Foi feito o estudo da propagação de pulsos laser através de um sistema amplificador de pulsos ultracurtos com meios dispersivos e modificadores de banda espectral. Deu-se ênfase à concepção de um alargador (ou alongador) de pulsos ultracurtos para substituir o já existente no sistema CPA híbrido de Ti:Safira/Cr:LiSAF em operação no Centro de Lasers e Aplicações do IPEN/CNEN-SP. Fez-se o desenvolvimento teórico e o estudo de um alongador temporal do tipo Öffner, livre de aberrações esféricas, objetivando obter uma razão de alargamento superior à existente no sistema em operação. Estudou-se também a influência das componentes de fase do sistema na duração final dos pulsos amplificados, e o sistema atual teve seus componentes limitantes de largura de banda mapeados, com o objetivo de conhecer as condições nas quais um novo alongador temporal deve ser inserido no sistema. Com base nessas medidas, foram implementadas rotinas computacionais para se determinar as consequências da passagem de um pulso por um componente limitante de largura de banda. / The study of laser pulses propagation through an ultrashort pulses amplifying system containing dispersive and spectral modifying media was performed. The study emphasis was the development of an ultrashort pulse stretcher to replace the one inside a hybrid Ti:Sapphire/Cr:LiSAF CPA system operating at the Center for Lasers and Applications at IPEN/CNEN-SP. A spherical aberration free Öffner stretcher was theoretically studied, aiming to obtain a stretching ratio larger than the one available in our system. The influence of the phase components in the amplified pulse final duration was also studied, and the bandwidth limiting elements of the system in operation were mapped, with the purpose of determining the conditions under which a new stretcher should be implemented. Based on the actual measurements, computing routines were implemented in order to determine the consequences of an ultrashort pulse travelling through a bandwidth limiting component.

Orientador: José Luiz Gasche / Resumo: A maioria dos sistemas de refrigeração por compressão de vapor utiliza compressores alternativos, considerados mecanismos importantes na era moderna. O ciclo de operação de um compressor alternativo é descrito por uma série de fenômenos complexos ocorrendo em um curto período de tempo. Dentre os fatores considerados importantes para e ciência termodinâmica dos compressores, destacam-se as válvulas que controlam os processos de sucção e de descarga, que são responsáveis por grandes perdas termodinâmicas no ciclo. Parte das perdas ocorre no sistema de válvulas, particularmente na válvula de sucção, onde as instabilidades do seu movimento reduzem a e ciência do processo de sucção. Como uma forma de reduzir os problemas gerados pelas instabilidades no funcionamento da válvula de sucção, propomos a utilização de um esbarro para limitar a abertura máxima da válvula, reduzindo sua instabilidade e aumentando a e ciência do compressor. Mostramos experimentalmente que existe uma posição de equilíbrio que mantém a válvula aberta sem instabilidades e que esta posição varia, aproximadamente, linearmente com o número de Reynolds. / Mestre

[pt] O presente trabalho trata da simulação de um compressor hermético alternativo operando em regime transiente. O modelo desenvolvido expande, para a simulação do regime transiente, de modelos de regime permanente existentes na literatura. No presente modelo o sistema é dividido em volumes de controle (motor, compressor, muflas, câmaras de sucção e de descarga, reservatório de óleo, linha de descarga, entre outros). Adota-se o modelo de parâmetros concentrados e aplicam-se as equações fundamentais de conservação, resultando em um sistema de equações diferenciais ordinárias. Especial atenção é dedicada à formação de espuma durante a partida. Sob tais condições, pode-se chegar à sucção de óleo por parte do compressor, com conseqüentes danos às partes móveis do conjunto mecânico. Em função da ausência de informação na literatura sobre formação de espumas em compressores herméticos, construiu-se um aparato experimental para reproduzir tais condições em laboratório. Utilizou-se uma combinação de refrigerante R134a e óleo poliol-ester, que foi submetida a condições controladas de despressurização, a partir de uma pressão inicial prescrita. O processo de formação de espuma (taxa, espessura e diâmetro de bolha) foi monitorado com o auxílio de uma câmara de vídeo digital. Uma série de corridas foi efetuada para diferentes concentrações de óleo e taxas de despressurização. Os dados experimentais permitiram estabelecer um modelo semiempírico de formação de espuma no interior de um compressor hermético. Simulou- se, também, o escoamento turbulento tridimensional de refrigerante no interior da carcaça. / [en] The present work is related to the simulation of a reciprocating hermetic compressor operating in transient regime. Hermetic compressors consist of a motor-compressor assembly hermetically sealed in a welded steel shell. Main components are: electric motor, suction and discharge mufflers, discharge line and the compressor itself, formed by the suction and discharge chambers, the pistondriving mechanism assembly and the cylinder body. The model here presented extends existing thermodynamic steady-state models for the transient operational condition. The system is divided into a number of control volumes, for which homogeneously distributed properties is assumed and fundamental conservation equations are applied. Special attention is given for foam formation, during startup. In such conditions, liquid oil can be drawn into the cylinder, causing a deterioration in the performance. Information on the phenomenon is scarce, which led to an effort of reproducing it at laboratory conditions. A saturated mixture of R134a and polyolester oil, at a given pressure, was submitted to controlled depressurization. The foam formation process (rate, height and bubble size) was measured with the help of a digital video camera. A number of runs were carried out, for different pressure drop rates and initial refrigerant concentrations. The experimental data was employed to adapt an existing model of foam formation. A new function for the volume rate of coalescence of gas bubbles was empirically determined. Computational Fluid Dynamics techniques were also used to predict the turbulent three-dimensional flow of refrigerant in the shell side.

Submitted by Milton César Cavalheiro Júnior null (milton91250@aluno.feis.unesp.br) on 2017-09-19T17:15:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Milton Cavalheiro_dissertação.pdf: 3390678 bytes, checksum: e1e260699364a1cffc56693cd85d631c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-20T16:44:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cavalheirojunior_mc_me_ilha.pdf: 3390678 bytes, checksum: e1e260699364a1cffc56693cd85d631c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-20T16:44:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cavalheirojunior_mc_me_ilha.pdf: 3390678 bytes, checksum: e1e260699364a1cffc56693cd85d631c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-20 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A maioria dos sistemas de refrigeração por compressão de vapor utiliza compressores alternativos, considerados mecanismos importantes na era moderna. O ciclo de operação de um compressor alternativo é descrito por uma série de fenômenos complexos ocorrendo em um curto período de tempo. Dentre os fatores considerados importantes para e ciência termodinâmica dos compressores, destacam-se as válvulas que controlam os processos de sucção e de descarga, que são responsáveis por grandes perdas termodinâmicas no ciclo. Parte das perdas ocorre no sistema de válvulas, particularmente na válvula de sucção, onde as instabilidades do seu movimento reduzem a e ciência do processo de sucção. Como uma forma de reduzir os problemas gerados pelas instabilidades no funcionamento da válvula de sucção, propomos a utilização de um esbarro para limitar a abertura máxima da válvula, reduzindo sua instabilidade e aumentando a e ciência do compressor. Mostramos experimentalmente que existe uma posição de equilíbrio que mantém a válvula aberta sem instabilidades e que esta posição varia, aproximadamente, linearmente com o número de Reynolds. / Most of the vapor refrigeration systems use reciprocating compressors, which are considered important mechanisms in the modern era. The cycle of operation of a reciprocating compressor is described by a series of complex phenomena ocurring in a short period of time. Among the factors considered important for the thermodynamic efficiency of compressors are the valves that control the suction and discharge processes, which are responsible for large cycle thermodynamic losses. Part of that losses occurs in the valves system, particularly in the suction valve, where the movement instabilities reduce the efficiency of the suction process. In order to reduce the instabilities of the suction valve, we propose the use of a stop to limit the maximum aperture of the valve, reducing its instabilities and increasing the compressor efficiency. We show experimentally that does exist an static equilibrium position in which the valve remains opened without oscillation and that position varies almost linearly through the Reynolds number.

Submitted by André Luís Severino Abrego (andre-luis-severino@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-16T18:14:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertation_Andre.pdf: 17535518 bytes, checksum: cb53444410befce5cbc54c52ebcb1a5d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-04-16T19:13:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 abrego_als_me_ilha.pdf: 17535518 bytes, checksum: cb53444410befce5cbc54c52ebcb1a5d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-16T19:13:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 abrego_als_me_ilha.pdf: 17535518 bytes, checksum: cb53444410befce5cbc54c52ebcb1a5d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A maioria dos sistemas de refrigeração por compressão de vapor de uso doméstico utilizam compressores alternativos com válvulas automáticas do tipo palheta para controlar os processos de sucção e descarga do fluido refrigerante. O ciclo de operação dessas válvulas é descrito por uma série de fenômenos complexos que ocorrem em um curto período de tempo. Grande parte das perdas responsáveis pela redução da eficiência do compressor é devido aos fenômenos físicos que ocorrem nessas válvulas, predominantemente devido a interação fluido-estrutura. Assim, o estudo dessa dinâmica é essencial quando o objetivo é aumentar a eficiência do compressor. Estudar o problema usando técnicas da Mecânica dos Fluidos Computacional permite encontrar solução de forma relativamente rápida. Porém, desenvolver uma metodologia confiável exige o estudo detalhado de vários aspectos que podem influenciar os resultados e, principalmente, exige a validação experimental. Neste trabalho, propomos avaliar alguns desses aspectos para verificar suas influências na validação da metodologia por meio de dados experimentais. Para isso, uma modelo de válvula tipo palheta em escala ampliada, muito usado como válvula de sucção, é testado experimentalmente e os resultados são usados para validar a metodologia numérica aplicada. A solução numérica do problema é realizada usando o código Ansys® CFX para a solução do escoamento do fluido e o código Ansys® Mechanical para a solução do problema estrutural da válvula. A solução do problema de interação fluido-estrutura é obtida usando uma metodologia particionada, na qual a discretização e a solução do problema nos domínios do sólido e do fluido são realizadas separadamente. Dados do deslocamento instantâneo da válvula são usados para estudar a influência de vários parâmetros adotados na solução numérica do problema. Os resultados mostram que o fator normal de rigidez, a força de pré-carga, a força de gravidade e a condição de contorno usada na solução do problema da estrutura, influenciam na solução do problema. / Most domestic vapor compressor refrigeration systems use reciprocating compressors with automatic reed type valves to control the suction and discharge processes of the refrigerant fluid. The operating cycle of these valves is described by a series of complex phenomena that occur in a short period of time. Most of the losses responsible for reducing the efficiency of the compressor are due to physical phenomena occurring in these valves, mainly due to the fluid-structure interaction. To study this problem is essential to improve the efficiency of the compressor. Performing this study by using Computational Fluid Dynamic methodologies allows relative fast solution of the problem. However, developing a reliable methodology requires detail study of several aspects that can influence the results and, mainly, requires the experimental validation. In this work, we propose to evaluate some of these aspects to verify their influence in the validation process of the numerical methodology through experimental data. Here, we experimentally test a large scale model of a reed type valve usually used as suction valve and the results are used to validate the numerical methodology. The numerical solution is obtained by using the Ansys® CFX code to solve the fluid flow and the Ansys® Mechanical code to solve the structural problem of the valve. In this methodology, we solve the fluid-structure interaction by using a segregated method in which the discretization and the solution of the problem in the solid and fluid domains are performed separately. Data for the instantaneous displacement of the valve are used to analyze the influence of several parameters applied to solve the problem. The results show that the stiffness normal factor, the preload force, the gravity force, and the boundary condition used to solve the structure of the valve, influence the numerical solution of the problem. / CNPq: 131150/2015-4.

Orientador: José Luiz Gasche / Resumo: A maioria dos sistemas de refrigeração por compressão de vapor de uso doméstico utilizam compressores alternativos com válvulas automáticas do tipo palheta para controlar os processos de sucção e descarga do fluido refrigerante. O ciclo de operação dessas válvulas é descrito por uma série de fenômenos complexos que ocorrem em um curto período de tempo. Grande parte das perdas responsáveis pela redução da eficiência do compressor é devido aos fenômenos físicos que ocorrem nessas válvulas, predominantemente devido a interação fluido-estrutura. Assim, o estudo dessa dinâmica é essencial quando o objetivo é aumentar a eficiência do compressor. Estudar o problema usando técnicas da Mecânica dos Fluidos Computacional permite encontrar solução de forma relativamente rápida. Porém, desenvolver uma metodologia confiável exige o estudo detalhado de vários aspectos que podem influenciar os resultados e, principalmente, exige a validação experimental. Neste trabalho, propomos avaliar alguns desses aspectos para verificar suas influências na validação da metodologia por meio de dados experimentais. Para isso, uma modelo de válvula tipo palheta em escala ampliada, muito usado como válvula de sucção, é testado experimentalmente e os resultados são usados para validar a metodologia numérica aplicada. A solução numérica do problema é realizada usando o código Ansys® CFX para a solução do escoamento do fluido e o código Ansys® Mechanical para a solução do problema estrutural da válvula. A solu... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Most domestic vapor compressor refrigeration systems use reciprocating compressors with automatic reed type valves to control the suction and discharge processes of the refrigerant fluid. The operating cycle of these valves is described by a series of complex phenomena that occur in a short period of time. Most of the losses responsible for reducing the efficiency of the compressor are due to physical phenomena occurring in these valves, mainly due to the fluid-structure interaction. To study this problem is essential to improve the efficiency of the compressor. Performing this study by using Computational Fluid Dynamic methodologies allows relative fast solution of the problem. However, developing a reliable methodology requires detail study of several aspects that can influence the results and, mainly, requires the experimental validation. In this work, we propose to evaluate some of these aspects to verify their influence in the validation process of the numerical methodology through experimental data. Here, we experimentally test a large scale model of a reed type valve usually used as suction valve and the results are used to validate the numerical methodology. The numerical solution is obtained by using the Ansys® CFX code to solve the fluid flow and the Ansys® Mechanical code to solve the structural problem of the valve. In this methodology, we solve the fluid-structure interaction by using a segregated method in which the discretization and the solution of the problem... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The effects of impeller-diffuser interaction are investigated through numerically simulating the modified wedge vane profiles. Steady and time-accurate, 3D- viscous RANSsolver is used to perform flow field computations. The original design is modified to obtain better aerodynamic performance. Five morechanges are made to the leading edge profile of the new design, in order to assess different degrees of unsteadiness. These changes show that their contribution on stageefficiency is rather minor, while they have a huge reduction on blade loadings. Moreover, it is shown that the shorter radial distance of vaneless space does not necessarilymean an increased loading thanks to the eliminating in-phase fluctuations on pressureand suction sides. It is found that the impeller reacts to the upstream static pressure disturbance, whichis caused by the applied geometry change and its resultant flow field in the wedge diffuser, but not to the radial location of a certain profile. In addition, the results indicatethat the wedge diffuser aerodynamic performance is driven by time-averaged flow fieldbehaviour.

Production of steel powder is done by atomization of a molten steel stream. Atomization is done by feeding high pressure nitrogen gas through nozzles, creating jets of gas which scatter the molten steel stream into powder. The steel powder falls through the atomization tower whilst it cools and solidifies. Finally, the steel powder is transported for further processing. The compressor is used for two main purposes, to compress the nitrogen gas to desired pressure and enable recycling of nitrogen gas. As nitrogen is inert and do not react with its surrounding, the gas can be recycled. Filtering nitrogen gas from the atomization process, one is able to reuse the gas, which is led to the inlet side of a compressor. A closed loop is thus created which is economically important. In 2021 a major compressor failure occurred, which caused large production losses. iba systems is a commercially available product extensively utilized in the Swedish steel industry for data acquisition, production monitoring and generating key performance indicators. Therefore, this thesis investigates what modules and functionality iba systems have to offer. Process and machine signals are studied to assess both their utility in predicting machine failure and relevant iba modules for the predictive maintenance purposes, based on a literature review. This thesis shows the possibility to implement an anomaly detection to detect abnormal behavior, related to historic compressor failure. Estimating when maintenance is needed is possible but requires implementation of new sensors to obtain useful information, mainly vibration data from machinery. Anomaly detection is implemented using ibaAnalyzer. Additional analysis is done in Matlab.

Aerodynamics studies in a booster such as analysis of the flow through the whole component or study of local turbulent phenomenon constitute a crucial part of its development in order to get better overall performances, like efficiency of the compressor and compression ratio. In order to put in perspective the computational predictions, it is critical to obtain sets of data from tests to caliber numerical analyses and to assure the booster respects design specifications. Aerodynamics testing is then an important part of the development of a compressor. However, it is complicated to obtain such values for many reasons: time constraints, problems regarding support, important costs etc. Thus, it is important to get as much information as possible from these tests data in a limited period in order to spend more time in results interpretation and less in treating raw data. Thus, an optimized tool of treatment to first deduce results from test data; and then to compare different engines or different sets of tests data, to get a wider state of the art and to avoid time-consuming analyses was needed. In order to do so, the first part of the development consists in investigating the existing methods to extract and analyze data from tests already used, and then deducing a general methodology to obtain from raw measures the performances of the studied booster compared to other available data. Once the methods have been set up and validated, the tool in itself was implemented in a practical way. Then, it was important to validate it on real tests values and to observe if it was adjustable for all kind of aerodynamics tests. / Aerodynamikstudier i en booster som analys av flödet genom hela komponenten eller studie av lokal turbulens fenomen utgör en avgörande del av dess utveckling för att få bättre generella prestanda, som kompressorns verkningsgrad och kompressionsförhållandet. För att sätta beräkningsresultat i perspektiv är det kritisk att få datauppsättningar från tester för att kalibrera de numeriska analyser och för att säkerställa att booster uppfyller konstruktionsspecifikationer. Aerodynamisk provning är då en viktig del av utvecklingen av en kompressor. Det är dock komplicerat att få sådana värden av många skäl: tidsbegränsningar, problem angående support, viktiga kostnader osv. Därför är det viktigt att få så mycket information som möjligt från provdata under en begränsad period för att tillbringa mer tid i resultat tolkning och mindre tid på att behandla rådata. Således ett optimerat behandlingsverktyg för att först dra resultat från provdata; och sedan att jämföra olika motorer eller olika uppsättningar av provdata, för att få en bredare databank och att undvika tidskrävande analyser behövdes. För att göra det består den första delen av utvecklingen i att undersöka de befintliga metoderna för att extrahera och analysera data från tester som redan använts, och sedan dra ut en allmän metod för att från råa mått erhålla prestandan hos den studerade boosteren jämfört med andra tillgängliga data. När metoderna har installerats och validerats implementerades verktyget i sig på ett praktiskt sätt. Då var det viktigt att validera det på verkliga testvärden och att se om det var justerbart för alla typer av aerodynamiska test.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The compressed air system is widely used throughout the industry. Air compressors are one of the most costly systems to operate in industrial plants in terms of energy consumption. Therefore, it becomes one of the primary targets when it comes to electrical energy and load management practices. Load forecasting is the first step in developing energy management systems both on the supply and user side. A comprehensive literature review has been conducted, and there was a need to study if predicting compressed air system’s load is a possibility. System’s load profile will be valuable to the industry practitioners as well as related software providers in developing better practice and tools for load management and look-ahead scheduling programs. Feed forward neural networks (FFNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) techniques have been used to perform 15 minutes ahead prediction. Three cases of different sizes and control methods have been studied. The results proved the possibility of the forecast. In this study two control methods have been developed by using the prediction. The first control method is designed for variable speed driven air compressors. The goal was to decrease the maximum electrical load for the air compressor by using the system's full operational capabilities and the air receiver tank. This goal has been achieved by optimizing the system operation and developing a practical control method. The results can be used to decrease the maximum electrical load consumed by the system as well as assuring the sufficient air for the users during the peak compressed air demand by users. This method can also prevent backup or secondary systems from running during the peak compressed air demand which can result in more energy and demand savings. Load management plays a pivotal role and developing maximum load reduction methods by users can result in more sustainability as well as the cost reduction for developing sustainable energy production sources. The last part of this research is concentrated on reducing the energy consumed by load/unload controlled air compressors. Two novel control methods have been introduced. One method uses the prediction as input, and the other one doesn't require prediction. Both of them resulted in energy consumption reduction by increasing the off period with the same compressed air output or in other words without sacrificing the required compressed air needed for production. / 2019-12-05