In many countries of the world and in some parts of the United States milk is produced which has a high bacterial contamination. Such milk of undesirable quality is frequently delivered to factories engaged in the manufacture of cheddar cheese. This milk commonly contains large numbers of lactic acid-producing bacteria or other types of microorganisms which cause objectionable flavors and textural defects in the cheese. The improvement of the quality of milk supply under some conditions is a matter of great difficulty so that the manufacture of inferior quality milk into cheese is a problem often encountered. In the United States pasteurization of milk is used to reduce the bacterial content and give the cheese maker control over the manufacturing process. Public health officials favor pasteurization as a protection against pathogens; however, in many areas of the world pasteurization is not available. Although pasteurization of milk for cheddar cheese offers certain advantages such as destruction of pathogenic bacteria which may be present, and control of certain undesirable fermentations, experience has shown that pasteurized milk cheese develops flavor slowly and, even with extended ripening, does not have as satisfactory a flavor as good raw milk cheese. The slow ripening usually is attributed to the destruction by heat of certain essential bacteria and enzymes normally present in milk. Pasteurization, however, destroys many enzymes indigenous to milk as well as some beneficial organisms; consequently, cheese made from pasteurized milk ripens more slowly than cheese made from raw milk. For years, leading dairy technologists have been laboring assiduously but quite unsucessfully to produce cheese free from undesirable organisms yet comparable in flavor and in the rapidity of ripening to the best quality of raw milk cheese. Pursuant to these objectives a number of methods such as replenishing the enzymes in milk destroyed by pasteurization, the use of select ripening cultures, and the use of mixtures of various percentages of raw and pasteurized milk have been tried but without complete success. These objectionable features of pasteurization led to interest in another method such as the treatment of milk with edible hydrogen peroxide to control fermentation by means of its germicidal and inhibitory action. This comparative study was conducted to determine the effect of the germicidal properties of hydrogen peroxide in treating raw milk for cheddar cheese making in relation to the flora, quality, and ripening of the cheese. This study was concerned with the remedial measures which can be applied to milk to overcome some defects in the cheese. The antiseptic and germicidal properties of hydrogen peroxide are well known. A study involving the use of hydrogen peroxide and catalase has many possibilities in the dairy industry, and the practical aspects of this problem are numerous. Some phases are herewith indicated: 1. If hydrogen peroxide could be used to improve the general quality of cheddar cheese, it would be a boon to the industry and should have a value in the manufacture of cheddar cheese for shelf curing purposes, canning, processing, and for natural ripening in transparent packages. 2. It was believed that the use of hydrogen peroxide and catalase would increase the safety of raw milk cheese. (Kernsman, 1934, found that 0.1 percent of hydrogen peroxide killed E. coli, E. typhi and staphilococcus.) 3. If hydrogen peroxide could be used for destroying organisms harmful in milk and thus for preventing undesirable fermentation, yet leave intact more of the natural enzymes than is possible in accepted pasteurization procedures, the cheese treated with hydrogen peroxide and catalase might ripen faster than pasteurized-milk cheese and have a finer and more pronounced flavor. 4. If approved by public health authorities in the United States, treating milk with hydrogen peroxide would be a simple method of reducing bacterial content in small communities and rural areas. Such procedure would be very practical in preventing growth of bacteria in milk produced under unsanitary conditions. 5. If the use of hydrogen peroxide could be proved practicable, a beneficial program in most countries and especially in the Middle East where dairy equipment and pasteurizers are not readily available and where the production of unsanitary milk predominates might be established. 6. Since this process does not require special equipment it might prove economical and might become, in the future, a useful method of reducing the bacterial content of milk and preserving some of the natural characteristics of the raw milk for cheese making.

This study sets out to research the effects of perceptions regarding teacher education as well as the teacher profession in general amongst college students studying to become teachers. The aim of the study is to get a better understanding in what perceptions that constitutes the foundation of the aspects that may affect the students of education by interviewing students about how they perceive their education. The study relies on a sociocultural perspective to analyze the data as well as justify the relevance of the study. The method for researching this will consist mainly of interviews and literature studies. Four students of education, where two are Swedish and two are Finnish, will act as the main source of empiric information. The study will also perform two interviews with college teachers, which will help in the analysis of the data.The result of this study show a significant difference in how the Swedish and the Finnish students perceive their profession and their education, where the biggest distinction is in the field of work markets and status. A possible explanation for this difference could be found in the requirements for becoming a teacher in each country.The interviews also show areas where the students have great similarities in perceptions, for example in questions regarding the quality of the education they have received.

Purpose – This study aims to compare existing certification schemes to the legislation in Sweden to see which measures the best are to ensure the sustainability of Swedish wool when using it as a raw material. Design/methodology/approach - The study follows a qualitative research approach. The comparative analysis research design was chosen as the data analysis method. Data is collected from desktop research and interviews with experts in wool, farmers, and companies working with Swedish wool and certification schemes. Findings - Regarding Swedish animal welfare legislation covers more than the wool certifications. It is suggested to have a certificate for foreign wool as it might not have as strong animal welfare law. The consumer should be educated about animal welfare, social rights, and environmental regulations in Sweden for the legislation to be enough to prove the sustainability of Swedish wool. Research limitations/implications - This study does not include a detailed description of all the existing global wool certifications as not all are relevant in the context of the Swedish market. Only some Swedish legislation about animal welfare and farming practices is included. This research excludes the barriers of the existing Swedish wool SC and the process from raw material to fabric. Practical implications - Swedish wool industry and market can acknowledge the opportunities and barriers connected to the sustainability of wool and consider the right tool to support that. The comparative analysis describes the inputs and challenges of the Swedish legislation and three wool certifications for companies and farmers to decide what is best for them. The study revealed essential aspects for the Swedish wool industry on how they can grow to utilise more wool and have sustainable growth. Originality/value – A comparison between certifications and legislation in Sweden has not been conducted before. It is essential to see the differences and similarities between them to support the growth of the Swedish wool industry. Certifications can bring critical knowledge of the quality and sustainability of the wool. Swedish animal welfare regulations and laws are extensive and more comprehensive than other countries.

From the introduction: Purposes of the problem: The purpose of this study was to obtain a representative sample of public opinion to the three following questions: (1) To what extent is the public informed of certain basic facts pertaining to the workings of the College of the Pacific? (2) What does the public think of the College of the Pacific in certain areas? (3) What does the public expect of the College of the Pacific relative to certain policies and issues? The data of this study were obtained by means of a questionnaire sent to residents of the metropolitan area of Stockton, California, September, 1950.

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Yes / The literature of guilt in the context of consumer behavior is notably limited. It is particularly limited with respect to examining gender differences across nations. Existing studies have only evaluated gender differences, in terms of consumer guilt, in the United States. In addition, those studies evaluated gender differences in specific consumption situations such as consumer boycotting and food consumption. Thus, they do not give a comprehensive understanding of gender variations in consumer guilt. Notably, gender differences with regard to consumer guilt were shown to be limited in countries other than the United States. These studies provided contradictory results to established findings in social psychology. In view of this, by using quantitative techniques, numerous consumption settings, and samples from two distinct countries, this study provides a holistic assessment of gender differences in consumer guilt across nations. The findings indicate that gender differences, with respect to consumer guilt, are predominately present in individualistic countries and notably absent in collectivist countries. Hence, marketers should consider gender as an influential variable when devising guilt related strategies in individualistic countries. In contrast, marketers may reconsider allocating resources, with respect to gender related marketing strategies, in collectivist countries.

The purpose of this study is to provide an insight into six primary school teachers’ attitudes, ideas and approaches to teaching reading comprehension in Finnish and Swedish schools. In addition, the informants’ reflections on the PISA studies’ results concerning reading comprehension are also included. The study is comparative and based on interviews with primary school teachers in Finland and Sweden. Six teachers, three from a Finish school and three from different Swedish schools, have been interviewed by e-mail. The result shows that on the one hand there are some similarities but also differences both concerning approach and practice. Regarding the reasons why the PISA results differ between the two countries, the informants seem to differ because they have different views on how their colleagues in the other country work and they have no knowledge of each other´s work.

Denna studie syftar till att utforska och jämföra på vilka sätt lärare i musik och idrott erfar fenomenet prestation i undervisning på gymnasienivå. Detta görs med forskningsfrågorna: Hur ser musiklärare och idrottstränare på fenomenet prestation inom sina respektive områden? och På vilka sätt arbetar musiklärare och idrottstränare för att gynna elevers prestationer? Studiens vetenskapsfilosofiska utgångspunkt är fenomenologi och dess teoretiska utgångspunkt är allmänpsykologins syn på prestation och motivation. Den forskningsmetod som används är semistrukturerad intervju och det är tre musiklärare och tre idrottstränare som har intervjuats. Intervjuerna har transkriberats och bearbetats med hjälp av tematisk analys. Hur informanterna erfar fenomenet prestation och deras arbetssätt har har belysts var för sig, och sedan ställts bredvid varandra och jämförts. De svar som informanterna har gett visar studiens resultat, dvs. fenomenet prestation. Resultatet är uppdelat i två huvudteman: Ämnesbaserat eller individbaserat fokus och Lärarens roll - Instrumentalguide eller målsättare. Det första temat beskriver hur informanterna erfar fenomenet prestation medan det andra temat beskriver vilka arbetssätt informanterna menar att de använder sig av för att gynna sina elevers prestationer. I studiens avslutande kapitel diskuteras resultatets teman med studiens vetenskapsfilosofiska utgångspunkt, teoretiska perspektiv och tidigare forskningsfält. / This study aims to explore and compare the ways in which teachers in music and sport, experience the phenomenon of achievement in teaching at the secondary level. The study has two research questions: How does teachers in music and sport look upon the phenomenon of achievement? and How does teachers in music and sport work to promote student achievements? The philosophical perspective is phenomenology and the theoretical foundation is psychology concerning performance and motivation. The research method is semi-structured interviews, and three music teachers and three sports coaches have been interviewed. The interviews were transcribed and processed using thematic analysis and the result presents the phenomenon of achievement. The results are divided into two main themes: Subject-based or individual-based focus and The role of the teacher - Instrumental guide or goal promotar. The first theme describes the informants 'views on the phenomenon of achievement, and the second theme highlights the work informants use to benefit their students' achievements. The study's concluding chapter discuss the result in relation to research, psychology and phenomenology.

<p>The purpose of this study was to investigate if any linguistic differences between the sexes can be found in Swedish students’ compositions in English. My aim was also to investigate what features students perceive to be typically male or female. By studying a number of Swedish students’ English compositions, I was able to detect differences between boys’ and girls’ language and also compare my discoveries with earlier research. I investigated both the features that separate the genders in their writing and also what students identified as female and male language use. In my investigation, I found some linguistic differences between the sexes which were more distinct than others; for example their use of stative and dynamic verbs. But, on the other hand, I found no noticeable difference between boys’ and girls’ use of adjectives; words which are often said to be more commonly used by girls.</p>