For now several years, many researchers have emphasized the importance and effectiveness of parole in the reintegration process of offenders, especially in reducing recidivism rates. A review of the existing literature revealed that, although little was known about conditional release decision-making in general, there was a flagrant lack of scientific knowledge pertaining to conditional release decisions regarding women offenders incarcerated in Canada. Using a constructionist theoretical framework and qualitative thematic analysis, this research aimed to understand which “factors” were documented by the Parole Board of Canada’s (PBC) Board members in their written parole decisions for federally incarcerated women in Canada who were serving a sentence of five years or more, between 2005 and 2015. The findings ultimately showed that, despite the implementation of more stringent government policies based on risk management, the PBC’s Board members seem to have retained their concern of promoting the reintegration of women offenders in their parole decisions. The analysis revealed that the Board members have indeed continued to place great emphasis on the women’s potential for change through a discretionary assessment of their dynamic factors. This seemingly more reintegrative vision nevertheless remains marked by the risk management approach, which raises questions about the way Board members interpret and evaluate the specific needs of the women and their potential for reintegration.

Deinstitutionalization has had an impact increasing the number of offenders with mental health problems within the correctional system. Furthermore, preliminary research claims that offenders with mental health problems are disproportionately denied when applying for parole. The reasons for this are not well understood. This exploratory qualitative research draws on 48 decisions from the Parole Board of Canada decision registry, four interviews with former parole board members, and observation data from 17 parole hearings to explore how mental health problems are constructed within the conditional release decision-making process. Against a risk logic back drop, this institutional ethnography analyzes the way parole board members understand and operationalize mental health within the decision-making process. Self-regulation, medication compliance, and the role of the expert were strong themes that emerged through a content analysis. By integrating symbolic interactionism and a governmentality framework, the current study explores how mental health in parole decision-making is influenced by individual, organizational, and macro-level risk rationalities that draw on neoliberal responsibilization strategies and "psy" expertise. The findings are presented within Hawkin’s (2002) legal decision-making framework. Policy and human rights implications are discussed.

TITLE: Work with offenders and victims of crime in the agenda of a probation worker AUTHOR: Mgr. Martin Jelínek DEPARTMENT: Faculty of Education SUPERVISOR: doc. PaedDr. Eva Šotolová, Ph.D. ABSTRACT: The thesis presents the agenda of the Probation and Mediation Service and it's approach to offenders and victims of crime in the agenda of probation workers. It focuses on the area of re-offending and the possibility of reducing reoffending through appropriate follow-up services for conditionally released persons with probation supervision. The thesis analyses the problems resulting in the unsuccessful reconciliation of persons released from prison, in accordance with the aim of the thesis based on combined research (respondents were all probation workers in the Czech republic), as well as proposing possibilities for further development of work with conditionally released persons with probation supervision, and suggests systematic measures that could reduce the risk and rate of re-offending. These measures relate to the areas of dependency, employment, and education. KEYWORDS: Probation, mediation, imprisonment, re-offending, resocialisation, conditional release

La thèse délaisse l’étude des biais, des erreurs et des influences externes qui modulent les décisions de justice et formule l’hypothèse que les individus, confrontés à un dilemme normatif (quelle serait la juste peine?), manifestent un souci de justice qu’il est pertinent d’analyser en lui-même. Les résultats de cette thèse indiquent qu’une proportion appréciable des choix et des jugements des citoyens et des acteurs judiciaires interrogés témoignent, en raison de leur cohérence interne et de leur modération, d’un souci manifeste de justice. Les données de la thèse s’appuient sur un sondage sentenciel dans lequel on demandait à des répondants du public (n=297), mais aussi à un échantillon d’acteurs judiciaires (n=235), de prendre des décisions de détermination pénale dans trois histoires de cas bien détaillées. La thèse s’intéresse à la détermination de la juste peine, laquelle incorpore trois prises de décision distinctes. Le premier chapitre de la thèse s’attarde à la qualité des échelles individuelles de sévérité des peines qui peuvent être infligées pour sanctionner un délinquant reconnu coupable d’actes criminels. Les résultats indiquent que les citoyens, tous comme les acteurs judiciaires, n’utilisent pas la même métrique pour statuer sur la sévérité des peines, mais que certains d’entre eux, font usage d’une métrique pénale plus cohérente et plus raisonnable que d’autres. Un test décisif pour jauger de la valeur d’une métrique est son aptitude à établir des équivalences pénales entre les peines de prison, de probation, de travaux communautaires et d’amendes. Le deuxième chapitre s’attarde à la qualité des choix sentenciels des citoyens et des acteurs judiciaires. Deux critères sont utilisés pour distinguer les sentences les plus justes : 1) le critère de proportionnalité ou de cohérence interne (les sentences données sont-elles toujours proportionnelles à la gravité de l’infraction commise ?); 2) le critère de modération ou de cohérence externe (la sentence donnée peut-elle rallier le plus grand nombre de points de vue?). Les deux critères sont importants parce qu’ils contribuent tous deux à réduire la marge d’incertitude du dilemme sentenciel. Le troisième chapitre prend acte que toute sentence fera possiblement l’objet d’un aménagement subséquent. Les formes les plus manifestes d’aménagement pénal sont régies par l’octroi d’une libération conditionnelle qui écourte la durée de peine qui sera purgée en prison. Certains acteurs judiciaires choisiront de tenir compte de cette libération anticipée en gonflant leur sentence, alors que d’autres se refuseront à le faire. Le dernier chapitre s’attarde aux raisons qui motivent leurs choix. / This thesis neglects the analysis of external influences, such as biases and errors, which may interfere in court judgments and propose that when facing a normative dilemma (What is the just decision?), individuals are driven by a concern for justice. This concern has not been properly scrutinized. When studying legal decisions, we note that a large proportion of all judgments and evaluations made by interviewed citizens and judicial actors are coherent and moderated, which demonstrates a concern for justice and equity. The results of the thesis are based on a sentencing survey conducted among citizens (n=297) and criminal justice professionals (n=235) who had to adjudicate upon three detailed case studies and specific sentencing questions. The thesis examines the process of determining the just sanction and is concerned with three types of judgments. The first chapter explores the quality of different penal severity scales that can be used to punish a criminal convicted of a crime. Results indicate that citizens, as well as criminal justice professionals, have different ways of conceptualizing penal severity, and that some of these views are more coherent and more reasonable than others. This chapter shows that one way of assessing penal metrics quality is to look at the exchange rates among qualitatively different sanctions (months of prison, years of probation, hours of community work and dollar amount of fines). The second chapter examines the sentencing choices. Two important judicial criteria are used to distinguish just sentences from unjust ones: 1) proportionality or internal consistency (are sentences always given in accordance to crime seriousness?); and 2) moderation or external consistency (is the sentence able to merge opposite points of views?). Both criteria are important in reducing a portion of uncertainty that is intrinsic to the sentencing dilemma. Indeed the search for the just punishment and strategies for uncertainty reduction are intimately connected. The third chapter takes into account the fact that sentences are not fully determined at the judicial level. This is especially the case for prison sentences since conditional release mechanisms drastically shorten the time actually spent behind bars. We attempt to understand the differential propensity among judges, crown and defense attorneys and probation officers to anticipate the likely impact of conditional release in determining the presumptive duration of the court sentence. Some court players will incorporate parole outcomes in determining their prison sentence while others refuse to do so. The chapter examines the reasons why they do so and also identifies under what conditions anticipation of parole outcomes are more likely

La thèse délaisse l’étude des biais, des erreurs et des influences externes qui modulent les décisions de justice et formule l’hypothèse que les individus, confrontés à un dilemme normatif (quelle serait la juste peine?), manifestent un souci de justice qu’il est pertinent d’analyser en lui-même. Les résultats de cette thèse indiquent qu’une proportion appréciable des choix et des jugements des citoyens et des acteurs judiciaires interrogés témoignent, en raison de leur cohérence interne et de leur modération, d’un souci manifeste de justice. Les données de la thèse s’appuient sur un sondage sentenciel dans lequel on demandait à des répondants du public (n=297), mais aussi à un échantillon d’acteurs judiciaires (n=235), de prendre des décisions de détermination pénale dans trois histoires de cas bien détaillées. La thèse s’intéresse à la détermination de la juste peine, laquelle incorpore trois prises de décision distinctes. Le premier chapitre de la thèse s’attarde à la qualité des échelles individuelles de sévérité des peines qui peuvent être infligées pour sanctionner un délinquant reconnu coupable d’actes criminels. Les résultats indiquent que les citoyens, tous comme les acteurs judiciaires, n’utilisent pas la même métrique pour statuer sur la sévérité des peines, mais que certains d’entre eux, font usage d’une métrique pénale plus cohérente et plus raisonnable que d’autres. Un test décisif pour jauger de la valeur d’une métrique est son aptitude à établir des équivalences pénales entre les peines de prison, de probation, de travaux communautaires et d’amendes. Le deuxième chapitre s’attarde à la qualité des choix sentenciels des citoyens et des acteurs judiciaires. Deux critères sont utilisés pour distinguer les sentences les plus justes : 1) le critère de proportionnalité ou de cohérence interne (les sentences données sont-elles toujours proportionnelles à la gravité de l’infraction commise ?); 2) le critère de modération ou de cohérence externe (la sentence donnée peut-elle rallier le plus grand nombre de points de vue?). Les deux critères sont importants parce qu’ils contribuent tous deux à réduire la marge d’incertitude du dilemme sentenciel. Le troisième chapitre prend acte que toute sentence fera possiblement l’objet d’un aménagement subséquent. Les formes les plus manifestes d’aménagement pénal sont régies par l’octroi d’une libération conditionnelle qui écourte la durée de peine qui sera purgée en prison. Certains acteurs judiciaires choisiront de tenir compte de cette libération anticipée en gonflant leur sentence, alors que d’autres se refuseront à le faire. Le dernier chapitre s’attarde aux raisons qui motivent leurs choix. / This thesis neglects the analysis of external influences, such as biases and errors, which may interfere in court judgments and propose that when facing a normative dilemma (What is the just decision?), individuals are driven by a concern for justice. This concern has not been properly scrutinized. When studying legal decisions, we note that a large proportion of all judgments and evaluations made by interviewed citizens and judicial actors are coherent and moderated, which demonstrates a concern for justice and equity. The results of the thesis are based on a sentencing survey conducted among citizens (n=297) and criminal justice professionals (n=235) who had to adjudicate upon three detailed case studies and specific sentencing questions. The thesis examines the process of determining the just sanction and is concerned with three types of judgments. The first chapter explores the quality of different penal severity scales that can be used to punish a criminal convicted of a crime. Results indicate that citizens, as well as criminal justice professionals, have different ways of conceptualizing penal severity, and that some of these views are more coherent and more reasonable than others. This chapter shows that one way of assessing penal metrics quality is to look at the exchange rates among qualitatively different sanctions (months of prison, years of probation, hours of community work and dollar amount of fines). The second chapter examines the sentencing choices. Two important judicial criteria are used to distinguish just sentences from unjust ones: 1) proportionality or internal consistency (are sentences always given in accordance to crime seriousness?); and 2) moderation or external consistency (is the sentence able to merge opposite points of views?). Both criteria are important in reducing a portion of uncertainty that is intrinsic to the sentencing dilemma. Indeed the search for the just punishment and strategies for uncertainty reduction are intimately connected. The third chapter takes into account the fact that sentences are not fully determined at the judicial level. This is especially the case for prison sentences since conditional release mechanisms drastically shorten the time actually spent behind bars. We attempt to understand the differential propensity among judges, crown and defense attorneys and probation officers to anticipate the likely impact of conditional release in determining the presumptive duration of the court sentence. Some court players will incorporate parole outcomes in determining their prison sentence while others refuse to do so. The chapter examines the reasons why they do so and also identifies under what conditions anticipation of parole outcomes are more likely

The Share of the Civil Element in the Criminal Decision-Making Procedure Key words: civil element, Comission for Conditional Release (parole), Ministry of Justice, probation and mediation service, assessors, associate judges, criminal proceedings This paper examines the share of the civil element in the criminal decision-making procedure. The aim is to introduce and analyze the institute that has been introduced in the Czech judiciary in the mid-19th -century - the associate judge, as well as the new institute, under which civil representatives can assess applications for release on probation. It further focuses on the Ministry of Justice's intention to introduce the Parole Board, which could single handedly decide about probation in the future. The paper is divided into three chapters. The first chapter offers a historical exposé of the institute of the associate judge, devoting particular attention to the reasons which led the legislative authority to implement this civil element. The second chapter discusses the current status quo, the system, and the benefits of associate judges. Accent is placed on the legislative enactment of the share of the civil element in the criminal decision- making procedure and then on the merits and importance of their judicial participation in criminal matters. The...

The diploma thesis deals with the evaluation of the effects of probation work and brings new knowledge about their effectiveness. It presents data obtained using semi-structured interviews with six probation officers and six former clients of the Probation and Mediation Service. The aim of the research is to identify and map the factors that lead to effective probation work and whether, or to what extent, the view of officials with the views of clients in their views on these factors and their use coincides. The main results include that the most significant factor influencing cooperation is the human approach of officials to clients, their support and positive motivation. The effectiveness of probation work very significantly affects the client's internal motivation to change his current situation and lead a proper lifestyle, this internal motivation is a significant element that results in the termination of an individual's criminal career. A significant finding concerns the excessive workload of probation officers, mainly in the territory of Prague, which prevents more intensive cooperation and thus greater success of probation supervision.

Chaque année, au Québec, les commissaires de la Commissaire québécoise des libérations conditionnelles doivent rendre des milliers de décisions concernant la mise en liberté sous condition des personnes contrevenantes purgeant une peine d’emprisonnement de six mois à deux ans moins un jour. Les finalités de la libération conditionnelle sont aujourd’hui la réhabilitation, c’est-à-dire que le délinquant soit réformé et réintégré à la société, ainsi que la gestion des risques que représentent les justiciables. Ce mémoire avait pour objectif d’analyser les pratiques des commissaires de la Commission québécoise des libérations conditionnelles dans un contexte où l’idéal de protection de la société par l’intermédiaire de la gestion des risques que représente un individu occupe une place centrale dans le système pénal. Pour ce faire, des entrevues semi-dirigées menées auprès de 11 commissaires de la Commission québécoise des libérations conditionnelles, hommes et femmes, ainsi que l’analyse de trente décisions écrites ont été réalisées. L’analyse a fait ressortir que les commissaires entretiennent plusieurs attentes à l’égard du plan de sortie et des caractéristiques que doivent posséder les candidats « idéaux ». Le projet doit être adapté aux besoins et au risque de la personne incarcérée estimés par les commissaires, offrir un encadrement, une intervention et du soutien, favoriser la réinsertion sociale et le justiciable doit s’approprier le plan de sortie. De plus, les commissaires portent une attention particulière au profil du demandeur. En ce sens, la personne qui sollicite une sortie anticipée doit être considérée comme ayant un bon potentiel de réinsertion sociale. Les décideurs vont également examiner l’historique judiciaire et correctionnel pour évaluer si le contrevenant est un « bon » candidat. / Every year, commissioners of the Québec Parole Board must render thousands of decisions on the conditional release of offenders serving a prison sentence of six months to two years less a day. The purpose of conditional release today is rehabilitation, which means for the offenders to be reformed and reintegrated into society, as well as the management of the risks posed by them. This thesis aims to analyze the practices of the commissioners of the Québec Parole Board in a context where the ideal of public safety through risk management occupies a central place in the penal system. In order to do so, semi-structured interviews with 11 Board members, man and woman, as well the analysis of thirty written decisions were conducted. It appears from our analysis that the Board members have several expectations in terms of the release plan and the characteristics that « ideal» candidates should have. The project must be adapted to the needs and risk of the prisoner estimated by the commissioners, offers supervision, intervention and support, promote social reintegration and the litigant must take ownership of the release plan. In addition, the commissioners pay attention to the profile of the delinquent. In this sense, the person requesting a conditional release must be considered to have a good potential for social reintegration. Board members will also look at the judicial and correctional history to assess whether the offender is a "good" candidate for conditional release.