This essay aims to find a correlation between the poetry of William Butler Yeats and the social-cultural context of its time-period. With the aid of conceptual history, representations of fundamental concepts can be revealed in the written text. The methodological approach is based on Reinhart Koselleck's Begriffsgeschichte where concepts are used for timing history. The two concepts in focus in the essay are 'crisis' and 'the Golden Age'. The results found in the analysis of Yeats' poems displayed to a high amount the representation of the concept of 'crisis', revealing that crisis in the society at that time is reflected in Yeats' poems, but representations of the counter-concept 'the Golden Age' was only partly found in poems from his later collections. A suggestion for further research is to perform a study where several contemporary poets are investigated simultaneously with the aid of conceptual history.

This work is a study of the concept of progress in Bukhara between approximately 1860 and 1920. It is based on unpublished and published sources from this period. The study suggests that not only the technological and social developments that took place on a global scale between 1860 and 1920 affected the conceptualization of progress in Bukhara, but that globalized narratives on progress did so as well. Cosmographical concepts and explanations that previously were more common were notably absent in what during the 1910s became a discourse on progress, but the concept of progress still had an important eschatological dimension and was closely related to apocalypticism. Chapter One presents the context of the study. The second chapter discusses the theoretical framework and the analytical concepts. The next chapter continues by outlining the political, economic and cultural conditions in Bukhara during this period as well as providing a short historiographical discussion. The fourth chapter discusses the concept of geography and how it affected metaphorical constructions of time. Chapter Five is a study of how Bukharan travellers conceived of novelties. The following chapter discusses the direction of discontinuity and its eschatological implications. Chapter Seven studies how knowledge was temporalized and affected by a shift in the direction of discontinuity. Chapter Eight discusses the lexeme taraqqī, in which the concept of progress later was embedded, as well as various synchronic and diachronic orders. Chapter Nine discusses the eschatological and apocalyptic discourse in Bukhara during the 1910s. The last chapter contains general conclusions in the form of a discussion of the operational environment of progress in Bukhara between approximately 1860 and 1920.

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Cette thèse de doctorat se propose d’étudier la formulation de discours à propos des «cultures/civilisations» occidentale et chinoise en Chine entre 1919 et 1931, en prenant les textes de Zhang Junmai comme point focal. La problématique centrale de ce travail est de mettre en lumière ce que j’ai appelé la «sinodicée» de Zhang Junmai, c’est-à-dire sa théorie justificatrice de la culture chinoise, théorie entendue à la fois dans son articulation conceptuelle et dans sa présentation discursive. Grâce à une étude détaillée des écrits de Zhang Junmai, ce travail offre une perspective nouvelle sur les trajectoires et les usages des expressions «culture chinoise» et «culture occidentale» dans le contexte de la Chine moderne. À travers une critique de précédents travaux peu sensibles aux problématiques soulevées par l’histoire sémantique et conceptuelle, est proposée une remise en question des principales grilles conceptuelles utilisées dans l’étude de l’histoire intellectuelle et politique de la Chine des années vingt. Face à la thèse de «la renonciation au politique» en vogue dans les travaux sur cette période, je montre au contraire que les débats autour de la notion de «culture» sous-tendent une refonte du répertoire conceptuel pour penser le monde et le politique. Chemin faisant, je montre que la sinodicée de Zhang Junmai n’est en rien un projet de type identitaire : la défense de la culture chinoise, et plus particulièrement du néoconfucianisme chez Zhang n’étant pas une valorisation d’un passé sacralisé, mais la revendication d’une indépendance chinoise et d’une capacité du peuple chinois à s’autodéterminer à travers la reconstruction du politique en Chine. / This doctoral dissertation investigates the formation of discourses concerning Western and Chinese “cultures/civilizations” in China from 1919 to 1931 through a study of Zhang Junmai’s texts. The key issue of this work is to cast light upon what I have called Zhang Junmai’s “sinodicy”, that is his defence theory of “Chinese culture”, considered from both its conceptual articulation and its discursive expression. Throughout a careful reading of Zhang Junmai’s discourses, this dissertation offers new perspectives unto the uses and trajectories of expressions such as “chinese culture” and “western culture” in Modern China. It raises questions concerning the frameworks used by previous studies that often belittled the issues of semantic and conceptual history. Against the advocacy of a “renunciation to politics” common in works concerning the intellectual and political history of China in the twenties, I show that the debates around the notion of “culture” implied the foundation of a new conceptual repertoire to think the world and Chinese polity. I also argue that Zhang Junmai’s sinodicy was not the affirmation of a culturalist discourse build on an identity issue. His defence of Chinese culture, and of Neoconfucianism, cannot be understood as a valorisation of a sacralised past, but should be regarded as the advocacy of a Chinese intellectual independence, and the promotion of Chinese people’s abilities to self-determination. The cultural issue goes along with the problem of rebuilding a political order in China.

Esta tese tem como principal objetivo discutir o livro Sobre a Revolução de Hannah Arendt. Levando em conta que este livro foi menos discutido pelos comentadores do que Origens do Totalitarismo, Condição Humana e Eichmann em Jerusalém, nossa pesquisa busca contribuir com a literatura sobre o pensamento arendtiano. Além disso, também visamos a contribuir com os debates de filosofia política ao tratar dos conceitos centrais apresentados em Sobre a Revolução tais como liberdade, ação, poder, fundação, resistência, soberania, dominação, governo, representação, entre outros. Mostraremos que as concepções de revolução e política no pensamento de Arendt são formuladas em contraposição à tradição e às teorias mais influentes de seu tempo: o marxismo e o liberalismo. Para ela, as categorias tradicionais não são capazes de explicar as novidades que as revoluções trouxeram. O marxismo favorece o debate sobre as questões sociais em detrimento das questões políticas e não leva em conta a Revolução Norte-Americana. Já o liberalismo trata principalmente das atividades privadas e do bemestar individual e, com isso, desvaloriza a atividade pública e as experiências revolucionárias. Nesse sentido, Sobre a Revolução nasceu de um esforço de valorizar os aspectos políticos da revolução e criticar as teorias hegemônicas da década de 1960. Pensamos que o viés crítico deste livro não perdeu sua força: Arendt, diferentemente da historiografia e do pensamento político que surgiram a partir da década de 1980, não afirma que a experiência revolucionária francesa foi um completo fracasso nem considera que a principal novidade da Revolução Norte-Americana foi estabelecer um governo representativo liberal. Ela discute tanto os grandes feitos e ideias quanto os equívocos das Revoluções no Novo e no Velho Mundo. Levando isso em conta, esta tese discutirá os conceitos políticos de Arendt, apresentará seu debate com o pensamento político e indicará sua crítica ao mundo contemporâneo. Nossa hipótese consiste em que Sobre a Revolução pode ser interpretado como uma narrativa da história dos conceitos. Buscaremos sustentar que neste livro a história conceitual indica a distinção entre as concepções antigas, tradicionais e revolucionárias; revela o pathos de novidade das revoluções; permite formular as narrativas das Revoluções Norte-Americana e Francesa por meio das concepções dos revolucionários; trata da distorção de significado de alguns conceitos produzida pelas teorias no século XX e recupera as concepções e experiências esquecidas, que são capazes de auxiliar na compreensão do presente. / This thesis aims at discussing primarily the book On Revolution by Hannah Arendt. Considering that this book has been less debated than Origins of Totalitarianism, The Human Condition and Eichmann in Jerusalem by the commentators, my research seeks to add to the Arendtians thought literature. Moreover, it also aims at contributing with the debates of political philosophy by dealing with the main concepts introduced in On Revolution, such as freedom, action, power, foundation, resistance, sovereign, rule, government, representation, among others. I will demonstrate that in Arendts thought the concepts of revolution and of politics are formulated against the tradition and against the most influential theories of her time: the Marxism and the Liberalism. According to her, the traditional categories are not able to explain the novelties brought by revolutions. The Marxism supports the debate on social question over the political matters and it does not take into account the North-American Revolution. In turn, Liberalism mainly deals with the private activities and individual welfare thereby it devaluates the public activities and the revolutionaries experiences. In this sense, On Revolution came from an effort to valorize the political aspects of revolutions and to criticize the hegemonic theories in the 1960s. I hold that the critic bias of this book has not lost its strength: differently from historiography and political thought which have arose since 1980, Arendt does not assert that the French revolutionary experience was a complete failure nor consider the settlement of liberal representative government as the most important novelty of North-American Revolution. She discusses both the great acts and ideas and the misconception in the revolutions of the New and Old World. Taking it into account, this thesis will discuss the Arendtian political concepts, it will introduce Arendt debate with political thought and it will indicate her critic about the contemporary world. My hypothesis is that On Revolution can be interpreted as a narrative on history of concepts. I seek to demonstrate that the conceptual history in this book points to the distinction between Ancient, traditional and revolutionaries conceptions; it discloses the pathos of novelty which was brought by the revolutions; it allows to formulate through the conceptions of revolutionaries the stories on North-American and French Revolutions; it deals with some misleading concepts created by twentieth centurys theories; and it recovers forgotten concepts and experiences able to aid in the task of understanding the present.

Esta dissertação é resultado de um estudo sócio-histórico e tem como objeto o Fracasso Escolar. Como aporte teórico-metodológico parte de Reinhart Koselleck, aproximando-se da história dos conceitos, e de Pierre Bourdieu, principalmente a partir da noção de "excluídos do interior" reflexões sobre o Estado. O objetivo principal foi compreender os significados do Fracasso Escolar, como conceito, a partir da impressa periódica de ampla circulação, nas décadas de 1980, 1990 e 2000. Optou-se por realizar a investigação assumindo a versão digitalizada do jornal Folha de S. Paulo como fonte. A investigação considerou as peculiaridades metodológicas da fonte histórica digital e indicou a operação com documentos digitais como opção fecunda na historiografia contemporânea. O recorte temporal estabeleceu-se a partir da escolha da fonte e de um levantamento prévio onde foi indicado o período de maior recorrência nos discursos sobre o Fracasso Escolar. Considerando a polissemia do conceito, a partir da História dos Conceitos, o corpus empírico da pesquisa foi composto partindo da busca pelos descritores: Fracasso Escolar, Sucesso Escolar, Reprovação Escolar e Repetência Escolar, sendo localizados 207 artigos no período destacado. Na análise dos artigos importou localizar as narrativas em termos de composição do jornal, identificar os autores e os indivíduos envolvidos nessa discussão e, ainda, compreender as causas do Fracasso Escolar anunciadas nas narrativas. O estudo contribui para pensar nas condições de possibilidade desse conceito, o Fracasso Escolar na história brasileira. Além disso, aponta para um certo crescimento da projeção do conceito no jornal Folha de S. Paulo, seja através do crescente número de artigos localizados nas últimas décadas, como também, na ampliação do espaço físico atribuído a este no jornal. Sobre os indivíduos presentes nos discursos analisados, observou-se a centralidade das vozes de especialistas e do Estado. A investigação indicou ainda, sincronia nas causas junto a polissemia do conceito, situando três focos de temas: extra-escolar, sujeitos e intraescolar. / This dissertation is the result of a socio-historical study and its object is School Failure. As a theoretical-methodological contribution from Reinhart Koselleck, approaching the conceptual history, and Pierre Bourdieu, mainly from the understanding of "excluded from the interior" and as reflections on the State. The main objective was conceived as the meaning of School Failure, as a concept, from a newspaper of wide circulation, in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. It was decided to carry out a survey assuming a digitized version of the Folha de S. Paulo as source. The research considers the methodological peculiarities of the digital history source and indication of an operation with digital documents as a fruitful option in the contemporary historiography. The period was established based on the choice of the source and on the previous survey where the period of greatest recurrence was noticed in the speeches about School Failure. The study takes into consideration the polysemy of the concept, from the History of Concepts, the empirical corpus of the research with the compound by the researchers: School Failure, School Success, School Reprobation and School Repetition, with 207 articles being located in the highlighted period. In the analysis of the articles it was important to locate the narratives in terms of composition of the newspaper, to identify the authors and the individuals involved in this discussion, as well as causes of School Failure announced in the narratives. The study contributes to understand about the conditions of choice of the concept, School Failure in Brazilian history. In addition, it points to a certain growth of the projection of the concept in Folha de S. Paulo newspaper, through the growing number of articles located in the last decades, as well as in the expansion of the physical space assigned to it in the newspaper. Regarding those present in the analyzed discourses, let us observe a centrality of the voices of experts and the State. An investigation indicated, synchronized in the causes next to a polysemy of the concept, locating three focus areas: extra-school, subjects and in-school.

Disertacijoje rekonstruojama modernios politinės minties raida Lietuvoje. Pagrindiniu analizės objektu siekiant šio tikslo tampa valstybės sąvoka, kuri sintezuoja ir iš politinės teorijos perspektyvos leidžia interpretuoti ją vartojančių intelektualų prielaidas apie asmens, visuomenės ir pačios politijos (bendriausia sąvoka nusakanti politinę tvarką) prigimtį. Analizė atliekama pasitelkiant ir derinant tris intelektualinės istorijos mokyklas: idėjų istoriją, sąvokų istoriją ir politiškumo istoriją. Disertacijoje parodoma, kad valstybės sąvokos atsiradimas XIX a. pr. ir įsitvirtinimas lietuvių kalboje bei politinėje mintyje yra neatsiejamos nuo modernių politinių paradigmų sklaidos. XIX a. pab. vykęs tautinis atgimimas taip pat skatino lietuviškų politinių sąvokų kūrimą, kurios leistų naujai apibūdinti politiją kaip abstraktų ir suverenų socialinį darinį. Per visą XX a. vykusi sąvokos ideologizacija – skirtingas vartojimas konkuruojantiems ideologiniams projektams pagrįsti – leidžia išskirti keletą Lietuvos visuomenei būdingų santykio su valstybe modelių. Tarpukariu labiausiai išryškėjo organiškas, tautininkiškas, demokratinis-legalistinis ir marksistinis-ekonomistinis valstybės konceptualizavimo būdai. Po II-ojo pasaulinio karo Lietuvoje buvo įtvirtintas marksistinis ir legalistinis valstybės apibrėžimo modelis, kai tuo tarpu išeivijoje buvo plėtojama organiškoji ir įdiegta liberalioji valstybės koncepcija. / This dissertation seeks to reconstruct the development of the modern Lithuanian political thought. The main object of the analysis for achieving this goal is the concept of the state (Lith. valstybė). It serves as a synthetic concept and helps to interpret the utterances of the important Lithuanian intellectuals about the person, society and polity as such from the standpoint of political theory. Analysis is done by combining three schools of intellectual history: history of ideas, conceptual history and history of the political. The dissertation shows that the genesis of the concept of the state since the beginning of the 19th century and its embedding in the modern political language and thought cannnot be separated from the development of a modern political paradigm. The national awakening at the end of the 19th century also led to the creation of new political concepts, which helped to define the polity as an abstract and sovereign entity. The ideologization of the concept (different usage of it in order to provide the basis for competing ideological projects) enables to distinguish several different attitudes towards the state specific for the Lithuanian political culture. During the Interbellum period it is possible to indicate four main modes to conceptualize the state: organic, nationalistic, democratic-legalistic and Marxist-economistic. After the Second World War Marxist and legalistic conceptualization of the state became the dominant ones in Lithuania, and the... [to full text]

This dissertation seeks to reconstruct the development of the modern Lithuanian political thought. The main object of the analysis for achieving this goal is the concept of the state (Lith. valstybė). It serves as a synthetic concept and helps to interpret the utterances of the important Lithuanian intellectuals about the person, society and polity as such from the standpoint of political theory. Analysis is done by combining three schools of intellectual history: history of ideas, conceptual history and history of the political. The dissertation shows that the genesis of the concept of the state since the beginning of the 19th century and its embedding in the modern political language and thought cannnot be separated from the development of a modern political paradigm. The national awakening at the end of the 19th century also led to the creation of new political concepts, which helped to define the polity as an abstract and sovereign entity. The ideologization of the concept (different usage of it in order to provide the basis for competing ideological projects) enables to distinguish several different attitudes towards the state specific for the Lithuanian political culture. During the Interbellum period it is possible to indicate four main modes to conceptualize the state: organic, nationalistic, democratic-legalistic and Marxist-economistic. After the Second World War Marxist and legalistic conceptualization of the state became the dominant ones in Lithuania, and the... [to full text] / Disertacijoje rekonstruojama modernios politinės minties raida Lietuvoje. Pagrindiniu analizės objektu siekiant šio tikslo tampa valstybės sąvoka, kuri sintezuoja ir iš politinės teorijos perspektyvos leidžia interpretuoti ją vartojančių intelektualų prielaidas apie asmens, visuomenės ir pačios politijos (bendriausia sąvoka nusakanti politinę tvarką) prigimtį. Analizė atliekama pasitelkiant ir derinant tris intelektualinės istorijos mokyklas: idėjų istoriją, sąvokų istoriją ir politiškumo istoriją. Disertacijoje parodoma, kad valstybės sąvokos atsiradimas XIX a. pr. ir įsitvirtinimas lietuvių kalboje bei politinėje mintyje yra neatsiejamos nuo modernių politinių paradigmų sklaidos. XIX a. pab. vykęs tautinis atgimimas taip pat skatino lietuviškų politinių sąvokų kūrimą, kurios leistų naujai apibūdinti politiją kaip abstraktų ir suverenų socialinį darinį. Per visą XX a. vykusi sąvokos ideologizacija – skirtingas vartojimas konkuruojantiems ideologiniams projektams pagrįsti – leidžia išskirti keletą Lietuvos visuomenei būdingų santykio su valstybe modelių. Tarpukariu labiausiai išryškėjo organiškas, tautininkiškas, demokratinis-legalistinis ir marksistinis-ekonomistinis valstybės konceptualizavimo būdai. Po II-ojo pasaulinio karo Lietuvoje buvo įtvirtintas marksistinis ir legalistinis valstybės apibrėžimo modelis, kai tuo tarpu išeivijoje buvo plėtojama organiškoji ir įdiegta liberalioji valstybės koncepcija.

In this study, my intention has been to examine how the ambiguous concept of corruption is constructed by the press. Emphasizing the media’s representations of the socially constructed and context-specific concept, this work adopts a critical perspective on discourse, together with an approach of conceptual history. Finland has for many years been appointed as one of the least corrupt countries in the world, signing several international conventions against corruption since the 1990s, which in turn has led to an increase in discussion regarding the phenomenon. By conducting a multi-method study, my aim has been to analyse the possible changes in the definition of ”corruption” in the Finnish newspaper Hufvudstadsbladet during the period 2000-2013. Using the theoretical framework of Fairclough’s media discourse and Koselleck’s conceptual history, the concept has been analysed in light of Finnish legislation regarding corruption during this period. The analysis yielded several results. The concept of corruption is defined as a both moral and legal problem, resulting in shifting meanings. A change in the representation of levels of corruption in Finland, from optimistic to pessimistic is illustrated, which is upheld in the press by results from international corruption surveys and statements made by those in power. Overall, while discourse on corruption is both constructed and transformed by journalists, it has ideological effects when what is presented as facts are in reality based on statements made by experts and political actors.  Finally the analysis shows that “corruption” and “trust”, being asymmetrical concepts, constitute an inseparable pair of concepts. In a democratic country these concepts depend on each other, making corruption a matter of the entire society. I propose that further research examine the possible changes in the concept of corruption over a longer period of time.

Esta dissertação é resultado de um estudo sócio-histórico e tem como objeto o Fracasso Escolar. Como aporte teórico-metodológico parte de Reinhart Koselleck, aproximando-se da história dos conceitos, e de Pierre Bourdieu, principalmente a partir da noção de "excluídos do interior" reflexões sobre o Estado. O objetivo principal foi compreender os significados do Fracasso Escolar, como conceito, a partir da impressa periódica de ampla circulação, nas décadas de 1980, 1990 e 2000. Optou-se por realizar a investigação assumindo a versão digitalizada do jornal Folha de S. Paulo como fonte. A investigação considerou as peculiaridades metodológicas da fonte histórica digital e indicou a operação com documentos digitais como opção fecunda na historiografia contemporânea. O recorte temporal estabeleceu-se a partir da escolha da fonte e de um levantamento prévio onde foi indicado o período de maior recorrência nos discursos sobre o Fracasso Escolar. Considerando a polissemia do conceito, a partir da História dos Conceitos, o corpus empírico da pesquisa foi composto partindo da busca pelos descritores: Fracasso Escolar, Sucesso Escolar, Reprovação Escolar e Repetência Escolar, sendo localizados 207 artigos no período destacado. Na análise dos artigos importou localizar as narrativas em termos de composição do jornal, identificar os autores e os indivíduos envolvidos nessa discussão e, ainda, compreender as causas do Fracasso Escolar anunciadas nas narrativas. O estudo contribui para pensar nas condições de possibilidade desse conceito, o Fracasso Escolar na história brasileira. Além disso, aponta para um certo crescimento da projeção do conceito no jornal Folha de S. Paulo, seja através do crescente número de artigos localizados nas últimas décadas, como também, na ampliação do espaço físico atribuído a este no jornal. Sobre os indivíduos presentes nos discursos analisados, observou-se a centralidade das vozes de especialistas e do Estado. A investigação indicou ainda, sincronia nas causas junto a polissemia do conceito, situando três focos de temas: extra-escolar, sujeitos e intraescolar. / This dissertation is the result of a socio-historical study and its object is School Failure. As a theoretical-methodological contribution from Reinhart Koselleck, approaching the conceptual history, and Pierre Bourdieu, mainly from the understanding of "excluded from the interior" and as reflections on the State. The main objective was conceived as the meaning of School Failure, as a concept, from a newspaper of wide circulation, in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. It was decided to carry out a survey assuming a digitized version of the Folha de S. Paulo as source. The research considers the methodological peculiarities of the digital history source and indication of an operation with digital documents as a fruitful option in the contemporary historiography. The period was established based on the choice of the source and on the previous survey where the period of greatest recurrence was noticed in the speeches about School Failure. The study takes into consideration the polysemy of the concept, from the History of Concepts, the empirical corpus of the research with the compound by the researchers: School Failure, School Success, School Reprobation and School Repetition, with 207 articles being located in the highlighted period. In the analysis of the articles it was important to locate the narratives in terms of composition of the newspaper, to identify the authors and the individuals involved in this discussion, as well as causes of School Failure announced in the narratives. The study contributes to understand about the conditions of choice of the concept, School Failure in Brazilian history. In addition, it points to a certain growth of the projection of the concept in Folha de S. Paulo newspaper, through the growing number of articles located in the last decades, as well as in the expansion of the physical space assigned to it in the newspaper. Regarding those present in the analyzed discourses, let us observe a centrality of the voices of experts and the State. An investigation indicated, synchronized in the causes next to a polysemy of the concept, locating three focus areas: extra-school, subjects and in-school.