Damages for Breach of Contractual and Non-Contractual Duty in Civil Law - Abstract The thesis at hand deals with liability for non-performance of a contract and liability in tort. The new Civil Code abandoned the general rule of Sec. 420 of Act No. 40/1964 Coll., which did not distinguish between contractual and non-contractual liability. The new Civil Code thus provides for two different liability regimes depending on whether the wrongdoer and the victim entered into a contract (or similar obligation) or not. While liability in tort is governed by Sec. 2909 and 2910 CC, contractual liability is stipulated in Sec. 2913 CC. The thesis strives to examine this important change in its complexity when emphasis in being put onto the theoretical, comparative and historical context. Firstly, the thesis provides for the basic theoretical background of liability in civil law and looks at the foundations of its division into contract and tort. The author further dives into the topic from a comparative perspective. Given the inspirational sources of the Czech Civil Code, the thesis focuses mainly on German and Austrian approach. The thesis also gives a brief summary of the historical development in the Czech civil law. The main part of the thesis focuses on the relevant provisions, their relationship and conditions for...

In this research, I carefully and coherently examine Chapter 19 of the Children's Act 38 of 2005 as the first legislation to afford surrogate motherhood agreements legal recognition in South Africa. I argue that the application of Chapter 19 imposes a number of unwarranted limitations on several of the constitutional rights of the parties to a surrogacy agreement. In addition, I propose that Chapter 19 is not in accordance with the principal of the best interests of the child. I examine the history of surrogate motherhood in South Africa and establish that, prior to the enactment of Chapter 19, no legislation expressly afforded surrogate motherhood agreements legal recognition. Hence, prior to the enactment of Chapter 19, parties who entered surrogacy agreements could, first, not rely on the agreement to enforce contractual obligations, and secondly, the legal positions of the parties to the agreement were uncertain. Thirdly, a child born of a surrogacy agreement was seen as the child of the surrogate mother and not of the commissioning parents.

Thesis (MTech. degree in Local Government.)--Tshwane University of Technology, 2012. / The point of departure of this study is to evaluate service delivery in the Office of the Compensation Fund. The year 1994 ushered in a new era for South Africa. Since then, the South African Public Service has gone through a process of transformation. The introduction of new legislation regarding service delivery and transformation changed the manner in which the South African Public Service functioned. The main task of those in power is to transform the lives of all South Africans and this could be achieved by improving service delivery. Service delivery improvements have characterised government institutions and have not left the Compensation Fund behind. The primary objective of this research is to suggest ways of evaluating improved service delivery in the Office of the Compensation Fund.

In this research, I carefully and coherently examine Chapter 19 of the Children's Act 38 of 2005 as the first legislation to afford surrogate motherhood agreements legal recognition in South Africa. I argue that the application of Chapter 19 imposes a number of unwarranted limitations on several of the constitutional rights of the parties to a surrogacy agreement. In addition, I propose that Chapter 19 is not in accordance with the principal of the best interests of the child. I examine the history of surrogate motherhood in South Africa and establish that, prior to the enactment of Chapter 19, no legislation expressly afforded surrogate motherhood agreements legal recognition. Hence, prior to the enactment of Chapter 19, parties who entered surrogacy agreements could, first, not rely on the agreement to enforce contractual obligations, and secondly, the legal positions of the parties to the agreement were uncertain. Thirdly, a child born of a surrogacy agreement was seen as the child of the surrogate mother and not of the commissioning parents.

The presented diploma thesis deals with the current issue of compensation for damages caused by European otter (Lutra lutra), namely the use of feasible preventive measures to eliminate damages and to ensure the entitlement to compensation in accordance with the law No 115/2000 Col. It also presents the results of practical testing of scent barrier systems as an alternative protective equipment agains unwanted predation in real conditions of fish storage pools.

With respect to the patrimonial nature of thecontract, derived from the patrimonial nature of  the benefit, a lot has been written and proposed. Authors from different periods andwith different ideas have addressed the subject, since  it  is  fundamental  to  understand  thebasic concepts of obligation and contractualrelationship. The stance of the majority findsthe foundation of the patrimonial nature of the benefit in being a limit to private autonomy,since such  nature,  which  is  susceptible  ofeconomic value, is defined by the social context,and not by the parties.In this article, the author rejects and discusses the mentioned stance. Based on the liberty that each person has to determine what is more convenient for himself and what is more efficient in economic terms, the author defends a subjective vision of the patrimonial nature of the contractual relation, and gives a different function and foundation to the patrimonial nature of the benefit: Being essential for the calculation  of  the  compensation  in  case of breach. / Respecto a la patrimonialidad del contrato,derivada de la patrimonialidad de la prestación, se ha escrito y propuesto mucho. Autores de diversas épocas e ideas han tocado eltema, siendo fundamental para entender los conceptos  básicos  de  obligación  y  relacióncontractual. La postura mayoritaria encuentra el fundamento de la patrimonialidad dela prestación en ser un límite a la autonomía privada, ya que lo patrimonial, aquello susceptible de valor económico, no lo definen laspartes, si no el contexto social.En el presente artículo, el autor rechaza y discute dicha postura. Basándose en la libertad que tiene cada persona de definir lo más conveniente para sí y lo más eficiente en términos económicos, defiende una visión subjetiva de la patrimonialidad de la relación contractual y le da a la patrimonialidad de la prestación una función y un fundamento diferente: El ser indispensable para el cálculo de la indemnización en caso de incumplimiento.

Název diplomové práce v anglickém jazyce Employee's liability for damage with respect to the case law Summary The purpose of my diploma thesis is to analyse the main aspects of employee's liability for damage in labour law with respect to the current legislation and current case law. By using the analytic and descriptive methods the valid legal provisions are described and evaluated. The thesis is composed of eight chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of liability of an employee. Chapter One is introductory and describes employee's liability in labour law in general. Following chapters examine relevant Czech legislation and related case law. Chapter Two presents the importance of damage prevention. The chapter consists of three subchapters. Subchapter One focuses on damage prevention and general obligations of an employee. Subchapter Two describes employee's special obligation to notify his supervisor in case of imminent damage. Subchapter Three investigates special obligation of an employee to take an action against imminent damage. Chapter Three relates to Chapter Two. It explains employee's liability for breach of obligations to take an action against imminent damage. The chapter consists of one subchapter which addresses the issue of measure of damages. Chapter Four is dealing with...

Civil Liability in the Case of Disrespecting a Patient's Advance Directives The aim of this thesis is to analyse and describe the problematic of Civil Liability in the specific case of disrespecting a patient's advance directives by a medical. The institute of Advance Directives was first introduced in the Czech law by the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine in 2001 and later by the Law No. 372/2011 Coll., Act on Health Care Provision. Thought the Advance Directives cannot be considered as a new institute in the Czech law, it is hardly ever used in practice. There is no judicature and practical knowledge on the topic of civil liability in this case, and the insecurity causes that doctors do not feel like willing to respect the exceptionally occurring advance directives, because they fear the criminal liability they think that could arise if they did not provide the health care necessary for saving life of their patient. This thesis is trying to highline the importance of a patient's will. Meanwhile, it is pointing to the fact that even saving a patient's life can cause legal liability of a doctor. The thesis is primarily analysing and describing such liability within the general provisions on liability in the Czech Law and is also trying to give an insight to the problematic of potential...

Magister Legum - LLM / In this research, I carefully and coherently examine Chapter 19 of the Children's Act 38 of 2005 as the first legislation to afford surrogate motherhood agreements legal recognition in South Africa. I argue that the application of Chapter 19 imposes a number of unwarranted limitations on several of the constitutional rights of the parties to a surrogacy agreement. In addition, I propose that Chapter 19 is not in accordance with the principal of the best interests of the child. I examine the history of surrogate motherhood in South Africa and establish that, prior to the enactment of Chapter 19, no legislation expressly afforded surrogate motherhood agreements legal recognition. Hence, prior to the enactment of Chapter 19, parties who entered surrogacy agreements could, first, not rely on the agreement to enforce contractual obligations, and secondly, the legal positions of the parties to the agreement were uncertain. Thirdly, a child born of a surrogacy agreement was seen as the child of the surrogate mother and not of the commissioning parents. / South Africa

Le présent essai de typologie a pour objectif une systématisation de l'usage de la compensation en tant qu'instrument du droit de l'environnement. La compensation revêt en effet des formes multiples : compensation indemnitaire, compensation réglementaire, les marchés de compensation et les paiements pour services environnementaux. Chacune de ces formes revêt des fonctions différentes, dont celles d'indemniser, de réparer, de compenser, de rationaliser, d'inciter et de gratifier. L'organisation de ces différents types représente une sophistication de l'usage de la compensation, dans une volonté de l'adapter à la protection de l'environnement, par le biais des principes et règles d'additionnalité, équité et proportionnalité. La thèse témoigne également d'une recherche croissante d'efficacité de la norme environnementale, à partir de l'utilisation complémentaire des outils de marché, en complément des outils juridiques classiques. À cet égard, les compensations indemnitaires et réglementaires relèvent d'une approche classique du droit, tandis que les marchés de compensation et les paiements pour services environnementaux ressortent d'une approche novatrice, intégrant une protection écosystémique de la nature dans la norme environnementale. Cependant, plusieurs limites à l'efficacité juridique de cet instrument sont identifiées. La compensation, sous ses différentes formes, se présente comme un outil de gestion pour équilibrer les gains et les pertes en matière économique, environnementale et sociale autour d'un enjeu environnemental. / This typology aims to systematize the use of compensation as a tool of environmental law . The compensation takes effect in multiple forms: damages compensation, regulatory compensation, compensation's markets and payments for environmental services. Each of these forms has different functions, including those to compensate, repair, to encourage and to reward. The organization of these types is quite unique as a sophisticate use of compensatory logic, adapting to the environmental, through the principles and rules on the no net loss principle, fairness and proportionality of the compensation measure in relation to what it compensate. It is also shown how the environmental standard has been improved with regard to the legal effectiveness of environmental law, from the complementary use of market tools, together with the more traditional legal tools. In this regard, compensation for environmental damages, and regulatory compensation are seen in a classical approach, while compensation's market and payments for environmental services belong to an innovative approach that integrates ecosystem conservation in the environmental standard. However, several limitations to the legal effectiveness of this instrument are identified. Compensation, in its various forms, is as a management tool to balance the gains and losses in economic, environmental and social around an environmental issue .