The first part of the dissertation focuses on understanding and modeling the conduction mechanism of conductive adhesives. The contact resistance is measured between silver rods with different coating materials, and the relationship between tunnel resistivity and contact pressure is obtained based on the experimental results. Three dimensional microstructure models and resistor networks are built to simulate electrical conduction in conductive adhesives. The bulk resistivity of conductive adhesives is calculated from the computer-simulated model. The effects of the geometric properties of filler particles, such as size, shape and distribution, on electrical conductivity are studied by the method of factorial design. The second part of the dissertation evaluates the reliability and investigates the failure mechanism of conductive adhesives subjected to fatigue loading, moisture conditioning and drop impacts. In fatigue tests it is found that electrical conduction failure occurs prior to mechanical failure. The experimental data show that electrical fatigue life can be described well by the power law equation. The electrical failure of conductive adhesives in fatigue is due to the impaired epoxy-silver interfacial adhesion. Moisture uptake in conductive adhesives is measured after moisture conditioning and moisture recovery. The fatigue life of conductive adhesives is significantly shortened after moisture conditioning and moisture recovery. The moisture accelerates the debonding of silver flakes from epoxy resin, which results in a reduced fatigue life. Drop tests are performed on test vehicles with conductive adhesive joints. The electrical conduction failure happens at the same time as joint breakage. The drop failure life is found to be correlated with the strain energy caused by the drop impact, and a power law life model is proposed for drop tests. The fracture is found to be interfacial between the conductive adhesive joints and components/substrates. This research provides a comprehensive understanding of the conduction mechanism of conductive adhesives. The computer-simulated modeling approach presents a useful design tool for the conductive adhesive industry. The reliability tests and proposed failure mechanisms are helpful to prevent failure of conductive adhesives in electronic packages. Moreover, the fatigue and impact life models provide tools in product design and failure prediction of conductive adhesives.

Soil hydraulic properties, such as saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), have high spatial variation, but little is known about how to vary a few measurements of Ks over an area to model hydrology in a watershed with complex topography and multiple land uses. Variations in soil structure, macropores (especially in soil that shrink and swell), land use, and soil development can cause large variations in Ks within one soil type. Characterizing the impacts of soil properties that might vary systematically with land use and terrain attributes on Ks rates would provide insight on how management and human activity affect local and regional hydrology. The overall objective of this research was to develop a strategy for using published infiltration and Ks measurements by the Natural Resources Conservation Service for watershed hydrology applications in a Vertisol, and to extend this knowledge toward developing recommendations for future infiltration measurements. To achieve this goal, soil infiltration measurements were collected across three catenas of Houston Black and Heiden clays (fine, smectitic, thermic Udic Haplusterts) under three land uses (improved pasture, native prairie, and conventional tillage row crop). Measurement locations were selected to account for variation in terrain attributes. Overall, Ks values were not significantly different across different landscape positions; however, in fields under similar land uses, Ks values were found to be lower in the footslope positions and higher in the backslope positions. The pedotransfer function, ROSETTA, provided estimates of 64 percent of the overall variability in Ks while also providing accurate estimates of the mean of Ks when particle size distribution and bulk density are used as inputs in the model. Through the use of multiple regression analysis, soil antecedent water content, bulk density, clay content, and soil organic carbon along with two indicator variables for the catenas were highly correlated (r2 = 0.59) with Ks. The indicator variables explained 17 percent of the variation in Ks that could not be explained by measured soil properties. It is recommended that when NRCS measures Ks on benchmark soils, especially high clay soils, that they collect particle size distribution, bulk density, organic carbon, and antecedent water content data.

Materials for extreme electrical contacts need to have high electrical conductivity coupled with good structural properties. Potential applications include motor contacts, high power switches, and the components of electromagnetic launch (EML) systems. In particular, the lack of durability of these materials in rail components limits practical EML implementation. These rails experience significant amounts of Joule heating, due to extreme current densities, and subsequent thermally-assisted wear. New more durable materials solutions are needed for these components. A systematic materials selection study was executed to identify and compare candidate materials solutions. Several possible candidate non-dominated materials as well as hybrid materials that could potential fill the "white spaces" on the Ashby charts were identified. A couple potential candidate materials were obtained and evaluated. These included copper-tungsten W-Cu, "self-lubricating" graphite-impregnated Cu, and Gr-W-Cu composites with different volume fractions of the constituents. The structure-property relations were determined through mechanical and electrical resistivity testing. A unique test protocol for exposing mechanical test specimens to extreme current densities up to 1.2 GA/m2 was developed and used to evaluate these candidate materials. The systematic design of multi-functional materials for these extreme electrical contacts requires more than an empirical approach. Without a good understanding of both the tribological and structural performance, the optimization of the microstructure will not be quickly realized. By using micromechanics modeling and other materials design modeling tools coupled with systematic mechanical and tribological experiments, the design of materials for these applications can potentially be accelerated. In addition, using these tools, more complex functionally-graded materials tailored to the application can be systematically designed. In this study, physics- and micromechanics-based models were used to correlate properties to the volume fraction of the constituents of the evaluated candidate materials. Properties correlated included density, elastic modulus, hardness, strength, and electrical resistivity of the W-Cu materials.

Organic materials are ubiquitous in the geologic environment, and can exert significant influence over the interfacial properties of minerals. However, due to the complexity in their structure and interaction with soil solids, their impact has remained relatively unquantified. This study investigated the engineering behaviors of organoclays, which were synthesized in the laboratory using naturally occurring clay minerals and quaternary ammonium compounds of controlled structure and density of loading. Organic cations were chosen to study the effects of functional group structure and size. The laboratory investigation showed that the presence of the organic cations on the mineral surfaces led to increased hydrophobicity of all clays tested. Conduction studies on the electrical, hydraulic, and thermal properties of the organoclay composites suggested that increasing the total organic carbon content resulted in decreased electrical and thermal conductivity, but increased hydraulic conductivity, due to the reduced swelling of the base clay mineral phase. Electrokinetic properties of the organoclays illustrated that compared with the clay's naturally occurring inorganic cations, exchanged quaternary ammonium cations were more likely bound within a particle's shear plane. Consequently, organoclays had less negative zeta potential than that of unmodified bentonite. Increasing the length of one carbon tail was more effective at binding organic cations within the shear plane than increasing the size of the cation, when compared on the basis of total organic carbon content. In terms of large strain strength, the modified organic clays exhibited increased shear strength, in part owing to the reduction in water content caused by the presence of the hydrophobic organic layering. Shear strength increased with single carbon tail length or with cation size, although the latter effect tended to reach a plateau as the length of the four short cation tails increased from 2 to 4. In terms of small strain behavior, the shear modulus was shown to be a function of the total organic carbon content. It is believed that number of particle contacts increased as the organic carbon content increased. Stiffness increased as either the size of the cation or the total organic carbon content was increased. Damping also increased as the organic loading was increased, with the organic phase acting as an energy dissipation mechanism.

<p>One of the most powerful aspects of conducting polymers is their ability to be nanostructured through innovative, synthetically manipulated, transformations, such as to tailor-make the polymers for specialized applications. In the exponentially increasing wide field of nanotechnology, some special attention is being paid to innovative hybrid dendrimer-core based polymeric smart materials. Star copolymers are a class of branched macromolecules having a central core with multiple linear polymer chains extending from the core. This intrinsic structural feature yields a unique 3D structure with extended conjugated linear polymer chains, resulting in star copolymers, which have higher ionic conductivities than their corresponding non-star conducting polymer counterparts. In this study an in-depth investigation was carried out into the preparation and characterization of specialized electronic &lsquo / smart materials&rsquo / . In particular, the preparation and characterization of novel conducting dendrimeric star copolymers which have a central poly(propylene imine) (PPI) dendrimer core with conducting polypyrrole (PPy) chains extending from the core was carried out. This involved, first, the preparation of a series of dendrimeric polypyrrole poly(propylene imine) star copolymers (PPI-co-PPy), using generations 1 to 4 (G1 to G4) PPI dendrimer precursors. The experimental approach involved the use of both chemical and electrochemical synthesis methods. The basic procedure involved a condensation reaction between the primary amine of a diamino functional PPI dendrimer surface and 2-pyrrole aldehyde, to afford the pyrrole functionalized PPI dendrimer (PPI-2Py). Polymerization of the intrinsically contained monomeric Py units situated within the dendrimer backbone was achieved via two distinctly different routes: the first involved chemical polymerization and the second was based on potentiodynamic oxidative electrochemical polymerization. The star copolymers were then characterized using various sophisticated analytical techniques, in-situ and ex-situ. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HNMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to determine the structures. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the morphology. Themogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to study the thermal stability of the prepared materials. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) was used to study the structural make-up of phases, crystallinity and amorphous content. Hall effect measurements were carried out to determine the electrical conductivity of the chemically prepared star copolymers. The PPI-co-PPy exhibited improved thermal stability compared to PPI-2Py, as confirmed by TGA. SEM results showed that the surface morphology of the functionalized dendrimer and star copolymer differed. The surface morphology of the chemically prepared star copolymers resembled that of a flaky, waxy material, compared to the ordered morphology of the electrochemically grown star copolymers, which resembled that of whelk-like helixes. In the case the electrochemically grown star copolymers, SEM images recorded at higher magnifications showed that the whelk-like helixes of the star copolymers were hollow tubes with openings at their tapered ends, and had an average base diameter of 2.0 &mu / m. X-ray diffraction analysis of the first generation star copolymer G1PPI-co-PPy revealed a broadly amorphous structure associated with PPy, and crystalline peaks for PPI. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were used to study and model the electrochemical reactivity of the star copolymer materials. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data showed that the G1PPI-co-PPy exhibited slightly higher ionic conductivity than pristine PPy in lithium perchlorate. The second generation star copolymer G2PPI-co-PPy electrochemically deposited on a platinum (Pt) electrode had a lower electrochemical charge transfer resistance compared to electrodeposited polypyrrole (PPy) on a Pt electrode, and bare Pt. The decrease in charge transfer resistance was attributed to an increase in the conjugation length of the polymer as a result of the linking of the highly conjugated PPy to the PPI dendrimer. Bode impedimetric analysis indicated that G2PPI-co-PPI was a semiconductor, with a maximum phase angle shift of 45.3&deg / at 100 MHz. The star copolymer exhibited a 2- electron electrochemistry and a surface coverage of 99%. Results of Hall effect measurements showed that the star copolymer is a semiconducting material, having a conductivity of 0.7 S cm-1, in comparison to the 1.5 S cm-1 of PPy. To the best of my knowledge, these new star copolymers have not been reported in the open literature. Their properties make them potentially applicable for use in biosensors.</p>

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Abraços Ronildo on 2018-05-17T20:22:51Z (GMT) / Submitted by João Munhoz (jfvlm@ufscar.br) on 2018-05-18T11:21:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese V.6 (Final) - João Fernando.pdf: 9335731 bytes, checksum: d43ee1c77922e89387dfea2707ce3abd (MD5) Carta Comprovante da versão final da tese.jpg: 41274 bytes, checksum: 68e6feb4fa1360327b440f2f90621de9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Eunice Nunes (eunicenunes6@gmail.com) on 2018-05-22T00:17:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese V.6 (Final) - João Fernando.pdf: 9335731 bytes, checksum: d43ee1c77922e89387dfea2707ce3abd (MD5) Carta Comprovante da versão final da tese.jpg: 41274 bytes, checksum: 68e6feb4fa1360327b440f2f90621de9 (MD5) / Rejected by Eunice Nunes (eunicenunes6@gmail.com), reason: Bom dia João Fernando, Verificamos que você solicitou que sua tese seja disponibilizada daqui há 6 meses no repositório mas não enviou a versão parcial somente o texto integral Por favor envie outro arquivo com a versão parcial e a versão final Você não precisa fazer todo o processo desde o início, para isso clique em editar e inclua em outros download a versão parcial Qualquer dúvida estou à disposição Obrigada Abraços Eunice on 2018-05-22T12:01:40Z (GMT) / Submitted by João Munhoz (jfvlm@ufscar.br) on 2018-05-27T16:16:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese V.6 (Final) - João Fernando.pdf: 9335731 bytes, checksum: d43ee1c77922e89387dfea2707ce3abd (MD5) Carta Comprovante da versão final da tese.jpg: 41274 bytes, checksum: 68e6feb4fa1360327b440f2f90621de9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ri.bco@ufscar.br) on 2018-06-06T12:54:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese V.6 (Final) - João Fernando.pdf: 9335731 bytes, checksum: d43ee1c77922e89387dfea2707ce3abd (MD5) Carta Comprovante da versão final da tese.jpg: 41274 bytes, checksum: 68e6feb4fa1360327b440f2f90621de9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ri.bco@ufscar.br) on 2018-06-06T13:03:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese V.6 (Final) - João Fernando.pdf: 9335731 bytes, checksum: d43ee1c77922e89387dfea2707ce3abd (MD5) Carta Comprovante da versão final da tese.jpg: 41274 bytes, checksum: 68e6feb4fa1360327b440f2f90621de9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-06T13:03:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese V.6 (Final) - João Fernando.pdf: 9335731 bytes, checksum: d43ee1c77922e89387dfea2707ce3abd (MD5) Carta Comprovante da versão final da tese.jpg: 41274 bytes, checksum: 68e6feb4fa1360327b440f2f90621de9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-23 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Many glasses have been studied as solid electrolytes in behalf of replacing commercial liquid electrolytes. However, even for the best glass compositions available in the literature, values of conductivity similar to those presented by liquids are far beyond to be achieved. This work intends to show how changes in the structure, by means of composition, can help to increase the conductivity in oxide glasses. Samples with composition x WO3 - 0.30 (NaPO3)n - (0.70-x) NaF, with 0,30 ≤ ≤ 0,60;, were produced by melting quenching methodology. Substitution of tungsten for sodium fluoride generates a linear decrease of glass transition temperature while the stability remains high enough up to = % and decreasing for higher WO3 content. Raman and 31P and 19F 1D MAS-NMR spectroscopies data shows that the less NaF leads to a depolymerization of main phosphate chains, due to formation of − − bonds. In addition, fluorine atoms prefer to bind in the − form, with low tungsten content, or in − , with high proportion All samples showed same calculated values of Ea for ionic conductivity and drop of σ0. For higher fluoride proportion, it was observed a rise in the conductivity of around one order of magnitude. However, UV-Vis absorption curves demonstrate more presence of W5+ species in samples with ≥ %. This leads to a mixed conductivity of these materials. In order to obtain maximum ionic conductivity, NaF and (NaPO3)n were replaced by Li2O and (LiPO3)n respectively. Samples with composition x WO3 – 0.40 (LiPO3)n – (0.60-x) Li2O, with 0.30 ≤ ≤ 0.50; 0.40 WO3 – y (LiPO3)n – (0.60- y) Li2O, with 0.30 ≤ ≤ 0.50 and z WO3 – (0.80-z) (LiPO3)n – 0.20 Li2O, with 0.30 ≤ ≤ 0.50; were also produced using the melting quenching methodology. The three series of samples presented linear increase of Tg with their respective substitutions, besides having good thermal stability (> 100 °). Raman and 31P 1D MAS-NMR spectroscopies data exhibited the influence of WO3 content on the depolymerization of phosphate chains, as well as the formation of WO6 unit clusters, when much tungsten is present. Although UV-Vis absorption spectra indicate mixed conductivities in some samples, calculated values of ionic conductivity show that the most conductive sample without presence of reduced species reached 6.3 10−4Ω−1−1, comparable to conductive crystalline samples. / Muitos vidros têm sido estudados como eletrólitos sólidos, a fim de substituírem eletrólitos líquidos comerciais. No entanto, mesmo para composições vítreas ótimas na literatura, valores de condutividade similares àqueles presentes pelos líquidos estão muito além do alcançado. Este trabalho pretende mostrar como as mudanças na estrutura, por meio da composição, podem ajudar a aumentar a condutividade em vidros óxidos. Amostras com composição x WO3 – 0,30 (NaPO3)n – (0,70-x) NaF, com 0,30 ≤ ≤ 0,60; foram produzidas por meio da metodologia fusão/resfriamento. Substituição de tungstênio por fluoreto de sódio gera um decréscimo linear da temperatura de transição vítrea, enquanto que a estabilidade permanece alta até = 40 % e decresce para alto teor de WO3. Dados de Espectroscopias Raman e 31P e 19F MAS-NMR mostram que pouco NaF leva a despolimerização das cadeias principais de fosfato, devido a formação de ligações − − . Além disso, átomo de flúor prefere ligar-se na forma − , com baixa proporção de tungstênio, ou em − , com alta proporção. Todas as amostras apresentaram mesmos valores calculados de energia de ativação para condutividade iônica e queda de σ0. Para maior proporção de fluoreto, observou-se um incremento por volta de uma ordem de magnitude. Entretanto, curvas de absorção no UV-Vis demonstrou a maior presença de espécies W5+ em amostras com ≥ 50 % . Isto leva a uma condutividade mista destes materiais. A fim de se obter condutividade iônica máxima, NaF e (NaPO3)n foram substituídos por Li2O e (LiPO3)n respectivamente. Amostras com composições x WO3 – 0,40 (LiPO3)n – (0,60-x) Li2O, com 0,30 ≤ ≤ 0,50; 0,40 WO3 – y (LiPO3)n – (0,60-y) Li2O, com 0,30 ≤ ≤ 0,50 e z WO3 – (0,80-z) (LiPO3)n – 0,20 Li2O, com 0,30 ≤ ≤ 0,50; também foram produzidas por meio da metodologia fusão/resfriamento. As três séries de amostras apresentaram incremento linear de Tg com suas respectivas substituições, além de terem boa estabilidade térmica (> 100 °). Dados de Espectroscopia Raman e 31P MAS-NMR registraram a influência do teor de WO3 na despolimerização das cadeias de fosfato, bem a formação de clusters de unidades de WO6, quando muito tungstênio se faz presente. Apesar de curvas de absorção no UV-Vis indicarem a condutividade mista em algumas amostras, valores calculados de condutividade iônica mostram que a amostra mais condutora e sem a presença de espécies reduzidas, atingiu 6,3 10−4 Ω−1−1, comparável com amostras cristalinas condutoras. / CNPq: 141905/2013-1

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / One of the most powerful aspects of conducting polymers is their ability to be nanostructured through innovative, synthetically manipulated, transformations, such as to tailor-make the polymers for specialized applications. In the exponentially increasing wide field of nanotechnology, some special attention is being paid to innovative hybrid dendrimer-core based polymeric smart materials. Star copolymers are a class of branched macromolecules having a central core with multiple linear polymer chains extending from the core. This intrinsic structural feature yields a unique 3D structure with extended conjugated linear polymer chains, resulting in star copolymers, which have higher ionic conductivities than their corresponding non-star conducting polymer counterparts. In this study an in-depth investigation was carried out into the preparation and characterization of specialized electronic smart materials. In particular, the preparation and characterization of novel conducting dendrimeric star copolymers which have a central poly(propylene imine) (PPI) dendrimer core with conducting polypyrrole (PPy) chains extending from the core was carried out. This involved, first, the preparation of a series of dendrimeric polypyrrole poly(propylene imine) star copolymers (PPI-co-PPy), using generations 1 to 4 (G1 to G4) PPI dendrimer precursors. The experimental approach involved the use of both chemical and electrochemical synthesis methods. The basic procedure involved a condensation reaction between the primary amine of a diamino functional PPI dendrimer surface and 2-pyrrole aldehyde, to afford the pyrrole functionalized PPI dendrimer (PPI-2Py). Polymerization of the intrinsically contained monomeric Py units situated within the dendrimer backbone was achieved via two distinctly different routes: the first involved chemical polymerization and the second was based on potentiodynamic oxidative electrochemical polymerization. The star copolymers were then characterized using various sophisticated analytical techniques, in-situ and ex-situ. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HNMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to determine the structures. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the morphology. Themogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to study the thermal stability of the prepared materials. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) was used to study the structural make-up of phases, crystallinity and amorphous content. Hall effect measurements were carried out to determine the electrical conductivity of the chemically prepared star copolymers. The PPI-co-PPy exhibited improved thermal stability compared to PPI-2Py, as confirmed by TGA. SEM results showed that the surface morphology of the functionalized dendrimer and star copolymer differed. The surface morphology of the chemically prepared star copolymers resembled that of a flaky, waxy material, compared to the ordered morphology of the electrochemically grown star copolymers, which resembled that of whelk-like helixes. In the case the electrochemically grown star copolymers, SEM images recorded at higher magnifications showed that the whelk-like helixes of the star copolymers were hollow tubes with openings at their tapered ends, and had an average base diameter of 2.0 mu;m. X-ray diffraction analysis of the first generation star copolymer G1PPI-co-PPy revealed a broadly amorphous structure associated with PPy, and crystalline peaks for PPI. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were used to study and model the electrochemical reactivity of the star copolymer materials. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data showed that the G1PPI-co-PPy exhibited slightly higher ionic conductivity than pristine PPy in lithium perchlorate. The second generation star copolymer G2PPI-co-PPy electrochemically deposited on a platinum (Pt) electrode had a lower electrochemical charge transfer resistance compared to electrodeposited polypyrrole (PPy) on a Pt electrode, and bare Pt. The decrease in charge transfer resistance was attributed to an increase in the conjugation length of the polymer as a result of the linking of the highly conjugated PPy to the PPI dendrimer. Bode impedimetric analysis indicated that G2PPI-co-PPI was a semiconductor, with a maximum phase angle shift of 45.3&deg; at 100 MHz. The star copolymer exhibited a 2- electron electrochemistry and a surface coverage of 99%. Results of Hall effect measurements showed that the star copolymer is a semiconducting material, having a conductivity of 0.7 S cm-1, in comparison to the 1.5 S cm-1 of PPy. To the best of my knowledge, these new star copolymers have not been reported in the open literature. Their properties make them potentially applicable for use in biosensors. / South Africa

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / FAPESP:04/00364-3

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-12-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:40:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pela_a_dr_botfca.pdf: 679169 bytes, checksum: 8915ce777c2e9e3c2e6eda225c7033fa (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da utilização de adubos orgânicos, produzidos por diferentes processos de reciclagem de dejetos bovinos criados em sistema de confinamento para novilhos superprecoces, nos atributos químicos e físicos de um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distrófico e na produtividade da cultura do milho. O experimento foi conduzido por duas safras agrícolas, 2002/2003 e 2003/2004. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições e seis tratamentos: T1 = efluente de biodigestor; T2 = esterco de esterqueira; T3 = composto orgânico; T4 = vermicomposto; T5 = adubo mineral; T6 = testemunha (sem utilização de adubos). As parcelas possuíam 15 m de comprimento por 8 m de largura, com área total de 120 m2. As quantidades para cada fonte orgânica foram calculadas com base nos seus teores de nitrogênio, para aplicação de 120 kg ha-1 de N. No tratamento T5 utilizou-se uma formulação N-P2O5-K2O, com base na análise do solo para P e K, e também 120 kg ha-1 de N, dos quais 30 kg foram aplicados na base e o restante em cobertura, em uma única aplicação, aos 33 e 37 dias após a emergência das plantas, na primeira e segunda safra, respectivamente. Os adubos orgânicos foram incorporados ao solo por meio de uma gradagem, antes da semeadura. O milho, cv. híbrido DKB 350 foi semeado dia 6 de janeiro de 2003 na primeira safra, e no dia 26 de dezembro de 2003 na segunda safra, com espaçamento de 90 cm entre linhas, e população de 55000 plantas por hectare. Os atributos do solo foram avaliados nas camadas de 0-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,30 m. Os atributos físicos avaliados foram o diâmetro médio ponderado, a argila dispersa em água, a resistência à penetração, a condutividade hidráulica saturada, a densidade do solo, porosidade total, macro e microporosidade... / The present work had as its aim to evaluate the effect of cattle manure usage, produced by different processes of bovine dejections recycling raised in pen system for superprecocious steers in the chemical and physical properties of a distrophyc Red Oxisol and in the maize productivity. The experiment was carried out by two crop harvests 2002/2003 and 2003/2004. A completely randomized block design was used with four replications and six treatments: T1 = biodigestor effluent; T2 = cattle manure; T3 = organic composition; T4 = vermicompost; T5 = mineral fertilizer; T6 = witness (without fertilizer application). The parcels were 15 meters long and 8 meters wide, with a total area of 120 square meters. The amounts for each organic source had been calculated based on their nitrogen concentration, for a N application of 120 kg ha-1. In T5 treatment, a N-P2-O5-K2O formula was used, based on the soil analysis for P and K, and also 120 kg ha-1 of N, of which 30 kg were applied in the base and the rest in the covering, in a single application, at 33 and 37 days after the plant emerging, in the first and second harvests, respectively. The organic matter had been incorporated to the soil by grading, before sowing. The maize, cv. Hybrid DKB 350 was sown in January 6th, 2003 in the first harvest and in December 26th, 2003 in the second harvest, with a distance of 90 cm between the lines and a population of 55,000 plants per linear meter. The soil attributes were evaluated in the 0-0,10 and 0,10-0,20 and 0,20-0,30 layers. The evaluated physical attributes were the mean weighed diameter, the water dispersed clay, the penetration resistance, the saturated hydraulic conductivity, the soil bulk density, total porosity, macro and microporosity. Concerning the chemical attributes, the fractioned organic matter, macro and micronutrients, pH... (Complete abstract, click eletronic address below)

Neste trabalho estudamos o movimento de cargas espaciais livres em sólidos dielétricos isolantes ou condutores, sub¬metidos à uma d.d.p. conhecida, admitindo uma distribuição qualquer de cargas que toca inicialmente um dos eletródios.Usando o método das características, reduzimos o problema à solução de uma equação diferencial de la. ordem. Como aplicações, resolvemos os casos de uma densidade linear, quadrática e exponencial, em sólidos com condutividade nula sob a condição de curto-circuito. Observamos que as distribuições tendem rapidamente para distribuições uniformes e, em certos casos, pode ocorrer inversão de corrente, dependendo do tipo de distribuição inicial / Free space charge motion is studied in solid dielectrics, insulators or conductors, under a given voltage. We assume an arbitrary charge distribution contact which is initially in contact with one of the electrodes. Using the \"Method of Characteristics\" we can reduce the problem to the resolution of a first order differential equation. Results are applied for linear, quadratic and exponential charge distributions in solids with zero conductivity under short¬circuit conditions. We saw that the charge profiles fall rapidly to uniform distributions and for cases dependent on initial distributions, current inversions are observed