京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第20786号 / 理博第4330号 / 新制||理||1622(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 谷森 達, 教授 永江 知文, 教授 鶴 剛 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

L'étude détaillée des distributions transverses du halo du faisceau est importante du point de vue des pertes de faisceau et du contrôle du bruit de fond dans ATF2 et les futurs collisionneurs linéaires (FLC). Un nouveau type de capteur diamant sous vide (DSv) déplacable, avec quatre pistes, a été conçu et développé pour la mesure des distributions transverses du halo du faisceau et la détection du spectre des électrons de recul Compton après le point d'interaction (IP) d'ATF2, qui est un prototype à basse énergie (1.3 GeV) de la section de focalisation finale pour les projets de collisionneurs linéaires ILC et CLIC.Cette thèse présente les études du halo du faisceau et des électrons de recul Compton, ainsi que la caractérisation, les études de performance et les tests des capteurs diamant (DS), tant sur PHIL, un photo-injecteur à basse énergie (<10 MeV) au LAL, que sur ATF2. Les résultats des premières mesures du halo du faisceau, utilisant des wire scanner (WS) et un DSv, sur ATF2 sont également présentés et comparés dans cette thèse.Des simulations utilisant Mad-X et CAIN ont été réalisées afin d'estimer le nombre d'électrons composant le halo du faisceau ainsi que le nombre d'électrons de recul Compton. Les résultats des simulations ont indiqué qu'une grande gamme dynamique, supérieure 10⁶ , est nécessaire pour une mesure simultanée du cœur du faisceau, du halo du faisceau et des électrons de recul Compton. Un DSv mono-cristallin, fabriqué par CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition), a été développé dans ce but.Avant l'installation du capteur diamant, une première tentative de mesure du halo du faisceau a été effectuée en 2013, en utilisant les wire scanners (WS) actuellement installés sur ATF2. En raison de leur dynamique limitée de ~10³ , la distribution du halo du faisceau a été mesurée seulement jusqu'à ~±6σ dans la ligne d'extraction (EXT). Un paramétrage des distributions mesurées du halo du faisceau a montré que les distributions mesurées sont cohérentes avec des mesures faites précédemment, en 2005, sur l'ancienne ligne faisceau d'ATF. Durant ces mesures, une distribution asymétrique du halo vertical du faisceau a été observée pour la première fois en utilisant le WS situé après l'IP, son origine est actuellement sous investigation en utilisant le DSv.Des études pour caractériser des capteurs diamants de dimensions 4.5x4.5x0.5 mm³ ont été réalisées en utilisant des sources α et β. Les paramètres de transport des porteurs de charge (durée de vie, vitesse de saturation, etc.) ont été obtenus en utilisant la technique des courants transitoires (TCT). Par ailleurs, la linéarité de la réponse du DS a été testée sur PHIL avec différentes intensités de faisceau après la fenêtre de sortie de d'accélération. Un signal maximum de 10⁸ électrons a été mesuré, avec une réponse linéaire jusqu'à 10⁷ électrons. Des études similaires de la linéarité ont été faites pour le DSv sur ATF2. Nous avons pu y exploiter avec succès, pour la première fois une gamme dynamique de ~10⁶ , permettant de mesurer simultanément le cœur du faisceau (~10⁹ électrons) et le halo du faisceau (~10³ électrons). Le pick-up électromagnétique induit par le passage du cœur du faisceau et des effets de saturation, qui sont les limitations empêchant actuellement le DSv d'atteindre une gamme dynamique supérieure à 10⁶ , ont également été identifiés et étudiés.Les premières mesures de la distribution horizontale du halo, en utilisant le DSv, ont été effectuées jusqu'à ~±20σx , et ont permis de prouver que le halo du faisceau est collimaté par les ouvertures de la ligne ATF2. Une distribution horizontale du halo compatible avec les paramétrages de 2005 et 2013 a été confirmée. La possibilité de détecter les électrons de recul Compton a été étudiée. Différentes solutions pour accroître la sensibilité des mesures ont été proposées. / The investigation of beam halo transverse distributions is an important issue for beam losses and background control in ATF2 and in Future Linear Colliders (FLC). A novel in vacuum diamond sensor (DSv) scanner with four strips has been designed and developed for the investigation of beam halo transverse distributions and also for the diagnostics of Compton recoil electrons after the interaction point (IP) of ATF2, a low energy (1.3 GeV) prototype of the final focus system for ILC and CLIC linear collider projects. This thesis presents the beam halo and Compton recoil electrons studies as well as the characterization, performance studies and tests of the diamond sensors (DS) both at PHIL, a low energy (<10 MeV) photo-injector at LAL, and at ATF2. First beam halo measurement results using wire scanners (WS) and DSv at ATF2 are also presented and compared in this thesis. Simulations using Mad-X and CAIN were done to estimate the rate of the beam halo and Compton recoil electrons. Simulation results have indicated that a large dynamic range of more than 10⁶ is needed for a simultaneous measurement of the beam core, beam halo and Compton recoil electrons. A single crystalline Chemical Vapor-Deposition (sCVD) based DSv was developed for this purpose. Prior to the diamond detector installation, first attempt of beam halo measurements have been performed in 2013 using the currently installed WS. With a limited dynamic range of ~10³ , the beam halo distribution was measured only up to ~±6σ in the extraction (EXT) line. Parametrizations of the measured beam halo distribution showed a consistent distribution with previous measurements done in 2005 at the old ATF beam line. Meanwhile, an asymmetric vertical beam halo distribution was observed for the first time using the post-IP WS, the origin of which is currently under investigation using the DSv.Studies to characterize DS pads with dimensions of 4.5x4.5x0.5 mm³ were carried out using the α and β sources. Charge carrier transport parameters (lifetime, saturation velocity etc.) were obtained using the transient-current technique (TCT). Furthermore, the linearity of the DS response was tested at PHIL with different beam intensities in air: a maximum signal of 108 electrons was measured with a linear response up to 10⁷ electrons. Similar linearity studies were done for the DSv at ATF2, where we have successfully demonstrated and confirmed for the first time a dynamic range of ~10⁶ by a simultaneous beam core (~10⁹ e-) and beam halo (~10³ e-) measurement using the DSv. Present limitations due to signal pick-up and saturation effects, which prevent the DSv from reaching a dynamic range higher than 10⁶ , were also studied.First measurements of the horizontal beam halo distribution using the DSv were performed up to ~±20σx, where the beam halo was proved to be collimated by the apertures. Horizontal beam halo distributions consistent with the 2005 and 2013 parametrizations were confirmed. The possibility of probing the Compton recoil electrons has been investigated and different ways to increase their visibility have been proposed.

Um material composto, formado pela mistura de muitos elementos, pode ser convenientemente descrito, a partir da forma com que a radiação interage com ele, como se fosse formado por um elemento ctício com um número atômico efetivo, Zef. Esse parâmetro não é constante com a energia, entretanto, pode ser considerado uma ferramenta útil na caracterização de tecidos biológicos, materiais tecido-equivalentes e dosímetros. Várias formas de determinação do Zef foram propostas na literatura, dentre elas, estão os métodos de atenuação que se baseiam no uso da seção de choque total (obtido a partir do coeciente de atenuação linear mássico (µ/)) e os métodos de espalhamento que se baseiam na razão entre as seções de choque diferenciais Rayleigh e Compton. Neste trabalho, buscou-se estudar métodos de obter Zef de forma experimental e teórica, por dois métodos (atenuação e espalhamento) para completar lacunas existentes na literatura. No método de atenuação, foi utilizado o (µ/) como grandeza de interação que, no conhecimento dos autores, ainda não foi utilizado. Para isso, arranjos experimentais que permitam determinar a densidade, , e o coeciente de atenuação linear, µ, foi construído. O µ (de materiais tecido-equivalentes e tecidos biológicos) foi determinado tanto para energia de 59.54 keV (fonte 241Am) com detector CdTe, quanto para faixa de energia entre 15 e 45 keV (tubo de raios X com alvo de W) com detector SDD. Um novo programa computacional para determinar o número atômico efetivo a partir do µ/ foi implementado e validado. A sensibilidade do método foi estudada de forma a determinar Zef de forma adequada. No método de espalhamento, arranjo experimental para detectar os fótons espalhados Rayleigh e Compton (utilizando fonte de 241Am e detector CdTe) foi construído, otimizado e validado. Um programa computacional para determinação de Zef através da razão Rayleigh/Compton, R/C, foi elaborado e validado . A sensibilidade do método foi estudada e analisada de forma a determinar Zef de maneira adequada. No método de atenuação, o arranjos para determinação do µ/ possibilitaram determiná-lo com diferenças menores que 6% quando comparados com a literatura e incertezas de 3.8% para 59.54 keV e até 7% na faixa de 15 à 45 keV. Também foi vericado que o método é adequado para determinar Zef para energias de até 60 keV, pois a partir deste valor, as incertezas em Zef aumentam (para mais de 10%). No método de espalhamento, o arranjo para determinação da razão Rayleigh/Compton possibilitaram obter medidas de R/C com menos de 10% de diferença com a literatura e incertezas de 7% e foi vericado ainda, que a faixa de momento transferido entre 1 Å1 e 2 Å1 é adequada para determinar Zef (incertezas menores que 3% de incerteza) / A composite material, formed by the mixture of several elements, can be conveniently described by, from the way the radiation interacts with it, as if it were formed by a factitious element with an eective atomic number (Zef). This parameter is not constant with the energy, however, can be considered as an useful tool for characterization of biological tissues, tissue-equivalent materials and dosimeters. Several ways for the determination of Zef were proposed by the literature, among them, are the attenuation methods which are based on the total cross section (derived form the mass attenuation coecient (µ/)) and the scatter methods which are based on the ratio between the Rayleigh and Compton dierential cross sections. In this work, were study ways to obtain Zef experimentally and theoretically by two methods (attenuation and scattering) to ll the gaps in the literature. In the attenuation method µ/ was used as interaction coecient which, in the authors knowledge, it hasnt been used. For this purpose, experimental arrangements to determine the density () and the linear attenuation coecient (µ) were built. The µ (of tissue-equivalent material and biological tissues) were determined both for 59.54 keV (241Am source) with a CdTe detector and for the energy rage between 15 and 45 keV (X ray tube, W target) with a SDD detector. A new computational program for determining Zef through µ/ was implemented and validated. The method sensibility was studied in the way to determine Zef properly. In the scattering method, an experimental arrangement to detect the Rayleigh and Compton scattered photons (with 241Am source and a CdTe detector) was built, optimized and validated. A computational program to determine Zef through Rayleigh to Compton ratio, R/C, was elaborated and validated. The methods sensibility was studied and analyzed to determine Zef properly. In the attenuation method, the arrangements for determining µ/ allowed to determine it with dierences smaller than 6% when compared with the literature and uncertainties of 3.8% for 59.54 keV and up to 7% in the range of 15 to 45 keV. It has also been found that the method is suitable for determining Zef for energies of up to 60 keV, because above that energy, the uncertainties in Zef increases (more than 10%). In the scattering method, the arrangement for determining R/C made it possible to obtain measurements of R/C with less than 10% dierence with the literature and uncertainties of 7% and it was veried that the momentum transfer range between 1 Å1 and 2 Å1 is suitable for determining Zef (uncertainties less than 3 % uncertainty)

abstract: In this thesis, I present the study of nucleon structure from distinct perspectives. I start by elaborating the motivations behind the endeavors and then introducing the key concept, namely the generalized parton distribution functions (GPDs), which serves as the frame- work describing hadronic particles in terms of their fundamental constituents. The second chapter is then devoted to a detailed phenomenological study of the Virtual Compton Scattering (VCS) process, where a more comprehensive parametrization is suggested. In the third chapter, the renormalization kernels that enters the QCD evolution equations at twist- 4 accuracy are computed in terms of Feynman diagrams in momentum space, which can be viewed as an extension of the work by Bukhvostov, Frolov, Lipatov, and Kuraev (BKLK). The results can be used for determining the QCD background interaction for future precision measurements. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Physics 2016

Um material composto, formado pela mistura de muitos elementos, pode ser convenientemente descrito, a partir da forma com que a radiação interage com ele, como se fosse formado por um elemento ctício com um número atômico efetivo, Zef. Esse parâmetro não é constante com a energia, entretanto, pode ser considerado uma ferramenta útil na caracterização de tecidos biológicos, materiais tecido-equivalentes e dosímetros. Várias formas de determinação do Zef foram propostas na literatura, dentre elas, estão os métodos de atenuação que se baseiam no uso da seção de choque total (obtido a partir do coeciente de atenuação linear mássico (µ/)) e os métodos de espalhamento que se baseiam na razão entre as seções de choque diferenciais Rayleigh e Compton. Neste trabalho, buscou-se estudar métodos de obter Zef de forma experimental e teórica, por dois métodos (atenuação e espalhamento) para completar lacunas existentes na literatura. No método de atenuação, foi utilizado o (µ/) como grandeza de interação que, no conhecimento dos autores, ainda não foi utilizado. Para isso, arranjos experimentais que permitam determinar a densidade, , e o coeciente de atenuação linear, µ, foi construído. O µ (de materiais tecido-equivalentes e tecidos biológicos) foi determinado tanto para energia de 59.54 keV (fonte 241Am) com detector CdTe, quanto para faixa de energia entre 15 e 45 keV (tubo de raios X com alvo de W) com detector SDD. Um novo programa computacional para determinar o número atômico efetivo a partir do µ/ foi implementado e validado. A sensibilidade do método foi estudada de forma a determinar Zef de forma adequada. No método de espalhamento, arranjo experimental para detectar os fótons espalhados Rayleigh e Compton (utilizando fonte de 241Am e detector CdTe) foi construído, otimizado e validado. Um programa computacional para determinação de Zef através da razão Rayleigh/Compton, R/C, foi elaborado e validado . A sensibilidade do método foi estudada e analisada de forma a determinar Zef de maneira adequada. No método de atenuação, o arranjos para determinação do µ/ possibilitaram determiná-lo com diferenças menores que 6% quando comparados com a literatura e incertezas de 3.8% para 59.54 keV e até 7% na faixa de 15 à 45 keV. Também foi vericado que o método é adequado para determinar Zef para energias de até 60 keV, pois a partir deste valor, as incertezas em Zef aumentam (para mais de 10%). No método de espalhamento, o arranjo para determinação da razão Rayleigh/Compton possibilitaram obter medidas de R/C com menos de 10% de diferença com a literatura e incertezas de 7% e foi vericado ainda, que a faixa de momento transferido entre 1 Å1 e 2 Å1 é adequada para determinar Zef (incertezas menores que 3% de incerteza) / A composite material, formed by the mixture of several elements, can be conveniently described by, from the way the radiation interacts with it, as if it were formed by a factitious element with an eective atomic number (Zef). This parameter is not constant with the energy, however, can be considered as an useful tool for characterization of biological tissues, tissue-equivalent materials and dosimeters. Several ways for the determination of Zef were proposed by the literature, among them, are the attenuation methods which are based on the total cross section (derived form the mass attenuation coecient (µ/)) and the scatter methods which are based on the ratio between the Rayleigh and Compton dierential cross sections. In this work, were study ways to obtain Zef experimentally and theoretically by two methods (attenuation and scattering) to ll the gaps in the literature. In the attenuation method µ/ was used as interaction coecient which, in the authors knowledge, it hasnt been used. For this purpose, experimental arrangements to determine the density () and the linear attenuation coecient (µ) were built. The µ (of tissue-equivalent material and biological tissues) were determined both for 59.54 keV (241Am source) with a CdTe detector and for the energy rage between 15 and 45 keV (X ray tube, W target) with a SDD detector. A new computational program for determining Zef through µ/ was implemented and validated. The method sensibility was studied in the way to determine Zef properly. In the scattering method, an experimental arrangement to detect the Rayleigh and Compton scattered photons (with 241Am source and a CdTe detector) was built, optimized and validated. A computational program to determine Zef through Rayleigh to Compton ratio, R/C, was elaborated and validated. The methods sensibility was studied and analyzed to determine Zef properly. In the attenuation method, the arrangements for determining µ/ allowed to determine it with dierences smaller than 6% when compared with the literature and uncertainties of 3.8% for 59.54 keV and up to 7% in the range of 15 to 45 keV. It has also been found that the method is suitable for determining Zef for energies of up to 60 keV, because above that energy, the uncertainties in Zef increases (more than 10%). In the scattering method, the arrangement for determining R/C made it possible to obtain measurements of R/C with less than 10% dierence with the literature and uncertainties of 7% and it was veried that the momentum transfer range between 1 Å1 and 2 Å1 is suitable for determining Zef (uncertainties less than 3 % uncertainty)

Depuis l'avènement des premiers appareils imageurs par rayonnement ionisant initié par les prix Nobel Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield et Allan MacLeod Cormack en 1979, le besoin en de nouvelles techniques d'imagerie non invasives n'a cessé de croître. Ces techniques s'appuient sur les propriétés de pénétration dans la matière des rayonnements X et gamma pour détecter une structure cachée sans avoir à détruire le milieu exposé. Elles sont employées dans de nombreux domaines allant de l'imagerie médicale au contrôle non destructif en passant par le contrôle environnemental. Cependant les techniques utilisées jusqu'à maintenant subissent de fortes dégradations dans la qualité des mesures et des images reconstruites. Généralement approchées par un bruit, ces dégradations exigent d'être compensées ou corrigées par des dispositifs de collimation et de filtrage souvent coûteux. Ces dégradations sont principalement dues aux phénomènes de diffusion qui peuvent constituer jusqu'à 80 % du rayonnement émis en imagerie biomédicale. Dès les années 80 un nouveau concept a vu le jour pourcontourner cette difficulté : la tomographie Compton. Cette nouvelle approche propose de mesurer le rayonnement dit diffusé en se plaçant dans des gammes d'énergie (140−511 keV) où l'effet Compton est le phénomène de diffusion prépondérant. L'exploitation de tels dispositifs d'imagerie nécessite une compréhension profonde des interactions rayonnement/matière afin de proposer un modèle, cohérent avec les données mesurées, indispensable à la reconstruction d'images. Dans les systèmes d'imagerie conventionnels (qui mesurent le rayonnement primaire), la transformée de Radon définie sur les lignes droites est apparue comme le modèle naturel. Mais en tomographie Compton, l'information mesurée est liée à l'énergie de diffusion et ainsi à l'angle de diffusion.Ainsi la géométrie circulaire induite par le phénomène de diffusion rend la transformée de Radon classique inadaptée. Dans ce contexte, il devient nécessaire de proposer des transformées de type Radon sur des variétés géométriques plus larges.L'étude de la transformée de Radon sur de nouvelles diversités de courbes devient alors nécessaire pour répondre aux besoins d'outils analytiques de nouvelles techniques d'imagerie. Cormack, lui-même, fut le premier à étendre les propriétés de la transformée de Radon classique à une famille de courbes du plan. Par la suite plusieurs travaux ont été menés dans le but d'étudier la transformée de Radon définie sur différentes variétés de cercles, des sphères, des lignes brisées pour ne citer qu'eux. En 1994 S.J. Norton proposa la première modalité de tomography Compton modélisable par une transformée de Radon sur lesarcs de cercle, la CART1. En 2010 Nguyen et Truong établirent l'inversion de la transformée de Radon sur les arcs de cercle, CART2, permettant de modéliser la formation d'image dans une nouvelle modalité de tomographie Compton. La géométrie des supports d'intégration impliqués dans de nouvelles modalitésde tomographie Compton les conduirent à démontrer l'invertibilité de la transformée de Radon définie sur une famille de courbes de type Cormack, appelée C_alpha. Ils illustrèrent la procédure d'inversion dans le cadre d'une nouvelle transformée, la CART3 modélisant une nouvelle modalité de tomographie Compton.En nous basant sur les travaux de Cormack et de Truong et Nguyen, nous proposons d'établir plusieurs propriétés de la transformée de Radon définie sur la famille C_alpha et plus particulièrement sur C1. Nous avons ainsi démontré deux formules d'inversion qui reconstruisent l'image d'origine via sa décompositionharmonique circulaire et celle de sa transformée et qui s'apparentent à celles établies par Truong and Nguyen. Nous avons enfin établi la bien connue rétroprojection filtrée ainsi que la décomposition en valeurs singulières dans le cas alpha = 1. L'ensemble des résultats établis dans le cadre de cette étude apporte des réponses concrètes a / Since the advent of the first ionizing radiation imaging devices initiated by Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield and Allan MacLeod Cormack, Nobel Prizes in 1979, the requirement for new non-invasive imaging techniques has grown. These techniques rely upon the properties of penetration in the matter of X and gamma radiation for detecting a hidden structure without destroying the illuminated environment. They are used in many fields ranging from medical imaging to non-destructive testing through. However, the techniques used so far suffer severe degradation in the quality of measurement and reconstructed images. Usually approximated by a noise, these degradations require to be compensated or corrected by collimating devices and often expensive filtering. These degradation is mainly due to scattering phenomena which may constitute up to 80% of the emitted radiation in biological tissue. In the 80's a new concept has emerged to circumvent this difficulty : the Compton scattering tomography (CST).This new approach proposes to measure the scattered radiation considering energy ranges ( 140-511 keV) where the Compton effect is the phenomenon of leading broadcast. The use of such imaging devices requires a deep understanding of the interactions between radiation and matter to propose a modeling, consistent with the measured data, which is essential to image reconstruction. In conventional imaging systems (which measure the primary radiation) the Radon transformdefined on the straight lines emerged as the natural modeling. But in Compton scattering tomography, the measured information is related to the scattering energy and thus the scattering angle. Thus the circular geometry induced by scattering phenomenon makes the classical Radon transform inadequate.In this context, it becomes necessary to provide such Radon transforms on broader geometric manifolds.The study of the Radon transform on new manifolds of curves becomes necessary to provide theoretical needs for new imaging techniques. Cormack, himself, was the first to extend the properties of the conventional Radon transform of a family of curves of the plane. Thereafter several studies have been done in order to study the Radon transform defined on different varieties of circles, spheres, broken lines ... . In 1994 S.J. Norton proposed the first modality in Compton scattering tomography modeled by a Radon transform on circular arcs, the CART1 here. In 2010, Nguyen and Truong established the inversion formula of a Radon transform on circular arcs, CART2, to model the image formation in a new modality in Compton scattering tomography. The geometry involved in the integration support of new modalities in Compton scattering tomography lead them to demonstrate the invertibility of the Radon transform defined on a family of Cormack-type curves, called C_alpha. They illustrated the inversion procedure in the case of a new transform, the CART3, modeling a new modeling of Compton scattering tomography. Based on the work of Cormack and Truong and Nguyen, we propose to establish several properties of the Radon transform on the family C_alpha especially on C1. We have thus demonstrated two inversion formulae that reconstruct the original image via its circular harmonic decomposition and itscorresponding transform. These formulae are similar to those established by Truong and Nguyen. We finally established the well-known filtered back projection and singular value decomposition in the case alpha = 1. All results established in this study provide practical problems of image reconstruction associated with these new transforms. In particular we were able to establish new inversion methods for transforms CART1,2,3 as well as numerical approaches necessary for the implementation of these transforms. All these results enable to solve problems of image formation and reconstruction related to three Compton scattering tomography modalities.In addition we propose to improve models and algorithms es

Les travaux décrits dans cette thèse sont centrés sur la caractérisation et l’optimisation d’une camera Compton à phase unique au xénon liquide pour des applications médicales. Le détecteur a été conçu pour exploiter les avantages d’une technique d’imagerie médicale innovante appelée l’imagerie 3γ. Elle vise à l’obtention de la position en 3D d’une source radioactive avec une très haute sensibilité et une réduction importante de la dose administrée au patient. L’imagerie 3γ est basée sur la détection en coïncidence de 3 photons gamma émis par un émetteur spécifique (+β, γ), le 44Sc. Un premier prototype de camera Compton au xénon liquide a été développé par le laboratoire Subatech à travers le projet XEMIS (Xenon Medical Imaging System), pour démontrer la faisabilité de l’imagerie 3γ. Ce nouveau système de détection comporte un système de cryogénie avancé et une électronique front-end à très faible bruit qui fonctionne à la température du xénon liquide. Ce travail a contribué à la caractérisation de la réponse du détecteur et à l’optimisation de la mesure du signal d’ionisation. L'influence de la grille de Frisch sur le signal mesuré a été particulièrement étudiée. Les premières preuves de la reconstruction Compton en utilisant une source de ²²Na (β+, Eγ = 1.274 MeV) sont aussi rapportées dans cette thèse et valident la preuve de concept de la faisabilité de l’imagerie 3γ. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse ont joué un rôle essentiel dans le développement d’une camera Compton au xénon liquide de grandes dimensions pour l’imagerie des petits animaux. Ce nouveau détecteur, appelée XEMIS2, est maintenant en phase de construction. / The work described in this thesis is focused on the characterization and optimization of a single-phaseliquid xenon Compton camera for medical imaging applications. The detector has been conceived to exploit the advantages of an innovative medical imaging technique called 3γ imaging, which aims to obtain aprecise 3D location of a radioactive source with high sensitivity and an important reduction of the dose administered to the patient. The 3γ imaging technique is based on the detection in coincidence of 3gamma rays emitted by a specific (+β, γ) emitter radionuclide,the 44Sc. A first prototype of a liquid xenon Compton camera has been developed by Subatech laboratory within the XEMIS (Xenon Medical Imaging System) project, to proof the feasibility of the 3γ imaging technique. This new detection framework is based on an advanced cryogenic system and an ultra-low noise front-end electronics operating at liquid xenon temperature. This work has contributed to the characterization of the detector response and the optimization of the ionization signal extraction. A particular interest has been given to the influence of the Frisch grid on the measured signals. First experimental evidences of the Compton cone reconstruction using asource of ²²Na (β+, Eγ = 1.274 MeV) are also reported in this thesis, which demonstrate the proof of concept of the feasibility of the 3γ imaging. The results reported in this thesis have been essential for the development of a larger scale liquid xenon Compton camera for small animal imaging. This new detector, called XEMIS2, is now in phase of construction.

In der nuklearmedizinischen Bildgebung mit Anger-Kameras wird ein höheres Auflösungsvermögen durch Limitierung der Nachweiseffizienz erreicht. Compton Cameras können die Nachweiseffizienz mittels elektronischer Kollimation, die zur Ortsbestimmung die Compton-Kinematik anwendet, erhöhen. Ein alternativer Ansatz für die Konstruktion einer Compton Camera, die Streu- und Absorptionsebenen in einer Ebene kombiniert, wurde in der Vergangenheit untersucht. Die sogenannte Single Plane Compton Camera ist in der Lage, Punktquellen im Vakuum getrennt aufzulösen. Zur Darstellung komplexerer Bildinhalte wird die Optimierung der Bildrekonstruktion angestrebt. Diese umfasst ein umfängliches Verständnis des Messprinzips, das in dieser Arbeit dargelegt wird. Jeweils ein 3D-Rekonstruktionsalgorithmus wurde für konventionell gebinnte und List-Mode-Daten implementiert. Anhand eines vorliegenden Simulationsdatensatzes einer einfachen Detektorkonfiguration wurden Messdaten generiert und rekonstruiert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass aufgrund der hohen Zählstatistik ein robustes Signal-to-Noise-Ratio erhalten wird. List-Mode-Verfahren eignen sich aufgrund eines höheren Rechenaufwandes nicht. Die mittlere Ortsinformation der Ereignisse ist systembedingt gering und beeinträchtigt die Ortsauflösung, welche für E = 662 keV etwa 15 mm in einem Abstand von 50cmm beträgt. Eine Verbesserung der Auflösung ist durch die Algorithmen nicht möglich, sondern umfasst technische Maßnahmen, welche anhand dieser Arbeit in weiteren Studien umgesetzt werden können.:1 Einleitung 2 Single Plane Compton Imaging 3 Bildrekonstruktion beim Single Plane Compton Imaging 4 Materialien und Methoden 5 Ergebnisse 6 Diskussion 7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Literaturverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Selbstständigkeitserklärung A Herleitung des ML-EM Algorithmus B Tiefergehende Informationen zu OE C C++-Code für die Bildrekonstruktion beim SPCI / In nuclear medicine imaging, the Anger camera imposes a limit on the detection efficiency in order to improve the spatial resolution. The detection efficiency can be increased with electronically collimated systems known as Compton Cameras, which use the kinematics of Compton scattering to locate the detected events. An alternative approach to the design of a Compton Camera combining scatter and absorption planes was investigated in the past. It was shown that the so-called Single Plane Compton Camera is able to separately reconstruct two point sources in empty space. Further optimization is required to reconstruct more complex images. Thus, an extensive understanding of the measurement principle is provided. Two 3D-algorithms were implemented for binned data and list mode data. Measurement data were generated by means of an existing simulated data set of a simple detector design and reconstructed. It is shown that a robust signal-to-noise ratio can be achieved due to high numbers of detected counts. List mode algorithms produce high computational costs and binned algorithms may be used instead. The average position information is low and imposes a negative impact on the spatial resolution, which is about 15mm at a distance of 50mm for E = 662 keV. The implemented algorithms cannot increase the spatial resolution due to lack of precise position information. Therefore, future studies should focus on technical measures, which are given in this thesis.:1 Einleitung 2 Single Plane Compton Imaging 3 Bildrekonstruktion beim Single Plane Compton Imaging 4 Materialien und Methoden 5 Ergebnisse 6 Diskussion 7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Literaturverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Selbstständigkeitserklärung A Herleitung des ML-EM Algorithmus B Tiefergehende Informationen zu OE C C++-Code für die Bildrekonstruktion beim SPCI

Ultrashort, nearly monochromatic hard X-ray pulses enrich the understanding of the dynamics and function of matter, e.g., the motion of atomic structures associated with ultrafast phase transitions, structural dynamics and (bio)chemical reactions. Inverse Compton backscattering of intense laser pulses from relativistic electrons not only allows for the generation of bright X-ray pulses which can be used in a pump-probe experiment, but also for the investigation of the electron beam dynamics at the interaction point. The focus of this PhD work lies on the detailed understanding of the kinematics during the interaction of the relativistic electron bunch and the laser pulse in order to quantify the influence of various experiment parameters on the emitted X-ray radiation. The experiment was conducted at the ELBE center for high power radiation sources using the ELBE superconducting linear accelerator and the DRACO Ti:sapphire laser system. The combination of both these state-of-the-art apparatuses guaranteed the control and stability of the interacting beam parameters throughout the measurement. The emitted X-ray spectra were detected with a pixelated detector of 1024 by 256 elements (each 26μm by 26μm) to achieve an unprecedented spatial and energy resolution for a full characterization of the emitted spectrum to reveal parameter influences and correlations of both interacting beams. In this work the influence of the electron beam energy, electron beam emittance, the laser bandwidth and the energy-angle-correlation on the spectra of the backscattered X-rays is quantified. A rigorous statistical analysis comparing experimental data to ab-initio 3D simulations enabled, e.g., the extraction of the angular distribution of electrons with 1.5% accuracy and, in total, provides predictive capability for the future high brightness hard X-ray source PHOENIX (Photon electron collider for Narrow bandwidth Intense X-rays) and potential all optical gamma-ray sources. The results will serve as a milestone and starting point for the scaling of the X-ray flux based on available interaction parameters of an ultrashort bright X-ray source at the ELBE center for high power radiation sources. The knowledge of the spatial and spectral distribution of photons from an inverse Compton scattering source is essential in designing future experiments as well as for tailoring the X-ray spectral properties to an experimental need. / Ultrakurze, quasi-monochromatische harte Röntgenpulse erweitern das Verständnis für die dynamischen Prozesse und funktionalen Zusammenhänge in Materie, beispielsweise die Dynamik in atomaren Strukturen bei ultraschnellen Phasenübergängen, Gitterbewegungen und (bio)chemischen Reaktionen. Compton-Rückstreuung erlaubt die Erzeugung der für ein pump-probe-Experiment benötigten intensiven Röntgenpulse und ermöglicht gleichzeitig einen Einblick in die komplexen kinematischen Prozesse während der Wechselwirkung von Elektronen und Photonen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, ein quantitatives Verständnis der verschiedenen experimentellen Einflüsse auf die emittierte Röntgenstrahlung bei der Streuung von Laserphotonen an relativistischen Elektronen zu entwickeln. Die Experimente wurden am ELBE - Zentrum für Hochleistungs-Strahlenquellen des Helmholtz-Zentrums Dresden - Rossendorf durchgeführt. Der verwendete supraleitende Linearbschleuniger ELBE und der auf Titan-Saphir basierende Hochleistungslaser DRACO garantieren ein Höchstmaß an Kontrolle und Stabilität der experimentellen Bedingungen. Zur Messung der emittierten Röntgenstrahlung wurde ein Siliziumdetektor mit 1024x256 Pixeln (Pixelgröße 26μm × 26μm) verwendet, welcher für eine bisher nicht erreichte spektrale und räumliche Auflösung sorgt. Die so erfolgte vollständige Charakterisierung der Energie-Winkel-Beziehung erlaubt Rückschlüsse auf Parametereinflüsse und Korrelationen von Elektronen- und Laserstrahl. Eine umfassende statistische Analyse, bei der ab-initio 3D Simulationen mit den experimentellen Daten verglichen und ausgewertet wurden, ermöglichte u.a. die Bestimmung der Elektronenstrahldivergenz mit einer Genauigkeit von 1.5% und erlaubt Vorhersagen zur zu erwartenden Strahlung der zukünftigen brillianten Röntgenquelle PHOENIX (Photon electron collider for Narrow bandwidth Intense X-rays) und potentiellen lasergetriebenen Gammastrahlungsquellen. Die Ergebnisse dienen als Fixpunkt für die Skalierung des erwarteten Photonenflusses der Röntgenquelle für die verfügbaren Ausgangsgrößen am Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf. Das Wissen um die räumliche und spektrale Verteilung der Röntgenstrahlung ist entscheidend für die Planung zukünftiger Experimente sowie zur Anpassung der Quelle an experimentelle Bedürfnisse.