analizei pasirinktų statistinių metodų charakteristikos: Tarpusavio Informacija (angl. Mutual Information), T-lygmuo (angl. T-score), Lošimo kauliukų metodas (angl. Dice) ir Logaritminio tikėtinumo santykis (angl. Log-likelihood ratio). Trečiajame skyriuje, remiantis pagrindiniu analizės šaltiniu – lygiagrečiu grožinės literatūros tekstynu, nustatomi kolokacijų sąrašai. Paaiškėja, kad T-lygmens ir Logaritminio tikėtinumo santykio (LTS) metoduose išryškėjo gramatinės kolokacijos, o Tarpusavio Informacijos (TI) ir Lošimo kauliukų (LK) metoduose – leksinės. Parinktos ir apibrėžtos kolokacijų ribos bei metodų panašumo koeficientai. Ketvirtajame skyriuje pasirenkamas 200 geriausiųjų kolokacijų sąrašas ir atliekamas kiekvienos kalbos statistinių metodų palyginimas. Metodai lyginami poromis pagal panašumo kriterijus – LK su TI (leksinės kolokacijos) bei... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The main objective of the Master thesis is collocations and collocation extraction methods. The aim of the research is to analyze collocation lists extracted by statistical methods from the parallel corpus of fiction and determine the collocation equivalents. Relevance of the thesis – collocation analysis can help linguists and other language specialists choose the right collocaton extraction methods in both, English and Lithuanian, languages. What is more, understanding of collocation translation process is very important for the translation analysis and interpreters. Research consists of 5 parts. Chapter 2 presents the concept of collocation and possible collocation translation problems. The theoretical part also includes the characteristics of the four selected statistical methods: Mutual Information (MI), T-score, Dice and Log-likelihood ratio (LLR). In chapter 3, collocation lists for each language, English and Lithuanian, are extracted. The analysis reveal that T-score and LLR methods extract grammatical collocations, while MI and Dice – lexical ones. Futher in this chapter, collocation boundaries and the coefficients of each method are defined. Chapter 4 presents a list of top 200 collocations of each language and method. The methods with new collocation lists are compared in pairs according to similarity criteria - Dice with MI (lexical collocations) and T-score with LLR (grammatical). Another distribution of bigrams according to frequency is identified, and both... [to full text]

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Magistro darbo objektas yra vienas žodis lietuvių ir anglų kalbose: viltis ir hope, kuris panašus, ar tapatus, tiek turiniu, tiek forma. Šio žodžio reikšmės tyrimas atliekas vis labiau populiarėjančiu tekstynų lingvistikos metodu. Darbe didelis dėmesys kreipiamas į vilties kolokacijas, rastas lyginamuose tekstynuose, nes būtent tekstynuose yra randama įprastinė abstrakto raiška. Kognityvinės metaforos, rinktos iš kolokacijų, pagrindžiamos ne bet kokiais, o įprastiniais kasdienės kalbos posakiais. Dėl šios priežasties darbo šaltiniais pasirinkti British National Corpus ir Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas. Interneto vartotojams šiuose tekstynuose prieinama po 100 mln. žodžių, ir tai pakankamai didelis pavyzdžių skaičius tokio pobūdžio tyrimams. Darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti abstraktaus daiktavardžio viltis konceptualizavimą lietuvių ir anglų kalbose. Kadangi konceptualiosios metaforos yra sietinos ne tik su žmogaus jutimine, bet ir su visos tautos kultūrine patirtimi, manoma, kad žodžio viltis konceptualizavimas gretinamose kalbose turėtų skirtis. Pasirinktoji magistro darbo tema aktuali, nes žodžio viltis konceptualizavimas lietuvių kalboje ligi šiol nėra nagrinėtas ar lygintas su anglų kalbos atitikmeniu hope. / The master paper deals with one lexeme in Lithuanian, viltis, and its equivalent in English hope. The author provides the analysis of the selected words from the corpus using a corpus-based approach which becomes more and more popular. The paper demonstrates that metaphors, if they are to reflect the most popular understanding of a concept, should be obtained from collocations. On that score their concordances were compiled from the Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian and the British National Corpus. They are both of the size of 100 million running words in their Internet versions and they offer a reliable source of data for this kind of analysis. The main goal of this paper is to describe the concept represented in Lithuanian and English by the word hope. As conceptual metaphors are linked not only with man‘s sensual, but also with the whole nation‘s cultural experience, the conceptualization of hope in languages should differ. The theme is relevant because conceptualization of hope had not been explores in Lithuanian and compared with its equivalent in English.

Geodesy deals with the accurate analysis of spatial and temporal variations in the geometry and physics of the Earth at local and global scales. In geodesy, least-squares collocation (LSC) is a bridge between the physical and statistical understanding of different functionals of the gravitational field of the Earth. This thesis specifically focuses on the [incorrect] implicit LSC assumptions of isotropy and homogeneity that create limitations on the application of LSC in non-stationary gravity field modeling. In particular, the work seeks to derive expressions for local and global analytical covariance functions that account for the anisotropy and heterogeneity of the Earth's gravity field. / Standard LSC assumes 2D stationarity and 3D isotropy, and relies on a covariance function to account for spatial dependence in the observed data. However, the assumption that the spatial dependence is constant throughout the region of interest may sometimes be violated. Assuming a stationary covariance structure can result in over-smoothing, e.g., of the gravity field in mountains and under-smoothing in great plains. The kernel convolution method from spatial statistics is introduced for non-stationary covariance structures, and its advantage in dealing with non-stationarity in geodetic data is demonstrated. / Tests of the new non-stationary solutions were performed over the Darling Fault, Western Australia, where the anomalous gravity field is anisotropic and non-stationary. Stationary and non-stationary covariance functions are compared in 2D LSC to the empirical example of gravity anomaly interpolation. The results with non-stationary covariance functions are better than standard LSC in terms of formal errors and cross-validation. Both non-stationarity of mean and covariance are considered in planar geoid determination by LSC to test how differently non-stationarity of mean and covariance affects the LSC result compared with GPS-levelling points in this area. Non-stationarity of the mean was not very considerable in this case, but non-stationary covariances were very effective when optimising the gravimetric quasigeoid to agree with the geometric quasigeoid. / In addition, the importance of the choice of the parameters of the non-stationary covariance functions within a Bayesian framework and the improvement of the new method for different functionals on the globe are pointed out.