Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-01-12T14:09:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SilviaFernandesCavalcantiCampos_DISSERT.pdf: 9303398 bytes, checksum: 6a5a0da6cfc9560321782652a815b3dc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-01-17T12:57:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 SilviaFernandesCavalcantiCampos_DISSERT.pdf: 9303398 bytes, checksum: 6a5a0da6cfc9560321782652a815b3dc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-17T12:57:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SilviaFernandesCavalcantiCampos_DISSERT.pdf: 9303398 bytes, checksum: 6a5a0da6cfc9560321782652a815b3dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-03 / Pesquisas recentes relacionadas ao desenvolvimento sustent?vel, mostram que a expans?o das constru??es nas cidades precisa ser melhor analisado, pois seu impacto ao meio ambiente e ? vida das pessoas ? preocupante e devem ser colocados como prioridade para as propostas de mudan?as. Portanto, faz-se necess?rio avaliar os empreendimentos existentes no meio urbano, relacionando-os as solu??es menos causadoras de tais impactos. Para isto, foi verificada a exist?ncia de condom?nios horizontais com propostas de marketing, destacando a ampla ?rea verde e uma infraestrutura que proporciona uma excelente qualidade de vida aos moradores. Assim, foi feito um levantamento dos condom?nios mais recentes, constru?dos na cidade de Natal e suas ?reas de expans?o, e que apresentam este tipo de publicidade, classificando-os desta forma como os condom?nios de alto padr?o. A sele??o dos condom?nios avaliados teve como crit?rios, o tempo de constru??o, os empreendimentos finalizados a partir de 2009, estando mais recente ?s novas tecnologias sustent?veis. Bem como a escolha de um condom?nio para fazer um contraponto, sendo ele, o primeiro condom?nio constru?do na cidade. Ao final, foram selecionados sete condom?nios para a avalia??o, sendo cada localizado em bairros de regi?es diferentes, possibilitando, desta forma, viabilizar a pesquisa. A avalia??o da qualidade ambiental dos condom?nios ? feita com base nos atributos desenvolvidos por Valaski (2008), os quais avaliam as edifica??es existentes, como tamb?m o condom?nio no aspecto geral. Os resultados obtidos na avalia??o geral mostraram que dois, dos sete empreendimentos, foram classificados positivamente em rela??o ? qualidade ambiental, entre eles o primeiro condom?nio implantado na cidade. Os demais mostraram que existe a necessidade de um maior estudo que anteceda a concep??o de um condom?nio horizontal. Em rela??o a avalia??o espec?fica das edifica??es foi poss?vel encontrar muitas casas portadoras de solu??es sustent?veis, tais como aquecimento solar de ?gua, e outras poucas, portadoras de energia alternativa por pain?is fotovoltaicos. O Armazenamento e uso de ?guas de chuvas mostrou-se um item crescente nas novas edifica??es, enquanto que, o reaproveitamento de ?guas servidas, juntamente com coberturas jardins e vegeta??es em fachadas n?o foram muito aplicadas. / Recent research related to sustainable development, show that the expansion of the buildings in the cities needs to be better analyzed, because its impact on the environment and to people's lives is worrying and must be made a priority for the proposed changes. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the existing facilities in the urban areas, linking them solutions less causing such impacts. For this, it was verified the existence of condominiums with marketing proposals, highlighting the large green area and an infrastructure that provides an excellent quality of life for residents. Thus, a survey was made of the latest apartments built in Natal and their areas of expansion, and presenting this type of advertising, classifying them this way upscale condominiums. A selection of assessed condominiums had as criteria, construction time, the projects completed from 2009, being the latest to new sustainable technologies. And the choice of a condominium to make a counterpoint, being the first condominium built in the city. At the end of seven condominiums were selected for evaluation, each being located in different neighborhoods regions, enabling, in this way, enabling the search. The evaluation of the environmental quality of condominiums is based on attributes developed by Valaski (2008), which assesses the existing buildings, as well as the community in general appearance. The results of the overall evaluation showed that two of the seven projects were classified positively in relation to environmental quality, including the first condominium deployed in the city. The other, showed that there is a need for further study to precede the design of a horizontal condominium. Regarding the specific assessment of the buildings could not find many homes carriers sustainable solutions, such as solar water heating, and a few other, bearers of alternative energy by photovoltaic panels. The storage and use of rain water proved to be a growing item in new buildings, while the reuse of wastewater, along with toppings gardens and vegetation in facades were not very applied.

South Africa has the biggest HIV epidemic in the world and the HIV rates among youth are especially alarming. In 2016 there were 110 000 new cases of HIV among 15 to 24-year-olds. The aim of this study is to describe and analyse perceptions of HIV and HIV prevention among Xhosa youth in the township of Langa, Cape Town. In order to study this, I focus on the organisation loveLife and their employed peer educators called groundBREAKERs (gBs). To gain knowledge on what fuels the HIV epidemic in this setting I will examine their thoughts and notions of HIV/AIDS, sexuality and sexual behaviour in relation to the information that is available to them. Examining the socio-cultural context of HIV/AIDS is important to understand the spread and why HIV is not declining sufficiently in response to HIV preventative efforts. This thesis is based on ten weeks of fieldwork at loveLife’s Y-Centre in Langa. The material was gathered through semi-structured interviews and participant observation. To analyse the drivers for the spread of HIV among Xhosa youth an analytical tool of gender roles, with a main focus on masculinity, has been utilized.

Magister Public Health - MPH / Background: In Namibia, studies showed that HIV/AIDS affects youth, especially the under 24 years age group. At the same time the pregnancy rate is also high by age 19. Interestingly, in Andara district several reports from staff working in the reproductive services have indicated that adolescent girls, who would seem to be taking responsibility in one sphere of their sexual lives by protecting themselves against unwanted pregnancy, were however not using condoms to protect themselves from HIV infection. Study Aim and Objectives: To describe the knowledge, attitude and behaviour related to HIV/AIDS amongst female adolescents who are accessing the primary health care (PHC) services for contraception. Specific objectives were to describe the knowledge of female adolescents who are accessing the PHC services for contraception about the modes of transmission and prevention of HIV/AIDS, to assess their attitude with regards to condom use, abstinence and being faithful to one uninfected partner, also to determine the significance of association between age and knowledge, attitudes and behaviour, between their education level and knowledge, attitudes and behaviour and the significance of association between knowledge of HIV prevention strategies and behaviour of female adolescents accessing PHC services for contraception in the district. Setting: The study was conducted in Andara district, North East of Namibia. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional KAB study. Sample: All female adolescents who are accessing PHC services for contraception selected from multistage simple random sampling in 5 facilities and systematic sampling at facility level in Andara. All married women within this age range were excluded in the study. Data collection tool: An interviewer-administered standardised questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data analysis and Interpretations: Epi Info software 2002 was used for data analysis. The results were presented using descriptive statistics including means, 95% confidence intervals and percentages and this information was shown in tables, bar and pie charts. Cross-tabulations of knowledge, attitude and behaviour scores against demographic variables were performed. P-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: 76.5% knew that unprotected sexual intercourse was the main way of getting HIV/AIDS, 77.3% knew that people could protect themselves by abstaining from sexual intercourse and 64.5% knew that people could protect themselves by having one uninfected faithful sexual partner. Out of 192 respondents who stated that unprotected sexual intercourse was the main way of HIV/AIDS transmission, 25.5% used condom every time they had sexual intercourse, 10.9% used condom almost every time they had sex, 41.1% used condom sometimes and 22.4% never used condom. Older girls and those who were in higher grades at school had more knowledge that could protect them from HIV infection. Later sexual debut is associated with increased condom usage at sexual debut. Conclusions: The general HIV knowledge of respondents and their knowledge of how to protect themselves from HIV infection were disappointing given that this study was conducted in health facilities. In this study we also see that knowledge does not always translate into the appropriate behaviour. The health services need to evaluate the targeting and effectiveness of their HIV educational messages and develop skills that will support behaviour change. / South Africa

Magister Public Health - MPH / The HIV prevalence rate in Zimbabwe has been estimated at 15% (15 years old and above), which is one of the highest in the world, and HIV/AIDS remains a significant public health problem. The focus of HIV prevention strategies has been on heterosexual transmission since this is the primary driver of the HIV epidemic in Zimbabwe. Heterosexual serodiscordant couples represent an important subpopulation for HIV prevention but are not well studied in Zimbabwe. In Harare almost all serodiscordant couples participating in the HPTN 052 study reported correct and consistent condom use. However, rates of STIs and pregnancies showed that couples in the study continued to have unprotected sex, in-spite of intensive couples’ counselling, quarterly follow up visits and provision of condoms. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore barriers to condom use by these serodiscordant couples in which one partner was on ART in Harare, Zimbabwe. It used a two stage qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews being the primary method of data collection. These interviews were conducted on a sample of five study staff, 15 serodiscordant couples and individuals enrolled in the HPTN 052 study in Harare, Zimbabwe after consent was obtained. Thematic analysis was used to analyse data collected.The study findings showed that partners were in a fairly large age range (30 to 50+ years) with males being slightly older than females. Seven males and five females were HIV positive. Couples had a wide variation in the length of their relationships, from one month to over 15 years as a couple. The study findings also showed that individuals in serodiscordant relationships understood serodiscordance. Problems unique to these couples were identified and broadly categorized as dealing with an HIV positive result, accepting serodiscordance, and difficulty of disclosing serodiscordance to family. Couples also showed understanding of the importance of condom use in a discordant relationship. The most common reason for using condoms was to prevent transmission of HIV to the uninfected partner. The main barriers to condom use were the strong desire to have children, male partner reluctance to use condoms and the influence of the negative partner in determining condom use. Based on these findings, a nuanced approach to prevention strategies, such as condom use and couples counselling and testing, is required. The aim should be to increase understanding of serodiscordance, risk and condom use at all sessions or contacts with couples.

Hispanic youth living in the U.S. share a disproportionate burden of risk for HIV, other STIs, and teen pregnancies. They also tend to report lower rates of condom use and higher rates of inconsistent condom use than other racial/ethnic groups. Furthermore, immigrant Hispanic adolescents experience a unique burden of sexual risk compared to their non-immigrant counterparts. These negative sexual health outcomes can severely derail the overall health, social mobility, and life opportunities of these adolescents. Social researchers have tried to explain these sexual risk disparities using the concept of immigrant acculturation, which is broadly defined as the process of adopting the cultural values and beliefs of a host society. Immigrant acculturation has been shown to play a key role in shaping youth attitudes and behaviors, including sexual risk behaviors (see Lee & Hahm, 2010). Yet, studies have largely overlooked the contextual components of acculturation that have been proposed in theoretical literature, specifically characteristics of the immigrant's receiving community. Furthermore, studies have not adequately explored the influence of acculturation on two crucial measures of sexual risk: teen pregnancy norms and condom use. Therefore, the current dissertation consists of two unique studies that examine the influence of acculturation, at both the individual and neighborhood level, on Hispanic adolescent teen pregnancy norms and condom use over time. The aim is to fill these important gaps in the literature and expand on earlier explanations of the relationship between cultural, place, and long-term sexual health. Both studies use nationally-representative data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Overall, findings suggest an immigrant advantage for both teen pregnancy norms and condom use, although this advantage functions differently for males and females. Furthermore, the studies demonstrate the importance of including contextual measures of acculturation into studies related to Hispanic adolescent sexual health.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / Sexual communication with partners informs risk assessment and sexual practices. We evaluated participant, partner, and network factors associated with communication about condom use and HIV serostatus and explored their relationships with condomless anal intercourse (CAI) among 446 men who have sex with men (MSM) and 122 transgender women (TW) in Lima, Peru. Generalized estimating equations assessed contextual influences on communication and practices with recent sexual partners. More frequent HIV communication was reported by MSM who: identified as heterosexual, compared to bisexual or gay; characterized partnerships as stable, compared to casual, anonymous, or commercial; or discussed HIV/STIs with close social contacts (p < 0.05). TW in concurrent partnerships discussed condom use more frequently than those in monogamous relationships (p < 0.05). Condom use discussions and alcohol use among MSM were associated with CAI (p < 0.05). Findings highlight complexity in sexual decision-making and call for further study of conversation content and practices to inform HIV prevention messaging. / National Institutes of Health / Revisión por pares

Sexual and gender politics inform relational expectations surrounding sexual experiences of Peruvian transgender women (TW) and men who have sex with men (MSM). We used the framework of sexual role strain, or incongruence between preferred sexual role and actual sexual practices, to explore potential conflicts between personally articulated identities and externally defined norms of gender and sexuality and its potential to increase HIV/STI risk. Cross-sectional individual- and dyad-level data from 766 TW and MSM in Lima, Peru were used to assess the partnership contexts within which insertive anal intercourse was practiced despite receptive role preference (receptive role strain), and receptive anal intercourse practiced despite insertive role preference (insertive role strain). Sexual role strain for TW was more common with non-primary partners, while for MSM it occurred more frequently in the context of a primary partnership. Receptive role strain was more prevalent for TW with unknown HIV status (reference: without HIV) or pre-sex drug use (reference: no pre-sex drug use). For homosexual MSM, receptive role strain was more prevalent during condomless anal intercourse (reference: condom-protected) and with receptive or versatile partners (reference: insertive). Among heterosexual or bisexual MSM, insertive role strain was more prevalent with insertive or versatile partners (reference: receptive), and less prevalent with casual partners (reference: primary). Our findings suggest TW and MSM experience different vulnerabilities during sexual role negotiation with different partner-types. Future studies should explore the impact of sexual role strain on condom use agency, HIV/STI risk, and discordances between public and private presentations of gender and sexual orientation. / National Institutes of Health / Revisión por pares

Casual sex culture, also known as hook-up culture, is an experience adversely affecting teens in America. The intent of this study was to test the association between sports participation and sexual risk behaviors among high school males. For the purpose of this study, sports participation, the independent variable, was defined by having played on a sports team in the last 12 months. The sexual risk behaviors, dependent variables, were defined by sexual engagement with multiple partners, drug and alcohol use before intercourse, and sex without condoms. The ecological model provided the theoretical foundation for the study. Secondary analysis of the 2015 Youth Risk Behavioral Surveillance System using logistic regression was employed to test if there was an association between sports participation and sexual risk behaviors in 7,749 high school males. Using regression analysis, a significant association was found between sports participation and abstinence status, number of sexual partners, and drug and alcohol use at last sexual intercourse. As the number of sports teams increased, the number of abstinent participants increased, the number of sexual partners decreased, and the number of participants who used drugs and alcohol at last sexual intercourse decreased. However, there was no association between sports participation and condom use at last sexual intercourse. Recommendations for next steps include using sports programs as a vehicle to influence behavior change. This study aimed to promote social change by improving the understanding of how sports programs benefit individuals, families, and communities from reducing sexual risk behaviors in teen males.

In 2013, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that between 252,000 and 312,000 Hispanic men and women in the United States were unaware of their risk for transmitting HV/AIDS. Guided by the logic model and Leininger's theory, the purpose of this project was to design a culturally sensitive HIV/AIDS educational program for HIV+ Hispanic males and to evaluate the program content with the staff at a medical center in South Florida, with the goal of implementing the program at that center. The educational program content focused on increasing the knowledge of Hispanic HIV+ men on the effectiveness of proper condom use. In addition to presenting the educational program content, the format for delivering this content was presented to 10 members of the clinic staff. The staff responded to 8 open-ended evaluation questions developed by the student, focusing on identifying gaps in service and education needs for their Hispanic HIV+ men. Responses were summarized and themes identified. Participants indicated that there is a lack of culturally sensitive HIV/AIDS education and that a bilingual HIV/AIDS educational initiative is needed to meet the needs of this vulnerable population. If the clinic staff decide to implement this educational program, the program has the potential to influence nursing practice, reduce the transmission of HIV/AIDS, and create social change within the clinic by providing practitioners with culturally sensitive resources about HIV/AIDS and the importance of effective and consistent condom use, thus improving health care delivery to HIV+ Hispanic men.

No description available.