Bakgrund : Psykiatrisk vård inkluderar förutom att reducera psykiatriska sjukdomssymtom, hälsofrämjande insatser för att stödja patientens utveckling mot positiva aspekter av hälsa. Vården skall utgå från ett hälsofrämjande perspektiv där patientens egna upplevelser uppmärksammas. Psykiatrisk omvårdnad kan beskrivas utifrån olika perspektiv. Det ena perspektivet förmedlar trygghet, förtroende och den andra sortens omvårdnad beskrivs som primärt säkerhetstänkt. Gemensamma ledord för psykiatrisk omvårdnad saknas. Syfte : Syftet med studien var att belysa vilka begrepp som psykiatrisjuksköterskor använder för att beskriva psykiatrisk omvårdnad och därmed möjligen bidra till gemensamma ledord för vad som är psykiatrisk omvårdnad. Metod : Uppsatsen utfördes som en kvalitativ empirisk studie med deskriptiv design. Resultat : Resultatet utmynnande i begrepp som kunde omformuleras till önskvärda egenskaper. Huvudkategorier var personliga egenskaper, professionella egenskaper och professionellt förhållningssätt. Dessa tre huvudkategorier kunde brytas ned till följande sju underkategorier, alert och flexibel; trygg, igenkännande och prestigelös; hoppfull, öppen och förstående; validerande, kommunikativ och lyhörd; kompetent, samarbetsvillig och självständig; patientfokuserad, respektfull och individanpassad samt stöttande och stärkande. Deltagarna var överens om att psykiatrisk omvårdnad kan vara komplext och går ut på att ha ett holistiskt perspektiv, att vårda hela människan. Slutsats: Stötta, stärka och validera patienten ses som centralt i den psykiatriska omvårdnaden, likaså att se patienten ur ett holistiskt perspektiv. Respekt och uppmuntran till delaktighet i sin egen vård liksom att vara trygg och prestigelös. Att se personen bakom sjukdomen, samt se funktionsnedsättning istället för diagnos är viktigt för att ge en adekvat omvårdnad. / Background : Psychiatric care includes, in addition to reducing the psychiatric symptoms of disease, health promotion efforts to support the patient's development toward positive aspects of health. Care must be based on a health promotion perspective in which the patient's own experiences attention. Psychiatric nursing can be described from different perspectives. One perspective conveys security, confidence, and the second type of care is described as primarily meant security. Common keywords for psychiatric nursing missing. Aim: The aim of this study was to highlight concepts that psychiatric nurses in psychiatric care use in nursing and thus possibly contributing to the common values of what is psychiatric nursing. Methods: A qualitative empirical study with descriptive design was carried out.. Results: The result culminating in three categories and seven subcategories. The results showed that there are common characteristics, concepts and ideas about psychiatric nursing, if no recognized concepts. Participants agreed that the psychiatric care can be complex and is to have a holistic perspective, to nurture the whole person. Conclusion: Support, strengthen and validate the patient is seen as central to the psychiatric care, as well as to see the patient from a holistic perspective. Respect and encouragement to participate in their own care, as well as being safe and unpretentious. To see the person behind the disease, as well as see the disability instead of the diagnosis is important to provide adequate care.

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The aim of this thesis is to develop efficient and practically useful Bayesian methods for statistical inference in structural second-price auctions. The models are applied to a carefully collected coin auction dataset with bids and auction-specific characteristics from one thousand Internet auctions on eBay. Bidders are assumed to be risk-neutral and symmetric, and compete for a single object using the same game-theoretic strategy. A key contribution in the thesis is the derivation of very accurate approximations of the otherwise intractable equilibrium bid functions under different model assumptions. These easily computed and numerically stable approximations are shown to be crucial for statistical inference, where the inverse bid functions typically needs to be evaluated several million times. In the first paper, the approximate bid is a linear function of a bidder's signal and a Gaussian common value model is estimated. We find that the publicly available book value and the condition of the auctioned object are important determinants of bidders' valuations, while eBay's detailed seller information is essentially ignored by the bidders. In the second paper, the Gaussian model in the first paper is contrasted to a Gamma model that allows intrinsically non-negative common values. The Gaussian model performs slightly better than the Gamma model on the eBay data, which we attribute to an almost normal or at least symmetrical distribution of valuations. The third paper compares the model in the first paper to a directly comparable model for private values. We find many interesting empirical regularities between the models, but no strong and consistent evidence in favor of one model over the other. In the last paper, we consider auctions with both private-value and common-value bidders. The equilibrium bid function is given as the solution to an ordinary differential equation, from which we derive an approximate inverse bid as an explicit function of a given bid. The paper proposes an elaborate model where the probability of being a common value bidder is a function of covariates at the auction level. The model is estimated by a Metropolis-within-Gibbs algorithm and the results point strongly to an active influx of both private-value and common-value bidders. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Epub ahead of print. Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2015-04-02T19:44:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Professores em formação de inglês.pdf: 4496123 bytes, checksum: 52f7fea608263abfe8b8b4499f8f61bb (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2015-04-03T01:22:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Professores em formação de inglês.pdf: 4496123 bytes, checksum: 52f7fea608263abfe8b8b4499f8f61bb (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-03T01:23:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Professores em formação de inglês.pdf: 4496123 bytes, checksum: 52f7fea608263abfe8b8b4499f8f61bb (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Este trabalho analisou os comportamentos e os valores que constituíram as escalas comuns de valores de um grupo de professores de língua inglesa em formação nas suas interações em um blog educacional do curso durante quatro semestres do curso de Licenciatura em Letras – Português e Inglês, a fim de averiguar o processo de constituição identitária desse grupo nos diferentes períodos. Partiu-se do entendimento que o grupo de professores em formação poderia ser visto como um sistema complexo (LARSEN-FREEMAN, 1997; LARSEN-FREEMAN e CAMERON, 2007; 2008; PAIVA, 2005; VETROMILLE-CASTRO, 2007; 2008; MARTINS, 2008; 2009) e que o processo de constituição identitária também poderia ser investigado sob esse mesmo viés (SADE, 2009; SCOZ, 2011; SILVA, 2000; NORTON, 2000). As características dos sistemas complexos foram estabelecidas a partir de Bertalanffy (2009), Gleick (1988), Morin (2011) e Lewin (1999), e os valores foram identificados conforme a definição de Piaget (1973) para escala comum de valores qualitativos. Esperava-se, inicialmente, a identificação de comportamentos autônomos (HOLEC, 1981) e colaborativos (PAAS, 2005) na interação dos alunos como professores em formação desde o início da atividade dos blogs, durante o 3º semestre. Contudo, ao longo das análises, percebeu-se que nesse período, o grupo, em geral, apresentou comportamento de aprendizes de inglês. A partir do sexto semestre, o comportamento predominante foi de professores de inglês em formação, embora as atuações dos pequenos grupos e dos alunos tenham variado ao longo desses períodos. A motivação foi um fator presente em todos os semestres, em diferentes intensidades, e acredita-se que também seja parte da função de professores. Foi possível constatar que as identidades de fato não são fixas e que mesmo uma identidade docente, de um professor em formação, altera-se sem que os indivíduos deixem de ser professores. / In this dissertation, it was analyzed the behaviors and values that were part of the scale of common values of a pre-service English teachers’ group in their interactions on an educational blog during four semesters of theirs Language Teaching Bachelor’s Course. The aim was to investigate the process of identity constitution of this group in the different semesters. The research was based on the understanding that the pre-service teachers’ group could be seen as a complex system (LARSEN-FREEMAN, 1997; LARSEN-FREEMAN e CAMERON, 2007; 2008; PAIVA, 2005; VETROMILLE-CASTRO, 2007; 2008; MARTINS, 2008; 2009) and that the process of identity constitution could also be seen in the same perspective. The complex systems’ characteristics were established from Bertalanffy (2009), Gleick (1988), Morin (2011) e Lewin (1999), and the values were identified according to Piaget’s (1973) definition for scale of common qualitative values. Initially, the researcher expected that the autonomous (HOLEC, 1981) and collaborative (PAAS, 2005) behaviors would appear in the interaction of the students as pre-service teachers since the beginning of the blog activity, in the third semester. However, the researcher perceived that the group, in general, had the behavior of English language learners. From the sixth semester on, the predominant behavior was the preservice teachers’, although the small groups and the individual students’ behaviors have ranged during the semesters. The motivation was an important factor, which appeared in different ways, in all semesters the blog was used. Besides, the motivation is believed to be part of teachers’ behavior. The analyzes demonstrated that the identities are not fixed and that a teacher’s identity change even though the individuals do not stop being teachers.

This study analyses four texts for Swedish as a Second Language in an Adult Education textbook published in 2018. The target group has passed the first level of beginners’ studies. The study concerns how the texts represent different life conditions in general and more specifically how otherness is shown in the Swedish majority society. It also concerns how the texts adjust to the learners’ language progression in the course syllabuses. Both quantitative and qualitative methods have been used. The results of this study show that the textbook has a serious approach in that the analysed texts represent important and interesting perspectives in the curriculum. The fictional texts show a varied language and content – not too difficult to understand. The two factual texts though are far above the intended language level of the course, which has an excluding effect. These two texts could also – from a critical discourse perspective – be said to cause a feeling of other-ness and exclusion among the L2-readers and are therefore not consistent with the common values in the curriculum.

As the media consumption among adolescents is increasing, it is crucial to study the depiction of gender norms on screen since they are strongly affecting the identity development of the young viewer. Therefore, this essay studies the depiction of femininity and masculinity in SVT’s 2019 web-based TV series Eagles from a gender perspective and discusses its didactic potential for working with common values in the subject of Swedish for upper secondary school. The study shows that the depiction of femininity in the TV series is breaking several gender norms, but meanwhile the heterosexual matrix is constantly present. The depiction of masculinity is more gender stereotypical and includes several features from traditional masculinity, but also some related to toxic masculinity. Eagles is, however, showing a progressive view on gender since some characters are developing over the season and therefore suggesting that change of gender norms is possible. Eagles shows great potential in working with common values since it does not only depict contemporary gender related topics such as locker room talk and toxic masculinity implicitly, but also explicitly discusses questions concerning body activism, the law of sexual consent and a changed view on female sexuality. The series could therefore work normatively for the students in its norm-breaking depiction of femininity and masculinity, but also be used as a scenario-based ground for discussing common values in its more stereotypical depiction of gender. / I takt med ungas ökande mediekonsumtion är det avgörande att studera gestaltningen av könsnormer på filmduken eftersom dessa starkt påverkar den unge åskådaren i hens identitetsutveckling. Denna uppsats studerar därför porträtteringen av femininitet respektive maskulinitet i SVT:s webbaserade ungdomsserie Eagles från 2019 ur ett genusteoretiskt perspektiv samt diskuterar dess värdegrundsdidaktiska potential för svenskämnet i gymnasieskolan. Undersökningen visar att gestaltningen av femininitet i tv-serien är normbrytande i stor utsträckning och ifrågasätter många av de traditionellt kvinnliga attributen inom film och litteratur, samtidigt som den heteronormativa matrisen är ständigt närvarande. Gestaltningen av maskulinitet är mer könsstereotyp och uppvisar flertalet traditionellt maskulina drag samt ett antal som kan kopplas till toxisk maskulinitet – men serien påvisar även en progressiv syn på kön eftersom karaktärer utvecklas under seriens gång, vilket visar att förändring av könsnormer är möjlig. Eagles värdegrundsdidaktiska potential är god eftersom den inte endast implicit gestaltar samtidsaktuella genusfrågor såsom locker room talk och toxisk maskulinitet, utan också explicit lyfter och diskuterar frågor rörande kroppaktivism, samtyckeslag och en förändrad syn på kvinnlig sexualitet. Serien kan således verka normerande för eleverna i dess mer normbrytande gestaltning av femininitet och maskulinitet, men också nyttjas som ett scenariobaserat utgångläge för värdegrundsdiskussioner i dess mer stereotypa porträttering av kön.

The objective of this thesis is to study the sources of discrepancy between the actual traffic in motorways under concession schemes and the traffic forecast ex-ante. The demand forecast for a specific project is the main variable influencing its realization. From a public sector perspective, socio-economic evaluations are driven by demand forecasts, which gives the basis for choose and hierarchy public projects in order to maximise social welfare. From a private sector perspective, traffic forecasts are the base of financial evaluation and toll setting.Despite its importance and the numerous and important developments in the field, the differences of forecast and ex-post traffic are usually very high. Some recent studies show that differences as big as 20% are much more the rule than the exception.A huge amount of uncertainty is associated with the forecasting exercise. First because transport is a derived demand and depends on many exogenous variables, also uncertain; because modelling is and simplification exercise, implies many assumptions and rely on field data, many times incomplete or of low quality; moreover, modelling human (in this case users) behaviour is always a dangerous enterprise.Although these arguments could explain at least the larger part of errors associated with forecasts, one can wonder whether the agents implicated in the forecast would or could use this uncertainty strategically in their favour. In a competition for the field scheme (bids), the bidder may overestimate the demand in order to reduce the toll included in the bid. This strategic behaviour can introduce a high bias in forecasts. Also, overoptimistic (or overpessimistic) forecasters may introduce a bias in the forecast.We propose to focus in turn on the three main groups of agents involved in the demand forecast process. The forecasters, the project promoters and the users. Study all the issues related to them would be a too ambitious (or more concretely impossible) task. We then focus on some particular issues related to the modelling of the actors' behaviour in the context of the demand forecast for toll roads.Regarding the forecaster behaviour, we present the results of the first large sample survey on forecasters' perceptions and opinions about forecasting demand for transport projects, based on an on-line survey. We first describe the main characteristics of forecasters. We then describe the last forecast forecasters prepared. We turn to the models forecasters apply, the errors they declare on past forecasts and the main sources of errors according to them. We then describe the forecast environment in terms of pressure forecasters receive. These unique results provide a picture of the world of forecasters and forecasts, allowing for a better understanding of them. We turn then to the study of the optimism and overconfidence in transport forecasts. Optimism and overconfidence in general are recognized human traits. We analyze the overoptimistic bias by comparing the distribution of stated errors with actual errors found in literature; we also compare the own skilful of subjects in doing forecasts with studies showing self-evaluations of a common skill - driving. We finally propose a regression of the competence, quality and errors on the main forecasters' and projects' specific variables.Results show that the distribution of errors transport forecasters state has a smaller average magnitude and a smaller variance than those found in literature. Comparing forecasters perception of their own competence with the results found in literature about drivers skill self-evaluation, however, we could not find a significant difference, meaning that the forecasters' overconfidence is in line with what could be viewed as a normal human overconfidence level.The pressure for results forecasters receive and the strategic manipulation they affirm exist merit a special attention. They imply that while forecasters' behavioural biases may exist and should be take in account when evaluation forecasts, the project promoter may influence forecasts by pressuring the forecasters to produce results which better fit his expectancies.We then study the bidders' strategic behaviour in auctions for road concessions. We address three questions in turn. First, we investigate the overall effects of the winner's curse on bidding behaviour in such auctions. Second, we examine the effects of the winner's curse on contract auctions with differing levels of common-value components. Third, we investigate how the winner's curse affects bidding behaviour in such auctions when we account for the possibility for bidders to renegotiate. Using a unique, self-constructed, dataset of 49 worldwide road concessions, we show that the winner's curse effect is particularly strong in toll road concession contract auctions. Thus, we show that bidders bid less aggressively in toll road concession auctions when they expect more competition. We observe that this winner's curse effect is even larger for projects where the common uncertainty is greater. Moreover, we show that the winner's curse effect is weaker when the likelihood of renegotiation is higher. While the traditional implication would be that more competition is not always desirable when the winner's curse is particularly strong, we show that, in toll road concession contract auctions, more competition may be always desirable. Modelling aggregated users' behaviour, we study the long term traffic maturity. We argue that traffic maturity results from decreasing marginal utility of transport. The elasticity of individual mobility with respect to the revenue decreases after a certain level of mobility is reached. In order to find evidences of decreasing elasticity we analyse a cross-section time-series sample including 40 French motorways' sections. This analysis shows that decreasing elasticity can be observed in the long term. We then propose a decreasing function for the traffic elasticity with respect to the economic growth, which depends on the traffic level on the road. Although “unconditional” decreasing elasticities were already proposed in the literature, this is the first work, as far as we know, putting this idea in evidence and giving it a functional form. This model provides better interpretation of the coupling between traffic and economic growth, and a better long-term forecast. From the disaggregate perspective, we study the main individual modal choice variable, the value of time. The value of travel time savings is a fundamental concept in transport economics and its size strongly affects the socio-economic evaluation of transport schemes. Financial assessment of tolled roads rely upon the value of time as the main (or even the unique) willingness to pay measure. Values of time estimates, which primarily represent behavioural values, as then increasingly been used as measures of out-of-pocket money. In this setting, one of the main issues regarding the value of time is its distribution over the population. We apply the Logit, the Mixed Logit and the Bayesian Mixed Logit models to estimate the value of time in freight transport in France. Estimations with mixed logit faced many difficulties, as expected. These difficulties could be avoided using the Bayesian procedures, providing also the opportunity of properly integrating a priori beliefs. Results show that 1) using a single constant value of time, representative of an average, can lead to demand overestimation, 2) the estimated average value of time of freight transport in France is about 45 Euro, depending on the load/empty and hire/own account variables, which implies that 3) the standard value recommended in France should be reviewed upwards.