Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-05-21T17:25:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Francine_Silva_dos_Santos.pdf: 1838087 bytes, checksum: 700caaad2ff94f716df68f1b0a742656 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-05-21T20:14:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Francine_Silva_dos_Santos.pdf: 1838087 bytes, checksum: 700caaad2ff94f716df68f1b0a742656 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-05-21T20:14:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Francine_Silva_dos_Santos.pdf: 1838087 bytes, checksum: 700caaad2ff94f716df68f1b0a742656 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-21T20:14:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Francine_Silva_dos_Santos.pdf: 1838087 bytes, checksum: 700caaad2ff94f716df68f1b0a742656 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-15 / Sem bolsa / A alimentação na primeira infância tem implicações nos demais ciclos da vida de um indivíduo. Contudo, evidenciam-se orientações inadequadas por parte dos profissionais de saúde em relação à alimentação complementar e práticas inadequadas das famílias durante este período. Entende-se que os agentes comunitários de saúde, devido suas características e atribuições, possam ser interlocutores, melhorando a alimentação complementar, em todo território nacional. Com isso, este trabalho teve por objetivo descrever o conhecimento dos agentes comunitários de saúde e os recursos que a unidade básica oferece para que estes tenham conhecimento sobre alimentação complementar. Foi realizado estudo transversal descritivo na cidade de Pelotas, RS, nas unidades básicas da zona urbana com Estratégia Saúde da Família ou Estratégia de Agentes Comunitários de Saúde. Dois instrumentos foram utilizados: um questionário proposto ao serviço de saúde e outro destinado aos agentes comunitários de saúde, dividido em duas partes, sendo a primeira aplicada por entrevistador treinado e a outra autopreenchida, compreendendo um teste de conhecimentos sobre alimentação complementar, obtendo escores de conhecimento geral e para cada módulo do instrumento. O conhecimento dos agentes de saúde para os módulos de conhecimento geral e de alimentação complementar apresentou associação estatística positiva com idade, tempo de profissão, visitas domiciliares a crianças com até 24 meses, realizar orientações, buscar informações sobre alimentação complementar, e receber treinamento apenas com o escore geral. Verificou-se desacordo entre as respostas do serviço de saúde e dos profissionais entrevistados quanto aos treinamentos, materiais governamentais e acompanhamento do crescimento infantil. Portanto, a unidade básica deve não só respaldar, mas facilitar o acesso a recursos que possibilitem o conhecimento sobre o assunto, como um fator importante na educação alimentar e nutricional da comunidade. / The feeding in early childhood has implications in other cycles of life of an individual. However, evidence is inadequate guidance by health professionals in relation to complementary feeding and practices inadequate household during this period. It is understood that the community health workers, due to its features and functions, can be interlocutor, improving complementary feeding, throughout the country. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the knowledge of community health workers and resources that the basic unit offers so that they have knowledge about complementary feeding. We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study in the city of Pelotas, RS, in the basic units of the urban area with Family Health Strategy and Strategy Community Health Agents. Two instruments were used: a questionnaire proposed to the health service and another for the community health workers, divided into two parts, the first being applied by a trained interviewer and the other filled by the respondent comprising a knowledge test about complementary feeding, obtaining knowledge scores general and for each instrument module. Knowledge of health workers to the general knowledge modules and complementary feeding showed positive statistical association with age, occupation time, home visits to children up to 24 months, conduct guidelines, seek information about complementary feeding, and receive training only the general score. There was disagreement between the responses of the health service and the professionals interviewed about the training, government materials and monitoring of child growth. Therefore, the basic unit must not only endorse but facilitate access to resources that enable knowledge of the subject as an important factor in food and nutrition education community.

Magister Public Health - MPH / This study investigated the challenges facing a category of community health workers (Health Surveillance Assistants) in rural Malawi district of Nkhatabay following the expansion of their programme funding from the Global Funding to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM). The study has noted that HSAs are facing serious accommodation problems due to the lack of involvement of communities in their selection and that many HSAs are recruited from outside their catchment areas. The study has put forward some recommendations to the Ministry of Health and other stakeholders like United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) to consider in making the HSAs programme in Nkhatabay district effective. Some of the recommendations made are that supervision of the HSAs by the EHOs and the ECHNs should be intensified and that infrastructure support should be provided to the HSAs for them to be able to deliver the EHP. Infrastructure like buildings and equipment like refrigerators and bicycles should be provided to HSAs and ensure that there is a plan for their maintenance. / South Africa

Magister Public Health - MPH / Background: Globally, neonatal mortality (i.e. deaths occurring during the first month of life) accounts for 44% of the 11 million infants that die every year (Lawn, Cousens Zupan, 2005). Early detection of illness and referral of mothers and infants during the peri-natal period to higher levels of care can lead to substantial reductions in maternal and child mortality in developing countries. Establishing effective referral systems from the community to health facilities can be achieved through greater utilization of community health workers and improved health seeking behaviour. Study design: The Good Start Saving Newborn Lives study being conducted in Umlazi, KwaZulu-Natal, is a community randomized trial to assess the effect of an integrated home visit package delivered to mothers during pregnancy and post delivery on uptake of PMTCT interventions and appropriate newborn care practices. The home visit package is delivered by community health workers in fifteen intervention clusters. Control clusters receive routine health facility antenatal and postpartum care. For any identified danger signs during a home visit, community health workers write a referral and if necessary refer infants to a local clinic or hospital. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of this referral system by describing community health worker referral completion rates as well as health-care seeking practices and perceptions of mothers. A cross- sectional survey was undertaken using a structured questionnaire with all mothers who had been referred to a clinic or hospital by a community health worker since the start of the Good Start Saving Newborn Lives Trial. Data collection: Informed consent was obtained from willing participants. Interviews were conducted by a trained research assistant in the mothers home or at the study offices. Road to Health Cards were reviewed to confirm referral completion. Data was collected by means of a cell phone (mobile researcher software) and the database was later transferred to Epi-info and STATA IC 11 for analysis. Descriptive analysis was conducted so as to establish associations between explanatory factors and referral completion and to describe referral processes experienced by caregivers. Significant associations between categorical variables were assessed using chi square tests and continuous variables using analysis of variance. Results: A total of 2423 women were enrolled in the SNL study and 148 had received a referral for a sick infant by a CHW by June 2010. The majority (95%) of infants were referred only once during the time of enrolment, the highest number of which occurred within the first 4 weeks of life (62%) with 22% of these being between birth and 2 weeks of age. Almost all mothers (95%) completed the referral by taking their child to a health facility. Difficulty in breathing and rash accounted for the highest number of referrals (26% and 19% respectively). None of the six mothers who did not complete referral recognised any danger signs in their infants. In only 16% of cases did a health worker give written feedback on the outcome of the referral to the referring CHW. Conclusion: This study found high compliance with referrals for sick infants by community health workers in Umlazi. This supports the current primary health care re-engineering process being undertaken by the South African National Department of Health (SANDOH) which will involve the establishment of family health worker teams including community health workers. A key function of these workers will be to conduct antenatal and postnatal visits to women in their homes and to identify and refer ill children. Failure of mothers to identify danger signs in the infant was associated with non-completion of referral. This highlights the need for thorough counseling of mothers during the antenatal and early postnatal period on neonatal danger signs which can be reinforced by community health workers. Most of the referrals in this study were neonates which strengthens the need for home visit packages delivered by community health workers during the antenatal and post-natal period as currently planned by the South African National Department of Health.Recommendations: This study supports the current plans of the Department of Health for greater involvement of CHWs in Primary Health Care. Attention should be given to improving communication between health facilities and CHWs to ensure continuity of care and greater realization of a team approach to PHC. / South Africa

Magister Public Health - MPH / In 2007, at its 52nd Conference in Polokwane, the African National Congress (ANC) called for the implementation of a National Health Insurance (NHI) scheme. The announcement resulted in much debate, with critics voicing concerns about the state of the public health system, lack of consultation and the expense of a NHI scheme. However, little attention has been paid to the human resource (HR) needs, despite the fact that 57% of recurrent expenditure on health1 is on HR. This research aimed to identify the HR requirements to support the implementation of an effective and equitable health system funded by a NHI in South Africa. An overview of the current burden of disease and distribution of HR is provided. Through interviewing key stakeholders the study attempted to elicit information about factors which will hamper or assist in developing such a health system, specifically looking at the HR situation and needs. The research explores HR odels and proposes key HR requirements for implementation of a health system funded by a NHI in South Africa, including skills mix and projected numbers of health workers and proposes ways to improve the deficient HR situation. Exploratory qualitative research methods were used comprising in-depth individual interviews, with a purposive sample of key informants, including: public health professionals and health managers (working in rural and urban areas); researchers; academics and NGO managers. The contents of the interviews were analysed to identify common responses about and suggestions for HR requirements within the framework of a NHI. 1 Personal communication Dr Mark Blecher, Director Social Services (Health), National Treasury, 17 July 2009 The literature review includes policy documents, position papers and articles from journals and bulletins. Key informants were asked to identify literature and research material to support recommendations. The research findings indicate that despite the South African Government’s expressed commitment to Primary Health Care (PHC), the National Department of Health has continued to support and sustain a clinical model of health service delivery (Motsoaledi, 2010), primarily utilising doctors and nurses. The clinic based services are limited in their ability to reach community level, and, being focused on curative aspects, are often inadequate with regard to prevention, health promotion and rehabilitation services. While the curricula of health professionals have been through some changes, the training has continued to be curative in focus and the clinical training sites have not been significantly expanded to include peripheral sites. While there are many Community Health Workers in the country, they remain disorganised and peripheral to the public health system. The mid level worker category has not been fully explored. Finally there are no clear strategies for recruitment and retention of health workers in rural and under-resourced areas. In addition to the continued use of a clinical model, transformation of the health system hasbeen hampered by inadequate numbers of health workers, particularly in the rural and periurban townships and informal settlements. There is no clear strategy for addressing the critical health worker shortage in under-resourced areas, particularly rural areas. The last section makes recommendations, which will be submitted to the relevant task teams working on the NHI. It is intended that recommendations arising out of the research will influence the process and decisions about HRH within a NHI funded health system. / South Africa

Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um instrumento para a avaliação formativa dos Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (ACS) das Unidades de Saúde com Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) no âmbito do projeto Telessaúde/RS. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, de abordagem mista, realizado no contexto do programa Telessaúde/RS. Foram convidados a participar do estudo 45 enfermeiros e 45 Agentes Comunitários de Saúde. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se a técnica Delphi online. Na primeira etapa foi enviado aos participantes um questionário com base no referencial de competências profissionais do ACS do Ministério da Saúde e os mesmos, de acordo com seus conhecimentos e experiências, puderam excluir ou modificar as competências listadas, bem como acrescentar competências. Na segunda etapa o questionário constou dos esquemas de competências resultantes da primeira etapa, adicionadas de uma escala de Likert com valores de 1 (discordo muito) a 5 (concordo muito), para que manifestassem seu grau de concordância. Nesta etapa foram adicionadas ao instrumento questões a respeito da periodicidade para a realização da avaliação e indicação de critérios para a avaliação. Com base nos resultados obtidos na 1ª e 2ª etapas, foi elaborado o instrumento para avaliação formativa dos ACS. Na 3ª etapa o instrumento foi enviado aos participantes para a validação. Em cada etapa do estudo o número de participantes variou, na primeira etapa participaram 40, na segunda 30 e na terceira 35. Em um primeiro momento, realizou-se uma análise qualitativa das modificações, sugestões ou comentários dos participantes e, após, a análise estatística dos dados. Os resultados evidenciaram a preocupação dos participantes com a escolaridade dos ACS, a capacitação para o trabalho, e formação técnica, sua inserção na equipe, a supervisão realizada pela enfermeira, bem como o grau de autonomia, o espaço e a especificidade do seu trabalho e a valorização do ACS como membro da equipe da ESF. A realização deste estudo possibilitou desenvolver um Instrumento de Avaliação Formativa para os ACS, e proporcionou uma avaliação inicial das competências estabelecidas pelo Ministério da Saúde e uma revisitação às atribuições e competências do ACS na ESF. / This study aimed to develop a tool for formative assessment of Community Health of the Health Units with the Family Health Strategy within the Telessaúde/RS project. This is a descriptive study, the mixed approach, carried out in the context of Telessaúde/RS program. Were invited to participate in the study 45 nurses and 45 ACS. To collect data, we used the Delphi technique online. The first stage was a questionnaire sent to participants based on the benchmark of professional skills of the ACS Health Ministry and the same according to their knowledge and experience could delete or modify the powers listed, as well as additional capabilities. In the second stage the questionnaire consisted of schemes resulting powers the first stage, added a Likert scale with values from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), to manifest their degree of concordance. This step was added to the instrument questions about periodicity for conducting the assessment and indication criteria for evaluation. With basis of results obtained in 1st phase and 2nd instrument for formative assessment of ACS was prepared. In Step 3 the instrument was sent to the participants for validation. At each stage of the study the number of participants varied in the first stage, 40 in the second 30 and the third 35. At first, we carried out a qualitative analysis of the changes, suggestions or comments from participants and after the statistical analysis of data. The results showed the concern of the participants with the education of ACS, the job training, and technical training, their inclusion in the team, supervision by the nurse, and the degree of autonomy, the scope and specificity of their work and recovery ACS as a member of the ESF team. / Este estudio tuvo como objetivo desarrollar una herramienta para la evaluación formativa de Salud Comunitaria de las Unidades de Salud de la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia en el proyecto de Telessaúde/RS. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, el enfoque mixto, llevado a cabo en el contexto del programa de Telessaúde/RS. Fueron invitados a participar en el estudio 45 enfermeros y 45 ACS. Para recopilar los datos, se utilizó la técnica Delphi en línea. La primera etapa consistió en un cuestionario enviado a los participantes en base al índice de referencia de las competencias profesionales del Ministerio de Salud de la ACS y de la misma de acuerdo con sus conocimientos y experiencia podría borrar o modificar los poderes enumerados, así como capacidades adicionales. En la segunda etapa, el cuestionario consta de esquemas resultantes poderes de la primera etapa, añadió una escala Likert con valores de 1 (muy en desacuerdo) a 5 (muy de acuerdo), para manifestar su grado de concordancia. Este paso se añadieron a las preguntas del instrumento sobre la periodicidad de la realización de la evaluación y los criterios de indicación para la base evaluación. Con los resultados obtenidos en la primera fase y la segunda de instrumentos para la evaluación formativa de ACS se preparó. En el paso 3 del instrumento fue enviado a los participantes para su validación. En cada etapa del estudio, el número de participantes varió en la primera etapa, 40 en la segunda 30 y la tercera 35. En primero, se realizó un análisis cualitativo de los cambios, sugerencias o comentarios de los participantes y después del análisis estadístico de datos. Los resultados mostraron la preocupación de los participantes con la educación de ACS, la capacitación laboral y formación técnica, su inclusión en el equipo, la supervisión de la enfermera, y el grado de autonomía, el alcance y la especificidad de su trabajo y la recuperación ACS como un miembro del equipo de la ESF. Este estudio hizo posible el desarrollo de un Instrumento de Evaluación Formativa para ACS, y proporcionó una primera evaluación de las competencias establecidas por el Ministerio de Salud y revisitando los deberes y atribuciones de la ACS en el ESF.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 51-57). / Exclusive breastfeeding (mother's milk only, with the exclusion of all other food or drink) reduces breast milk transmission of HIV compared with mixed feeding. This study was part of formative work for a community-based un-blinded randomised controlled trial (RCT) in an urban township with high antenatal HIV prevalence in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa. The RCT sought to determine whether an integrated package of home-based care delivered by community health workers (CHWs) increases uptake of prevention of mother-to-child-transmission (PMTCT) interventions and improves neonatal outcomes. One example of where counselling is used is in Behaviour Change Communication (BCC) approaches. A counselling booklet, used by CHWs during home visits, was part of the integrated package. The primary objective of this study was to document the socio-cultural context in which infant feeding and caring decisions were made. The secondary objective was to field test the draft counselling booklet for the RCT. Methods This qualitative study used focus groups (n=8 groups) and individual interviews (n=6). All participants, of unknown HIV status, were purposively sampled from the study site. The focus group participants included, in separate groups, eight MRC researchers; 14 pregnant women (two separate groups of seven each); six non-pregnant women; eight older women; five men and 15 CHWs (separated into two groups). Results Data showed that socio-cultural factors, like the lack of social support systems; uncertainty regarding the role of men in infant feeding and caring issues; local beliefs and practices that encouraged risky infant caring practices; the lack of supply of formula and CHWs' lack of breastfeeding knowledge and experience; and HIV-related stigma may directly or indirectly, drive mothers to practice non-exclusive infant feeding. BCC principles acknowledge that people are affected greatly by social pressures exerted not only by their peers, but also by their larger communities (Bentley et al., 1999). For vi example, with regard to the support systems, both pregnant as well as younger women felt that feeding and caring decisions regarding their infants were mostly made by older women ' their husbands were seldom involved in such decisions. In relation to HIV-related stigma, many pregnant women felt that some clinics were not very supportive regarding HIV disclosure. In terms of health system factors, CHWs said that they were sometimes ill-equipped to deal with issues of disclosure due to a lack of training and confusion around the key feeding and caring messages. With regard to infant caring practices, the data revealed risky practices (using soap enemas and inappropriate hand washing practices), even amongst CHWs. Participants said they would share the booklet with others in the community as it taught them important lessons regarding infant feeding and caring practices. For some, the pictures in the booklet enhanced their understanding of 'old' messages. Participants identified several weaknesses in the booklet and suggested that it be less repetitive; that voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) be given priority in earlier rather than later visits; that unfamiliar terms is explained; more pictures included; and the general tone of messages improved. Literacy rates were low among older women and some men in the study. Conclusion and Recommendations Socio-cultural factors drive mothers to practice non-exclusive feeding and care for their infants in ways that may unwittingly increase the risk of HIV transmission. There is a need for CHWs to include family members in discussions about feeding so that they can change their thinking around infant-feeding and caring issues. The data suggests that VCT is not given priority in the counselling booklet and support is lacking in some clinics, therefore policy makers should ensure that support for VCT becomes a priority in the future. Furthermore, some CHWs were confused about the messages they are disseminating, therefore, the training that facility managers give to CHWs should be adapted to suit socio-cultural contexts so that CHWs are better equipped to communicate messages pertaining to infant feeding and caring appropriately to mothers. With the data revealing general acceptability of risky infant caring practices, even amongst CHWs, the vii health system needs to look at how it will effectively change health-related practices among health professionals. With literacy rates being low among older women and some men in the study, it was therefore recommended that gaining skills in materials design and improving CHWs' understanding of the BCC process, booklets such as this one needs to be designed together with the primary user in mind.

No Brasil, os reflexos da violência comunitária na conformação e no desenvolvimento das ações dos serviços de saúde, na atenção primária, apresentam-se como uma realidade a ser melhor estudada, assim como merece também mais atenção às repercussões sofridas pelas equipes de saúde. O objetivo do presente estudo consistiu em explorar qualitativamente as representações dos agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS) e da gestora de uma unidade de saúde da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) acerca da violência comunitária no território onde atuam, verificando a possibilidade de interferência desse fenômeno em relação ao trabalho que realizam. Pretendeu-se, ainda, investigar essa interferência na construção dos vínculos entre os ACS e a população atendida por eles. O percurso metodológico adotado foi o da pesquisa qualitativa, por meio de análise das representações sociais, tendo sido realizadas 12 entrevistas abertas com os ACS e uma com a gestora da unidade de saúde em questão, utilizando-se um roteiro previamente elaborado com perguntas flexíveis, valorizando a singularidade das respostas dos entrevistados. Destaca-se como resultado da pesquisa a confirmação da hipótese de que a violência comunitária prejudica a integralidade do cuidado, isto é, a elaboração de determinadas estratégias de promoção, prevenção e recuperação, principalmente com relação à abordagem do tema consumo de drogas. Evidenciou-se que a regulação das ações no campo da saúde é condicionada pelas restrições abertas ou implicitamente colocadas pelas dinâmicas sociais presentes no território. Ademais, a conformação desse fenômeno ajuda a explicar uma parte dos episódios que envolvem a violência ocupacional, expressa em ameaças, medo e receio dos ACS. A violência comunitária e as representações sociais interferem ainda na produção dos vínculos estabelecidos com os usuários - construídos com maior ou menor aproximação - a depender do usuário e das estratégias mobilizadas por cada trabalhador. Contudo, além de interferir, a violência e as representações são categorias coprodutoras de vínculos, no sentido mais amplo, na medida em que aproxima/vincula os trabalhadores a determinadas experiências que podem influenciá-los nas suas decisões e nas ações que são tomadas, de modo consciente ou não. Do ponto de vista das ciências sociais, foi destacada a centralidade que adquire o trabalhador na lógica de mediação nas fronteiras porosas, mas bem demarcadas, do legal, do formal, do informal e do \"mundo do crime\". A presença da violência comunitária na atenção primária apresenta-se como uma realidade com a qual os trabalhadores já convivem há muitos anos. Essa questão vem sendo discutida no campo da saúde coletiva, e necessita ser reconhecida e abordada nas esferas federal, estadual e municipal, visando a construção de políticas e estratégias que auxiliem a atuação desses trabalhadores que estão \"na ponta\" dos serviços comunitários / In Brazil, the reflexes of community violence in the formation and development of the health care service actions, in the primary health care, present themselves as a reality to be better studied, as well as deserve more attention towards the repercussions suffered by the health care staffs. This paper aims at exploring qualitatively the representations of the community health workers and the manager of a Health Care Family Strategy facility concerning the community violence where they work, verifying the possibility of interference in this phenomenon in relation to the work they do. It was intended to investigate this interference in the bonds construction between the community health workers and the population attended by them. It was adopted the qualitative research methodology through social representation analysis, 12 open interviews with the community health workers and one interview with the health care facility manager had been made using a previously elaborated script with flexible questions, valuing the singularity of the interviewees\' answers. It is highlighted as a research result the confirmation of the hypothesis that the community violence spoils the care integrality, in other words, the elaboration of determined strategies of promotion, prevention and recovery, related mainly to the approach about the drug abuse. It was evidenced that the actions regulation in the health care area are conditioned by the open restrictions or put implicitly by the social dynamics existents in the territory. Furthermore, the formation of this phenomenon helps to explain a part of the episodes, which involve the workplace violence pointed in threats, fear and concern of the community health workers. Moreover, the community violence and its social representations interfere in the production of the bonds stablished with the users - built with greater or shorter closeness, depending on the user and the strategies assembled by each worker. However, besides interfering, the violence and the representations are co-producers categories of bonds, in the broadest sense, as they approximate/bond the workers to determined experiences, which may influence them in their decisions and in the actions taken, consciously or not. In the social science\'s point of view was highlighted the centrality, which the worker acquires in the rationale of porous borders mediation, well designated from legal to formal and from the \"world of crime\". The presence of community violence in the primary health care presents itself as a reality in which the workers have been living with for many years. This issue has been discussed in the area of the public health and it needs to be recognized and approached in the federal, state and municipal levels aiming the construction of policies and strategies that assist the achievement of these workers who are \"on the edge\" of the community services

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T13:10:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Marques Ferreira.pdf: 1136535 bytes, checksum: 3c653d7eaddb2859712b6d72d5995c0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-12 / The Community Health Workers (CHW) show themselves to be intriguing actors in what concerns the dialogue between the common knowledge and practice with the medical and scientifical knowledge. By the very nature of their work, they deal with an ethical and humane practice, which is connected to the very exercise of citizenship. However, neither do they possess a Code of Professional Ethics that endorses them, nor are they trained to solve ethical problems related to their daily life. Hence, the goal of this dissertation submitted as a requirement for the Master's degree was to show the perception of the inherently ethical aspects of the CHW who work in the Family Health Teams (FHT) in the city of Rolândia, state of Paraná, Brazil, by the means of a study that was both quantitative and qualitative and of descriptive ethics, hence non-normative. The subjects of said study were 52 (fifty two) female CHW out of the 72 (seventy two) CHW who work in the twelve FHT in that city. For the acquiring of systematic data, two steps were taken: 1) A sociologic and economic questionnaire was applied, followed by 2) a semi-structured interview, in which all CHW were exposed to three theoretical situations that are common in their daily practice, concerning: Systemic hypertension (SH), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and taking care of teenagers. All of their interviews were read and analyzed by the "content analysis" method. Eight thematic axes were identified, allowing their perceptions on daily ethical issues to be comprehended. Even though the participants don't have a code of deontology, they tend to guide their conduct by their own moral principles and did present answers that were considered, most of the times, to be correct. However, every single one of them stated that they believe the existence of such code to be necessary, in example of other professional categories. The interviews revealed the ethical dilemmas that spring from such a close relation to the community and also how these women perceived the complexity of these, otherwise, simple hypothetical situations. The proposed educational measure of intervention is the contextualized training of the CHW that work in Rolândia, which will certainly enhance their capability to take action / Os Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (ACS) revelam-se atores intrigantes no que se refere ao diálogo entre os saberes e práticas populares com o conhecimento médico-científico. Pela natureza do seu trabalho, lidam com uma prática ética, humana e vinculada ao exercício da cidadania. No entanto, não possuem um Código de Ética Profissional que os respaldem ou são capacitados para solucionar questões éticas relacionadas ao seu cotidiano. Nesse sentido, o objetivo dessa dissertação de mestrado foi revelar a percepção dos aspectos éticos inerentes ao processo de trabalho dos ACS que atuam na ESF do município de Rolândia, do estado do Paraná, por meio de estudo, quantitativo e qualitativo, de ética descritiva, portanto, de cunho não normativo. Os sujeitos do estudo foram 52 (cinquenta e dois) ACS do sexo feminino dos 72 (setenta e dois) que trabalham nas 12 (doze) equipes da Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) de Rolândia, Paraná. Para coleta sistemática dos dados foi aplicado um questionário para obtenção dos dados sociodemográficos (primeira etapa) seguido de entrevista semi-estruturada (segunda etapa), onde as ACS foram expostas a três situações hipotéticas comuns em sua vivência profissional sobre: Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica (HAS), Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV) e atendimento com adolescentes. Os discursos foram lidos e analisados pelo método da análise de conteúdo . Oito eixos temáticos foram identificados permitindo a compreensão da percepção das ACS quanto a questões éticas cotidianas. Apesar das participantes desta pesquisa não terem o referencial de um código de deontologia, balizam sua conduta em preceitos morais e apresentaram respostas que foram consideradas em sua maioria corretas. No entanto, todas as ACS declararam que acham importante a existência de legislação específica, à semelhança de outras profissões. As entrevistas revelaram os dilemas éticos oriundos deste relacionamento próximo com a comunidade e como elas percebem os casos apresentados, que são triviais, mas complexos. A medida de intervenção educativa proposta é a capacitação contextualizada das ACS de Rolândia, o que certamente potencializará suas ações

Diabetes mellitus é uma doença que demanda de seus portadores um grande número de cuidados, por vezes, de difícil execução. Este motivo, entre outros, torna o controle desta doença inadequado na maior parte dos serviços. Intervenções feitas com pares utilizando métodos de comunicação eficazes têm-se mostrado úteis para auxiliar os pacientes a realizar os passos necessários para sua melhora clínica. O presente estudo realizou um projeto de intervenção de autocuidado em diabetes utilizando a técnica de entrevista motivacional (EM) em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde da Estratégia de Saúde da Família. O objetivo principal consistiu em verificar o impacto da intervenção sobre dados clínicos e laboratoriais dos pacientes, bem como, no comportamento relacionado ao autocuidado em diabetes. Secundariamente, o estudo visou avaliar como os profissionais de saúde da Estratégia Saúde da Família, em especial, os agentes comunitários, aceitaram e realizaram a mudança do método de trabalho. Como metodologia, o projeto orientou a aplicação, nas visitas mensais que os agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS) fazem às pessoas com diabetes, da técnica de entrevista motivacional como forma de desenvolver o suporte por pares e a realização de planos de ação para melhora do autocuidado. Para tanto, anteriormente, proporcionou diversos treinamentos das Equipes de Saúde da Família em diabetes e entrevista motivacional. A avaliação foi feita por questionários comportamentais, avaliação clínica e laboratorial no início e após 6 meses da intervenção. A viabilidade do projeto foi avaliada por meio da observação sistemática do trabalho das agentes e por entrevistas feitas com eles ao final do estudo. Não houve diferença nas variáveis clínicas (IMC, circunferência abdominal, pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica) com a intervenção. Houve diminuição significativa das concentrações plasmáticas de colesterol total, do LDL colesterol e do triglicérides. A concentração de hemoglobina glicada melhorou nos pacientes que fizeram mais de 3 planos de ação quando comparada aos que fizeram menos de 3; por outro lado, no grupo com maior número de planos, foi observado aumento da pressão sistólica. Quanto a práticas de autocuidado: houve melhora no aumento da ingestão de vegetais, diminuição de carne vermelha, aumento na atividade física, diminuição da baixa adesão medicamentosa. Sendo, no entanto, observada piora na adesão à insulina. Houve uma significativa melhora na avaliação que os pacientes fazem dos agentes de saúde. Por sua vez, na opinião dos ACS, a intervenção melhorou o cuidado oferecido aos pacientes e o treinamento em entrevista motivacional mudou a sua interação com os pacientes. A viabilidade da intervenção foi avaliada como positiva, pois os ACS se propõem a continuar a usar os planos de ação. Em conclusão, aplicar a técnica de EM por agentes comunitários de saúde é possível e viável, tendo como resultado melhora em algumas medidas de comportamento importantes para o controle do diabetes, assim como, em curto prazo, em alguns parâmetros laboratoriais / Diabetes mellitus is a disease that demands of its sufferers a lot of care, sometimes difficult to implement. This reason, among others, makes control of this disease inappropriate in most services. Interventions by using peer support had been proving useful help from patients to develop the necessary steps for their clinical improvement. This study conducted a self-care intervention project on diabetes using motivational interviewing (MI) technique in a Basic Health Unit of the Family Health Strategy. The main objective was to verify the impact of the intervention on patients clinical and laboratory data, as well as behavior related to self-care in diabetes. Secondly, the study aimed to evaluate how health professionals of the Family Health Strategy, especially community agents, accepted and realized the change in the working method. As methodology, the project guided the application of motivational interviewing technique in monthly visits from community health agents (CHA) to people with diabetes, developing peer support and helping the patients to do action plans to improve self-care. But to do the intervention, they were trained before in diabetes and motivational interviewing. The evaluation was made by behavioral questionnaires, clinical and laboratory assessment at baseline and after six months of intervention. The feasibility of the project was evaluated through systematic observation of the work of agents and interviews with them at the end of the study. There were no differences in clinical variables (BMI, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure) with the intervention. There was a significant decrease in plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. The concentration of A1c improved in patients who had more than 3 action plans when compared to those who made less than 3; On the other hand in the group with the highest number of plans was an increase of systolic pressure. As for self-care practices: there was an improvement in increasing vegetable intake, decreased red meat, increased physical activity, decreased low medication adherence. However, was observed worsening of adherence to insulin. There was a significant improvement in the assessment that patients make about the CHA. In turn, in the opinion of the CHA intervention improved care provided to patients and training in motivational interviewing changed for better their interaction with patients. The feasibility of the intervention was assessed as positive, because the CHA intends to continue to use the action plans. In conclusion apply the technique of MI by community health workers is possible and feasible, resulting in an improvement of some important self-care measures for diabetes management as well as in short term in some laboratory parameters

Introdução: A compreensão da determinação social da saúde possibilita ações de cuidado e de resposta às necessidades de saúde nos âmbitos de promoção, prevenção, tratamento e recuperação da saúde. A atuação dos agentes comunitários de saúde na Estratégia da Saúde da Família colabora no conhecimento de tais determinações. Esses profissionais fortalecem a integração entre os serviços de saúde e a comunidade, especialmente pela característica de serem moradores e trabalhadores das comunidades, estando, portanto, mais sensíveis a ocorrência e escuta dos problemas presentes no território. Objetivo: analisar a atuação dos agentes comunitários de saúde frente às condições de trabalho e a determinação social da saúde em uma Gerência Distrital de Saúde, no município de Porto Alegre, RS. Metodologia: pesquisa descritiva, de natureza qualitativa. O cenário do estudo foram as Estratégias da Saúde da Família localizadas na gerencia distrital Glória/Cruzeiro/Cristal. Os participantes da pesquisa foram os agentes comunitários de saúde de cada uma das 28 equipes da Estratégia da Saúde da Família. A geração de dados ocorreu por meio de grupo focal e entrevista semiestruturada, no período de agosto de 2015 à fevereiro de 2016. A análise do material produzido ocorreu pela análise de conteúdo do tipo temática. Resultados e discussão: Ao compreender as condições de trabalho em que os agentes comunitários estão frequentemente expostos, assim como o fenômeno da determinação social da saúde, foram construídas três categorias empíricas: “Contextualizando a gestão e as relações de trabalho: ausências sentidas”; Em segundo, “Determinação social da saúde: aspectos que influenciam na vida da população”, sendo que esta seção é composta por dois tópicos. O primeiro descreve as condições mais concretas de vida, como a ausência de saneamento, o lixo com descarte inadequado, o analfabetismo e os problemas de saúde propriamente ditos, e no segundo, de aspecto mais social, a violência e o tráfico de drogas e a última categoria é intitulada “Estratégias de enfrentamento às condições de trabalho e a determinação social da saúde”. Considerações Finais: as situações vivenciadas pelos agentes comunitários dialogam com problemas macrossociais, nesse contexto, a identificação e a análise da determinação social da saúde podem auxiliar no estabelecimento de práticas, com o propósito de auxiliar o processo de tomada de decisão, a avaliação crítica do processo saúde-doença e o redirecionamento do cuidado. Os ACS vivenciam diferentes obstáculos no seu cotidiano que tendem a prejudicar a efetividade do seu trabalho. Nesse cenário, é primordial o devido reconhecimento e boas condições de trabalho para o desenvolvimento das ações em saúde. Além disso, se faz necessário uma instrumentalização voltada para o desenvolvimento das competências que se almeja para os agentes comunitários, com vistas a maior satisfação deste trabalhador e reconhecimento pela equipe de saúde. / Introduction: Understanding the social determination of health enables care actions and response to health needs in the areas of health promotion, prevention, treatment and recovery. The actions of community health agents in the Family Health Strategy contribute to the knowledge of these determinations. These professionals strengthen the integration between the health services and the community, especially because they are residents and workers of the communities, and are therefore more sensitive to occurrence and listening to the problems present in the territory. Objective: to analyze the performance of community health agents in relation to working conditions and the social determination of health in a District Health Management, in the city of Porto Alegre, RS. Methodology: descriptive research, qualitative in nature. The study scenario was the Family Health Strategies located in the Glória / Cruzeiro / Cristal district management. Participants in the survey were the community health agents of each of the 28 teams in the Family Health Strategy. The generation of data occurred through a focus group and semi-structured interview, from August 2015 to February 2016. The analysis of the material produced was analyzed by content of the thematic type. Results and discussion: In understanding the working conditions in which community agents are frequently exposed, as well as the phenomenon of social determination of health, three empirical categories were constructed: "Contextualizing management and labor relations: felt absences"; Second, "Social determination of health: aspects that influence the life of the population," and this section is composed of two topics. The first describes the most concrete conditions of life, such as the absence of sanitation, waste with inadequate disposal, illiteracy and health problems per se, and the second, with a more social aspect, violence and drug trafficking and The last category is entitled "Strategies for coping with working conditions and the social determination of health". Final considerations: the identification and analysis of the social determination of health can help in the establishment of practices, with the purpose of assisting the decision-making process, the critical evaluation of the health-disease process and the redirection of care. CHWs experience different obstacles in their daily lives that tend to undermine the effectiveness of their work. In this scenario, due recognition and good working conditions for the development of health actions are paramount. In addition, it is necessary an instrumentalization focused on the development of the skills that are desired for the community agents, with a view to the satisfaction of this worker and recognition by the health team. / Introducción: La comprensión de la determinación social de la salud posibilita acciones de cuidado y de respuesta a las necesidades de salud en los ámbitos de promoción, prevención, tratamiento y recuperación de la salud. La actuación de los agentes comunitarios de salud en la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia colabora en el conocimiento de tales determinaciones. Estos profesionales fortalecen la integración entre los servicios de salud y la comunidad, especialmente por la característica de ser habitantes y trabajadores de las comunidades, siendo, por lo tanto, más sensibles a la ocurrencia y escucha de los problemas presentes en el territorio. Objetivo: analizar la actuación de los agentes comunitarios de salud frente a las condiciones de trabajo y la determinación social de la salud en una Gerencia Distrital de Salud, en el municipio de Porto Alegre, RS. Metodología: investigación descriptiva, de naturaleza cualitativa. El escenario del estudio fueron las Estrategias de Salud de la Familia ubicadas en la gerencia distrital Gloria / Cruzeiro / Cristal. Los participantes de la encuesta fueron los agentes comunitarios de salud de cada uno de los 28 equipos de la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia. La generación de datos ocurrió por medio de un grupo focal y una entrevista semiestructurada, en el período de agosto de 2015 a febrero de 2016. El análisis del material producido ocurrió por el análisis de contenido del tipo temático. Resultados y discusión: Al comprender las condiciones de trabajo en que los agentes comunitarios están frecuentemente expuestos, así como el fenómeno de la determinación social de la salud, se construyeron tres categorías empíricas: "Contextualizando la gestión y las relaciones de trabajo: ausencias sentidas"; En segundo lugar, "Determinación social de la salud: aspectos que influyen en la vida de la población" siendo que esta sección está compuesta por dos tópicos. El primero describe las condiciones más concretas de vida, como la ausencia de saneamiento, la basura con descarte inadecuado, el analfabetismo y los problemas de salud propiamente dichos, y en el segundo, de aspecto más social, la violencia y el tráfico de drogas y la la última categoría se titula "Estrategias de enfrentamiento a las condiciones de trabajo y la determinación social de la salud". Consideraciones finales: las situaciones vivenciadas por los agentes comunitarios dialogan con problemas macrosociales, en ese contexto, la identificación y el análisis de la determinación social de la salud pueden auxiliar en el establecimiento de prácticas, con el propósito de auxiliar el proceso de toma de decisión, el proceso salud-enfermedad y la redirección del cuidado. Los ACS experimentan diferentes obstáculos en su cotidiano que tienden a perjudicar la efectividad de su trabajo. En este escenario, es primordial el debido reconocimiento y buenas condiciones de trabajo para el desarrollo de las acciones en salud. Además, se hace necesaria una instrumentalización orientada al desarrollo de las competencias que se anhela para los agentes comunitarios, con vistas a la mayor satisfacción de este trabajador y reconocimiento por el equipo de salud.