Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Anne Beamish / Human nature compels us to remember the past. A society’s collective memory creates meaning in our lives, establishing individual and group identity and contextualizing cultural values. Commemorative landscapes give physical form to loss and memory, providing a space for public awareness and remembrance while acting as a sanctuary for dealing with loss. Over time, memorials face a loss of relevance as generations pass and society evolves to embody different shared memories and values. At the same time, our environment directly affects our physical and psychological well-being. Restorative environments benefit the individual by reducing stress. If the well-being of the individual and his or her environment are directly linked, landscape architecture can be utilized to restore mental well-being. A commemorative space combining the characteristics of memorials and restorative environments will act as a “restorative memorial”. Beyond remembering the events, people, or circumstances that establish cultural identity and values, restorative memorials would improve mental well-being, reminding the individual of their cultural identity while reducing psychological stress. Synthesizing literature understanding the importance of memorials, restorative environments, loss, stress, and environmental psychology with experiential observations of memorials and restorative environments generated a set of design guidelines for restorative memorials. These design guidelines were applied to a design commemorating the legacy of the Menninger Clinic in Topeka, Kansas. The Menninger family formed the first group psychiatric practice in the country. They became world-renowned leaders in psychiatric and behavioral health treatments, believing a patient’s physical and social environment was instrumental to improve mental health. In 2003, the Menninger Clinic relocated to Houston, Texas, vacating a campus which played a great role in the history of Topeka, Kansas, and psychiatry. A restorative memorial commemorating the Menninger legacy could reconnect the citizens of Topeka with the history of the former campus and would pay homage to the ideals of the Menningers, using the designed environment to continue improving mental health. Restorative memorials can become landmarks in the urban fabric, providing an engaging built environment, imbued with meaning. They will transcend generational significance, serving the past, present, and future.

Em 01 de março de 1870 a Guerra do Paraguai estava terminada. Para conter o inimigo em suas fronteiras, o Brasil precisou mobilizar o Exército, a Guarda Nacional e criar corpos de Voluntários da Pátria. Durante cinco anos o cenário político e social se modificou e, raro era a família que não teve um filho, irmão, pai, esposo, parente ou amigo lutado no Paraguai. Terminada a campanha as tropas regressaram para o Brasil. Controvérsias entre o governo de D. Pedro II, a imprensa liberal e parlamentares da câmara e do senado, em relação à recepção das tropas no Brasil, provocaram acalorados debates. Tratava-se da disputa entre comemorar e esquecer. Nessa tese percorremos os caminhos da memória da Guerra do Paraguai e para isso transitamos pelas ruas embandeiradas da Corte e das capitais das províncias para narrar os festejos populares e oficiais na recepção dos servidores da pátria recebidos com regozijo, lágrimas, flores e poesias pela população que rendia homenagens aos filhos defensores da honra nacional. No dia 10 de julho de 1870, o governo de D. Pedro II realizou no Rio de Janeiro a festa oficial, a festa do barracão, para comemorar a vitória do Brasil e lembrar os mortos e assim encerrar um capítulo da história pátria que tantas vidas deixaram no solo Paraguaio. Assistimos do alto da tribuna parlamentar a disputa pela memória da guerra de onde Caxias e o Conde D´Eu protagonizaram essa disputa. Transitamos pelas ruas de Niterói, Salvador, Recife e São Paulo e do Desterro, onde soldados doentes e mutilados, egressos dos campos paraguaios, mendigavam, provocavam desordens públicas e davam-se em espetáculos. Nas províncias encontramos as viúvas e órfãos que em súplicas ao rei pediam o pão pela perda do arrimo de família. Nas secretarias do governo, nas salas dos presidentes de províncias e nas redações de importantes jornais, era grande o volume de ofícios e petições requerendo o pagamento de indenização ao governo. Veteranos da campanha reivindicavam soldos atrasados, lote de terras, empregos públicos, condecorações e títulos honoríficos. Nas prisões públicas encontramos ex-escravos reconduzidos ao cativeiro pelos seus senhores. Na ilha de Bom Jesus percorremos o suntuoso edifício do Asilo dos Inválidos, um lugar de ressentimento. Assim, a história que procuramos narrar, transita por dois caminhos: o da comemoração e o do esquecimento / The Paraguay War finished on the 1st of March, 1870. In order to keep the enemies within their frontiers, Brazil needed to mobilize the Army and the National Guard. Also, a group of Volunteers was formed. The political and social scenery changed thoroughly during the 5 years of war, and almost all family had a member a son, a brother, a husband or a friend fighting in Paraguay. The troops returned to Brazil after the bloody campaign. A lot of debate was promoted by controversies between the govern of D. Pedro II, the liberal press and members of the senate regarding the reception of the troops in Brazil. It was a dispute between commemorating and forgetting. In this thesis, we follow the paths that lead to the memory of the war in Paraguay: the adorned streets of Rio de Janeiro as well as the provinces capitals, so as to report both the popular and official parties that received the volunteers with relief, tears, flowers and poetry. On July 10th 1870, an official party, known as Festa do Barracão was held in Rio de Janeiro, to celebrate the victory of Brazilian troops and to remember those who died at war, finishing a sad, violent chapter of the national history. We analyzed the dispute between Count DEu and the Duke of Caxias for the memory of the war. We also walked through the streets of Niterói, Salvador, Recife, São Paulo and Desterro, where sick and mutilated soldiers, ex-combatants of the war, turned into mendicants, provoking public disorders and riots. In the provinces far from Rio, we met the widowers and orphans who begged the imperial government for bread. In the secretaries of government, in the offices of province presidents and at important press centers, a huge volume of petitions and pleads required refunds and compensations. Veteran military men applied for belated payments, earth, public jobs, honorific titles etc. In public prisons, ex-slaves were taken back to captivity by their old masters. In Bom Jesus Island, we walked around and through the sumptuous building of the Invalids Asylum, a place full of resentment. The story we want to tell walks, thus, in two simultaneous paths: commemoration and forgetfulness.

The attacks of 11 September 2001 have had a profound impact for many, altering lives, perceptions, politics and policies. The last decade saw the construction of numerous memorials commemorating the events across the United States. Most prominent is the National 9/11 Memorial in New York City at Ground Zero. Highly contested in its planning and building stages, the memorial site was designed to be a national symbol of mourning, remembrance and resiliency, and has since become one of the city's most popular tourist attractions. This thesis casts the matter of memorialising 9/11 as a performance of remembering. It utilises an analytical frame that draws from theoretical resources of collective memory and performance studies to examine how and by whom public remembrances of the event are framed, performed and maintained. Theories of social remembering render it an active process. A performance lens used analytically allows for a recognition of commemorative practices not as a mode of representation, but rather as a doing, (en)acting and interacting in the moment. By understanding public remembrance as performance, this thesis explores the implications of thinking about public memory in those terms. Through ethnographic methods the research unpacks the doing of public memory in three scenarios, each with their own setting and cast of characters, and interprets how, if and when individuals subscribe to the public and/or official memory of the events being memorialised. The first is set at the 9/11 memorial. Although the performances at the memorial site occur in an institutionalised, scripted and choreographed environment, the bodily (en)acting of and at the site can shift complex boundaries and commemorative narratives. The second provides the example of commemorative walking/ running events as performed remembering. These public processions are ritual-like (re)enactments that solidify and reaffirm the politicised national commemorative master narrative of 9/11. Lastly, the annual ritual of commemoration on the anniversary of 9/11 highlights and intensifies the separation of official and vernacular public memory and shows how in both settings organisers and actors utilise embodied performance strategies to gain or regain visibility in the public sphere.

Em 01 de março de 1870 a Guerra do Paraguai estava terminada. Para conter o inimigo em suas fronteiras, o Brasil precisou mobilizar o Exército, a Guarda Nacional e criar corpos de Voluntários da Pátria. Durante cinco anos o cenário político e social se modificou e, raro era a família que não teve um filho, irmão, pai, esposo, parente ou amigo lutado no Paraguai. Terminada a campanha as tropas regressaram para o Brasil. Controvérsias entre o governo de D. Pedro II, a imprensa liberal e parlamentares da câmara e do senado, em relação à recepção das tropas no Brasil, provocaram acalorados debates. Tratava-se da disputa entre comemorar e esquecer. Nessa tese percorremos os caminhos da memória da Guerra do Paraguai e para isso transitamos pelas ruas embandeiradas da Corte e das capitais das províncias para narrar os festejos populares e oficiais na recepção dos servidores da pátria recebidos com regozijo, lágrimas, flores e poesias pela população que rendia homenagens aos filhos defensores da honra nacional. No dia 10 de julho de 1870, o governo de D. Pedro II realizou no Rio de Janeiro a festa oficial, a festa do barracão, para comemorar a vitória do Brasil e lembrar os mortos e assim encerrar um capítulo da história pátria que tantas vidas deixaram no solo Paraguaio. Assistimos do alto da tribuna parlamentar a disputa pela memória da guerra de onde Caxias e o Conde D´Eu protagonizaram essa disputa. Transitamos pelas ruas de Niterói, Salvador, Recife e São Paulo e do Desterro, onde soldados doentes e mutilados, egressos dos campos paraguaios, mendigavam, provocavam desordens públicas e davam-se em espetáculos. Nas províncias encontramos as viúvas e órfãos que em súplicas ao rei pediam o pão pela perda do arrimo de família. Nas secretarias do governo, nas salas dos presidentes de províncias e nas redações de importantes jornais, era grande o volume de ofícios e petições requerendo o pagamento de indenização ao governo. Veteranos da campanha reivindicavam soldos atrasados, lote de terras, empregos públicos, condecorações e títulos honoríficos. Nas prisões públicas encontramos ex-escravos reconduzidos ao cativeiro pelos seus senhores. Na ilha de Bom Jesus percorremos o suntuoso edifício do Asilo dos Inválidos, um lugar de ressentimento. Assim, a história que procuramos narrar, transita por dois caminhos: o da comemoração e o do esquecimento / The Paraguay War finished on the 1st of March, 1870. In order to keep the enemies within their frontiers, Brazil needed to mobilize the Army and the National Guard. Also, a group of Volunteers was formed. The political and social scenery changed thoroughly during the 5 years of war, and almost all family had a member a son, a brother, a husband or a friend fighting in Paraguay. The troops returned to Brazil after the bloody campaign. A lot of debate was promoted by controversies between the govern of D. Pedro II, the liberal press and members of the senate regarding the reception of the troops in Brazil. It was a dispute between commemorating and forgetting. In this thesis, we follow the paths that lead to the memory of the war in Paraguay: the adorned streets of Rio de Janeiro as well as the provinces capitals, so as to report both the popular and official parties that received the volunteers with relief, tears, flowers and poetry. On July 10th 1870, an official party, known as Festa do Barracão was held in Rio de Janeiro, to celebrate the victory of Brazilian troops and to remember those who died at war, finishing a sad, violent chapter of the national history. We analyzed the dispute between Count DEu and the Duke of Caxias for the memory of the war. We also walked through the streets of Niterói, Salvador, Recife, São Paulo and Desterro, where sick and mutilated soldiers, ex-combatants of the war, turned into mendicants, provoking public disorders and riots. In the provinces far from Rio, we met the widowers and orphans who begged the imperial government for bread. In the secretaries of government, in the offices of province presidents and at important press centers, a huge volume of petitions and pleads required refunds and compensations. Veteran military men applied for belated payments, earth, public jobs, honorific titles etc. In public prisons, ex-slaves were taken back to captivity by their old masters. In Bom Jesus Island, we walked around and through the sumptuous building of the Invalids Asylum, a place full of resentment. The story we want to tell walks, thus, in two simultaneous paths: commemoration and forgetfulness.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2014-09-15T12:45:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao Thaisy Sosnoski.pdf: 2595086 bytes, checksum: 826dd1ad24660dbc6a6155fa09b503c5 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-09-15T13:51:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao Thaisy Sosnoski.pdf: 2595086 bytes, checksum: 826dd1ad24660dbc6a6155fa09b503c5 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-15T13:51:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao Thaisy Sosnoski.pdf: 2595086 bytes, checksum: 826dd1ad24660dbc6a6155fa09b503c5 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In the commemorations of 150th anniversary Brazil's Independence (1972) the government of General Médici by means of a central commission organized an extensive schedule of commemorative events, among the events was the elaboration the Sesquicentenary's Library, carried out in partnership with the Brazilian Historical and Geographical Institute (IHGB). This thesis addresses the setting up of the Library, this collection aimed to edit and reissue works on Brazil’s Independence and others that were considered important to the understanding of the period. The creating of a library with works on Brazil’s Independence points up the mnemonic feature of historiography, in which it records the writing of history is sometimes confused with the national history. The works that make up the Library deal with two different times , 1822 and 1972. Thus in addition to structure a speech about the event celebrated (Independence), the Library also had the function of legitimizing the power effect at the time of the celebrations. / Nas comemorações do Sesquicentenário da Independência do Brasil (1972) o governo do General Médici por meio de uma comissão central organizou um extenso cronograma de eventos comemorativos, entre os eventos estava a elaboração da Biblioteca do Sesquicentenário, realizada em parceria com o Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro (IHGB). A presente dissertação aborda a constituição da Biblioteca, tal coleção tinha como intuito editar e reeditar obras sobre a Independência do Brasil e outras que fossem consideradas importantes para a compreensão do período. A criação de uma biblioteca com obras sobre a Independência do Brasil ressalta a característica mnemônica da historiografia, na qual o que se registra na escrita da história se confunde por vezes com a história nacional. As obras que compõem a Biblioteca falam de dois tempos 1822 e 1972. Desta forma além de se estruturar um discurso sobre o acontecimento comemorado (Independência), a Biblioteca também tinha como função legitimar o poder vigente á época das comemorações.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-05-05T12:45:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 passado_futuro.pdf: 16058970 bytes, checksum: 3634991ca8eeca5a87beb1c96b6edf7f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-05T12:45:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 passado_futuro.pdf: 16058970 bytes, checksum: 3634991ca8eeca5a87beb1c96b6edf7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-10 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação analisa como as comemorações do primeiro centenário da Revolução Farroupilha produziram uma memória sobre o evento. A pesquisa utiliza documentação periódica publicada em Porto Alegre, nos jornais A Federação, Correio do Povo, Diário de Notícias e Jornal da Manhã. A investigação pretende compreender quais foram os elementos acionados nas representações e interpretações sobre este episódio, e como as narrativas mobilizaram a rememoração deste evento nos usos do passado farroupilha. Busca-se assim perceber como a experiência e a expectativa foram relacionadas e de que forma inscreveram o presente em uma perspectiva temporal. O trabalho visa contribuir para os estudos sobre a construção da memória farroupilha e a constituição de uma identidade regional. / This dissertation examines how commemorations of First Centenary of the Farroupilha Revolution produces a memory of the event. This study uses documents published periodically in Porto Alegre, on the newspapers A Federação, Correio do Povo, Diário de Notícias and Jornal da Manhã. The research aims to understand the elements which were triggered in the representations and interpretations of that episode, and how narratives mobilized the recollection of this event in the Farroupilha?s past uses. Search to see how well the experience and expectations were related and how they entered this in a time perspective. The work aims to contribute to studies on the construction of Farroupilha memory and the constitution of a regional identity.

Memory is constructed to solidify a certain version of the past in the collective identity. History and memory occupy a controversial role in the New South, with battles over the legacy of the Civil War and the reassertion of Confederate symbols in the wake of the Civil Rights Movement's challenge to the status quo. Memory of the Civil Rights Movement is entering public conscious through cultural mediums such as films and museums, as well as through politically contentious debates over the continued display of the Confederate battle flag and the creation of a federal holiday honoring Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The process is still taking place to construct the Civil Rights Movement within the American collective memory. What aspects of this history are commemorated, and which aspects are neglected, will have impact in American society well into the twenty-first century.

abstract: ABSTRACT The Wesley Bolin Memorial Plaza is located across the street from the state capitol building in Phoenix, Arizona. Here, pieces of Arizona’s history are commemorated through monuments and memorials. Monuments and memorials reflect how people have conceived their collective identity, especially when those choices are made in public spaces. The markers in the Wesley Bolin Plaza reflect the changing identity of Arizonans, both locally and in connection to national identity. Over time, they have become crucial to shaping the landscape and the historical memory of the city, state, or country. Of note, the memorials on the Arizona State Capitol grounds are unique in how they are placed all together in a park directly across the street. In 1976, the Wesley Bolin Memorial Plaza emerged through a conversation with broader currents in the region’s and nation’s history. Over time, the plaza has become a sacred space because so many of its memorials include relics and artifacts, or list the names of those who have lost their lives in their service to Arizona. In these ways the plaza became a landscape of memory where visitors come to remember and honor those people and parts of Arizona history. The memorial plaza also influences Arizonans’ knowledge of history. It engenders a local as well as a national loyalty and identity in its citizens and visitors. By researching the history of several of the prominent monuments and memorials in the plaza, I discovered a rich history and an intriguing story behind each one that is built. Most monuments and memorials are commemorating complex events or people in history, yet have only short inscriptions on them. As a result, much of the historical narrative, complexities, and symbolism can be lost. My purpose is to tell the story of the plaza, these memorials, and their history; highlighting their significance to Arizonans and explaining how the monuments and memorials fit into the larger story of historical commemoration. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis History 2019

As the final resting place of celebrities and notable public figures such as Rudolph Valentino, Douglas Fairbanks Sr. and Jr., Janet Gaynor, Mel Blanc, and Barbara La Marr, Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los Angeles has long served as a tourist attraction and a site of public memory. The touristic visit or pilgrimage to the cemetery can be, like the visit to a sanctioned memorial, a means of stitching oneself into the cultural past. This dissertation considers the articulation and performance of commemoration in contemporary culture, specifically situated at Hollywood Forever. I examine how the cemetery leverages its rich resources from the past to generate new collective experiences and attitudes in the present. Through the outdoor film series Cinespia, a communitywide Dia de los Muertos celebration, performances of Shakespearean plays, and annual memorial services and commemorative events in honor of celebrities interred there, Hollywood Forever invites visitors to use the cemetery as social space. Combining ethnographic research with cultural analysis, I consider how the public interacts with Hollywood Forever. This dissertation looks at the influence of celebrity culture, how shared experience in a unique setting can create a meaningful sense of place, and how the past is appropriated for purposes in the present. In examining the rituals and performances surrounding celebrity fan culture at the cemetery, I consider how fandom creates a sense of community that is deeply connected to the physical space of Hollywood Forever. Using the space of the cemetery for entertainment and leisure has the potential to change perceptions of the cemetery, as uneasiness with the setting fades and visitors become comfortable and enjoy their experience. As Hollywood Forever functions as a space that can provide both solitude and community, perceptions of the cemetery change in the process.

Abstract: New Orleans, Baltimore, and Charlottesville are reevaluating the presence of Confederate statues in their built environment. Known as the Capital of the Confederacy, Richmond’s cultural landscape is visible through the connection of two historical spaces, Monument Avenue and Shockoe Bottom. Both serve as a powerful case study for how the commemorative narrative of these spaces is contested today and how barriers that exist influence urban planning processes and outcomes.