Die Zusammenführung von Geodaten auf Basis homologer Objekte ist ein wichtiger Teilprozess zur Wissensgenerierung aus verfügbaren Geoinformationen. Forschungen im Bereich der digitalen Geodatenfusion gibt es bereits seit Anfang der 80er Jahre. Das Aufgabenspektrum umfasst dabei die Aktualisierung, Veränderungsdetektion, Informationsanreicherung und Integration verfügbarer Datensätze. Gleichzeitig vollzieht sich seit Ende der 90er Jahre ein Paradigmenwechsel hin zum Aufbau dienstebasierter Geoinformationslandschaften auf Basis serviceorientierter Architekturen (SOA). Dieser wird insbesondere durch die Entwicklung einer Geodateninfrastruktur (GDI) im öffentlichen Sektor forciert und bildet einen Schwerpunkt der aktuellen Forschung im Bereich Geoinformatik. Innerhalb dieser interoperablen Strukturen kann ein entscheidender Informationsmehrwert durch die Kombination thematisch verwandter Ressourcen geschaffen werden. Die Fusion von Daten wird daher einen zentralen Bestandteil zukünftiger Entwicklungen im Bereich Web-basierter Anwendungen darstellen. Zur Bereitstellung von Geodaten in einer GDI hat das Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) bereits zahlreiche Standards veröffentlicht. Darüber hinaus eröffnet die Entwicklung des Web 2.0 weitere, oftmals Community-gestützte, Möglichkeiten zur Bereitstellung von Geodaten außerhalb standardisierter GDI. Die Verarbeitung dieser Geodaten kann durch die Einführung des OGC Web Processing Service (WPS) realisiert werden. Diese Schnittstellenspezifikation ermöglicht die Verlagerung von Geoprozessierungsfunktionalitäten in eine GDI und trägt somit zur Ablösung monolithischer Geoinformationssysteme (GIS) durch verteilte dienstebasierte Strukturen bei. Für die Umsetzung komplexer Prozesse wie einer Geodatenfusion ist die Verfügbarkeit, Interoperabilität und Verkettung beteiligter Dienste von entscheidender Bedeutung. Nach der Einführung in Grundlagen von GDI und Geodatenfusion werden in dieser Arbeit Systemarchitektur und Bestandteile einer dienstebasierten Geodatenfusion konzipiert. Im Anschluss erfolgt die Beschreibung einer proof-ofconcept Implementierung wesentlicher Bestandteile unter Nutzung des 52°North WPS-Framework. Gegenstand der Implementierung ist die Fusion von Straßendaten der Modelle ATKIS (Amtliches Topographisch-Kartographisches Informationssystem) und OSM (OpenStreetMap) durch einen Feature- und Attributtransfer. Die Metadatenverarbeitung, Generalisierung und Evaluierung im Kontext einer dienstebasierten Geodatenfusion stellen weitere Teilaspekte dieser Arbeit dar. / The conflation of spatial data is one important task concerning the generation of knowledge from available geo-information. Research in this domain has been carried out since the early 80s and incorporates updating, change detection, enhancement and integration of spatial data. At the same time a paradigm shift leads towards service-oriented Architectures (SOA) in the field of geoinformation science. In the public sector this change is promoted by the developement of spatial data infrastructures (SDI). Especially whithin these interoperable structures, the combination of thematically comparable ressources can be used to enhance available spatial information. The conflation of data in general represents a core component of future research on web-based applications. The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) has already published various standards for spatial data dissemination. In addition, the Web 2.0 developement offers the possibility of user-generated spatial data beyond standardized SDI. The conflation of institutional- and community-provided datasets can be realized by the introduction of the OGC Web Processing Service (WPS). The WPS interface offers geoprocessing capabilities within SDI and thus helps distributed serviceoriented environments to replace monolithic Geographic Information Systems. Availibility, interoperability and chaining of services are crucial for implementing complex processes, such as conflation. After an introduction to the fundamentals of SDI and conflation, a servicebased architecture for geodata conflation will be developed within this thesis. The proof-of-concept implementation is realized using the 52°North WPS and exercises the conflation of street data. For this purpose, the data models ATKIS (Authoritative Topographic Cartographic Information System) and OSM (OpenStreetMap) were applied to perform a transfer of attributes and features. Other important aspects of this thesis related to service-based conflation include the processing of metadata, generalization and evaluation.

Die Zusammenführung von Geodaten auf Basis homologer Objekte ist ein wichtiger Teilprozess zur Wissensgenerierung aus verfügbaren Geoinformationen. Forschungen im Bereich der digitalen Geodatenfusion gibt es bereits seit Anfang der 80er Jahre. Das Aufgabenspektrum umfasst dabei die Aktualisierung, Veränderungsdetektion, Informationsanreicherung und Integration verfügbarer Datensätze. Gleichzeitig vollzieht sich seit Ende der 90er Jahre ein Paradigmenwechsel hin zum Aufbau dienstebasierter Geoinformationslandschaften auf Basis serviceorientierter Architekturen (SOA). Dieser wird insbesondere durch die Entwicklung einer Geodateninfrastruktur (GDI) im öffentlichen Sektor forciert und bildet einen Schwerpunkt der aktuellen Forschung im Bereich Geoinformatik. Innerhalb dieser interoperablen Strukturen kann ein entscheidender Informationsmehrwert durch die Kombination thematisch verwandter Ressourcen geschaffen werden. Die Fusion von Daten wird daher einen zentralen Bestandteil zukünftiger Entwicklungen im Bereich Web-basierter Anwendungen darstellen. Zur Bereitstellung von Geodaten in einer GDI hat das Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) bereits zahlreiche Standards veröffentlicht. Darüber hinaus eröffnet die Entwicklung des Web 2.0 weitere, oftmals Community-gestützte, Möglichkeiten zur Bereitstellung von Geodaten außerhalb standardisierter GDI. Die Verarbeitung dieser Geodaten kann durch die Einführung des OGC Web Processing Service (WPS) realisiert werden. Diese Schnittstellenspezifikation ermöglicht die Verlagerung von Geoprozessierungsfunktionalitäten in eine GDI und trägt somit zur Ablösung monolithischer Geoinformationssysteme (GIS) durch verteilte dienstebasierte Strukturen bei. Für die Umsetzung komplexer Prozesse wie einer Geodatenfusion ist die Verfügbarkeit, Interoperabilität und Verkettung beteiligter Dienste von entscheidender Bedeutung. Nach der Einführung in Grundlagen von GDI und Geodatenfusion werden in dieser Arbeit Systemarchitektur und Bestandteile einer dienstebasierten Geodatenfusion konzipiert. Im Anschluss erfolgt die Beschreibung einer proof-ofconcept Implementierung wesentlicher Bestandteile unter Nutzung des 52°North WPS-Framework. Gegenstand der Implementierung ist die Fusion von Straßendaten der Modelle ATKIS (Amtliches Topographisch-Kartographisches Informationssystem) und OSM (OpenStreetMap) durch einen Feature- und Attributtransfer. Die Metadatenverarbeitung, Generalisierung und Evaluierung im Kontext einer dienstebasierten Geodatenfusion stellen weitere Teilaspekte dieser Arbeit dar. / The conflation of spatial data is one important task concerning the generation of knowledge from available geo-information. Research in this domain has been carried out since the early 80s and incorporates updating, change detection, enhancement and integration of spatial data. At the same time a paradigm shift leads towards service-oriented Architectures (SOA) in the field of geoinformation science. In the public sector this change is promoted by the developement of spatial data infrastructures (SDI). Especially whithin these interoperable structures, the combination of thematically comparable ressources can be used to enhance available spatial information. The conflation of data in general represents a core component of future research on web-based applications. The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) has already published various standards for spatial data dissemination. In addition, the Web 2.0 developement offers the possibility of user-generated spatial data beyond standardized SDI. The conflation of institutional- and community-provided datasets can be realized by the introduction of the OGC Web Processing Service (WPS). The WPS interface offers geoprocessing capabilities within SDI and thus helps distributed serviceoriented environments to replace monolithic Geographic Information Systems. Availibility, interoperability and chaining of services are crucial for implementing complex processes, such as conflation. After an introduction to the fundamentals of SDI and conflation, a servicebased architecture for geodata conflation will be developed within this thesis. The proof-of-concept implementation is realized using the 52°North WPS and exercises the conflation of street data. For this purpose, the data models ATKIS (Authoritative Topographic Cartographic Information System) and OSM (OpenStreetMap) were applied to perform a transfer of attributes and features. Other important aspects of this thesis related to service-based conflation include the processing of metadata, generalization and evaluation.

Neste trabalho, retomaremos a questão sobre a existência de construções resultativas no português brasileiro (PB), conforme debatido nos trabalhos de Foltran (1999), Marcelino (2000), e Lobato (2004), inter alia, apresentando evidências teóricas e empíricas contra a afirmação de que existam em PB construções resultativas sintaticamente ou semanticamente equivalentes às construções resultativas presentes em línguas como o inglês, por exemplo. A partir de alguns trabalhos sobre as construções resultativas do inglês, como Hoekstra (1988) e Levin & Rappaport-Hovav (1995), mostraremos que as propriedades básicas dessas construções no inglês se mostram bem distintas das propriedades das construções citadas pelos trabalhos sobre o PB. Com base em um critério que leva em conta as propriedades das construções resultativas no inglês, mostraremos que existe uma diferença semântica quanto ao tipo de modificação que o predicado resultativo exerce sobre a sentença em inglês e em PB, baseados na semântica de eventos neo-Davidsoniana (PARSONS, 1990); enquanto na primeira o predicado resultativo denota o estado resultante da ação, na segunda, o predicado secundário é, na verdade, um modificador do estado resultante, já denotado pelo conteúdo semântico expresso no complexo verbo+argumento interno. Baseados na tipologia de Talmy (2000), estenderemos sua proposta de impossibilidade de amálgama (conflation) de certos elementos semânticos ao verbo em línguas românicas à impossibilidade de formação de resultativas. Incapaz de realizar amálgama de modo ao verbo, o PB realiza, ao invés do modo, a semântica de causa amalgamada ao co-evento no verbo, enquanto inglês realiza a semântica de estado resultante em um satélite, e modo e causa amalgamados ao verbo. A partir dos resultados obtidos pela nossa análise semântica, conduziremos uma análise sintática que explica tanto a restrição de amálgama de modo quanto à impossibilidade de formação de construções resultativas em PB. Baseados na teoria de estrutura argumental de Hale & Keyser (1993, 2002), iremos propor uma estrutura de predicados complexos para as resultativas do inglês a partir da estrutura de verbos deadjetivais, responsáveis pela formação de verbos inacusativos. A restrição de formação desses predicados complexos em PB é explicada pela marcação negativa do Parâmetro de Composicionalidade nessa língua, (SNYDER, 1995), impedindo a inserção de itens lexicais de classe aberta (raízes) em posições marcadas com o traço [+Afixal], condição sine qua non para a formação de predicados resultativos como os do inglês. / In this work, we take up again the discussion of whether resultative constructions exist in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), as discussed in the works of Foltran (1999), Marcelino (2000) and Lobato (2004), inter alia, presenting theoretical and empirical evidence against the claim that there are resultative constructions in BP that are syntactically or semantically equivalent to resultative constructions from languages such as English, for instance. Based on works about Englishs resultative construction such as Hoekstra (1988) and Levin & Rappaport-Hovav (1995), we show that the basic properties of these constructions in English are quite distinct from the properties of the constructions mentioned by the works about BP. With a criterion which takes on the properties of resultative constructions in English, we show that there is semantic difference as for the type of modification applied by the resultative predicate over the sentence when comparing English and BP, considering the neo- Davidsonian event semantics (PARSONS, 1990); while Englishs resultative predicate denotes the actions resultant state, in BP the secondary predicate is, in fact, the modifier of the resultant state already denoted by the semantic content expressed by the complex verb+internal argument. Based on Talmys (2000) typology, we relate his proposal of impossibility of conflation of certain semantic elements to the verb in romance languages to the impossibility of resultative construction formation in these languages. Unable to conflate manner to the verb, BP realizes, instead of manner, the cause semantics conflated to the verbs co-event, while English realizes the resultant state on a satellite, and manner and cause are conflated into the verb. From the results obtained with our semantic analysis, we conduct a syntactic analysis that explains the manner conflation restriction in BP, as well as its inability to form resultative constructions. Based on the argument structure theory from Hale & Keyser (2002), we suggest a complex predicate structure for Englishs resultatives from the deadjectival verb structures, responsible for the formation of the unaccusative verbs. The restriction over the formation of these predicates in BP is explained by the negative setting of the Compounding Parameter in this language (SNYDER, 1995), thus not allowing the insertion of open-class lexical items (roots) into positions marked with the [+Afixal] feature, a sine qua non condition for the resultative predicate formation, such as Englishs resultative predicates.

Neste trabalho, retomaremos a questão sobre a existência de construções resultativas no português brasileiro (PB), conforme debatido nos trabalhos de Foltran (1999), Marcelino (2000), e Lobato (2004), inter alia, apresentando evidências teóricas e empíricas contra a afirmação de que existam em PB construções resultativas sintaticamente ou semanticamente equivalentes às construções resultativas presentes em línguas como o inglês, por exemplo. A partir de alguns trabalhos sobre as construções resultativas do inglês, como Hoekstra (1988) e Levin & Rappaport-Hovav (1995), mostraremos que as propriedades básicas dessas construções no inglês se mostram bem distintas das propriedades das construções citadas pelos trabalhos sobre o PB. Com base em um critério que leva em conta as propriedades das construções resultativas no inglês, mostraremos que existe uma diferença semântica quanto ao tipo de modificação que o predicado resultativo exerce sobre a sentença em inglês e em PB, baseados na semântica de eventos neo-Davidsoniana (PARSONS, 1990); enquanto na primeira o predicado resultativo denota o estado resultante da ação, na segunda, o predicado secundário é, na verdade, um modificador do estado resultante, já denotado pelo conteúdo semântico expresso no complexo verbo+argumento interno. Baseados na tipologia de Talmy (2000), estenderemos sua proposta de impossibilidade de amálgama (conflation) de certos elementos semânticos ao verbo em línguas românicas à impossibilidade de formação de resultativas. Incapaz de realizar amálgama de modo ao verbo, o PB realiza, ao invés do modo, a semântica de causa amalgamada ao co-evento no verbo, enquanto inglês realiza a semântica de estado resultante em um satélite, e modo e causa amalgamados ao verbo. A partir dos resultados obtidos pela nossa análise semântica, conduziremos uma análise sintática que explica tanto a restrição de amálgama de modo quanto à impossibilidade de formação de construções resultativas em PB. Baseados na teoria de estrutura argumental de Hale & Keyser (1993, 2002), iremos propor uma estrutura de predicados complexos para as resultativas do inglês a partir da estrutura de verbos deadjetivais, responsáveis pela formação de verbos inacusativos. A restrição de formação desses predicados complexos em PB é explicada pela marcação negativa do Parâmetro de Composicionalidade nessa língua, (SNYDER, 1995), impedindo a inserção de itens lexicais de classe aberta (raízes) em posições marcadas com o traço [+Afixal], condição sine qua non para a formação de predicados resultativos como os do inglês. / In this work, we take up again the discussion of whether resultative constructions exist in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), as discussed in the works of Foltran (1999), Marcelino (2000) and Lobato (2004), inter alia, presenting theoretical and empirical evidence against the claim that there are resultative constructions in BP that are syntactically or semantically equivalent to resultative constructions from languages such as English, for instance. Based on works about Englishs resultative construction such as Hoekstra (1988) and Levin & Rappaport-Hovav (1995), we show that the basic properties of these constructions in English are quite distinct from the properties of the constructions mentioned by the works about BP. With a criterion which takes on the properties of resultative constructions in English, we show that there is semantic difference as for the type of modification applied by the resultative predicate over the sentence when comparing English and BP, considering the neo- Davidsonian event semantics (PARSONS, 1990); while Englishs resultative predicate denotes the actions resultant state, in BP the secondary predicate is, in fact, the modifier of the resultant state already denoted by the semantic content expressed by the complex verb+internal argument. Based on Talmys (2000) typology, we relate his proposal of impossibility of conflation of certain semantic elements to the verb in romance languages to the impossibility of resultative construction formation in these languages. Unable to conflate manner to the verb, BP realizes, instead of manner, the cause semantics conflated to the verbs co-event, while English realizes the resultant state on a satellite, and manner and cause are conflated into the verb. From the results obtained with our semantic analysis, we conduct a syntactic analysis that explains the manner conflation restriction in BP, as well as its inability to form resultative constructions. Based on the argument structure theory from Hale & Keyser (2002), we suggest a complex predicate structure for Englishs resultatives from the deadjectival verb structures, responsible for the formation of the unaccusative verbs. The restriction over the formation of these predicates in BP is explained by the negative setting of the Compounding Parameter in this language (SNYDER, 1995), thus not allowing the insertion of open-class lexical items (roots) into positions marked with the [+Afixal] feature, a sine qua non condition for the resultative predicate formation, such as Englishs resultative predicates.

In dieser Arbeit studieren wir das ekpyrotische Szenario, welches ein kosmologisches Modell des frühen Universums ist. Dieses Modell erklärt mit Hilfe einer kontrahierenden ekpyrotischen Phase die "Anfangsbedingungen" des Universums. Das bedeutet, dass der konventionelle "Urknall" durch einem Rückprall ersetzt wird. In dieser Arbeit versuchen wir Unstimmigkeiten zwischen den Vorhersagen der ekpyrotischen Modelle und den Messungen der Kosmologischen Hintergrundstrahlung des Planck Satelliten zu lösen. Den Planck Messungen zufolge sind die ursprünglichen adiabatischen Fluktuationen fast skaleninvariant und gaußverteilt. Während der ekpyrotischen Phase werden typischer Weise Flutuationen mit nicht-Gaußschen Korrekturen erzeugt. Wir schlagen zwei Ansätze vor, um diese Unstimmigkeit zu beheben. In dem nicht-minimalen entropischen Mechanismus werden fast skaleninvariante entropische Fluktuationen mit Hilfe einer nicht-minimalen kinetischen Kopplung zwischen zwei Skalarfeldern erzeugt. Wir werden zeigen, dass die nicht-Gaußschen Korrekturen während der ekpyrotischen Phase genau Null sind. Dies führt zu insgesamt kleinen nicht-Gaußschen Korrekturen nach der Umwandlung von entropischen zu adiabatischen Fluktuationen. Im Folgendem werden wir eine kinetische Umwandlung untersuchen, die nach einem nicht-singulären Rückprall stattfindet. Das Wachstum der entropischen Fluktuationen während des Rückpralls hat zur Folge, dass die möglichen nicht-Gaußschen Korrekturen, die zur Zeit der ekpyrotischen Phase erzeugt wurden, während des Rückpralls unterdrückt werden. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit gehen wir ein gravierendes Problem des inflationären Paradigmas an, welches "slow-roll eternal inflation" genannt wird. Wir schlagen ein Modell vor, das Ideen von Inflation und Ekpyrosis verbindet. Während der Konflation expandiert das Universum beschleunigt. Die adiabatischen Fluktuationen verhalten sich jedoch wie bei ekpyrotischen Modellen und wird "slow-roll eternal inflation" verhindert. / In this thesis, we study the ekpyrotic scenario, which is a cosmological model of the early universe. In this model the ``initial conditions'' of the universe are determined by a contracting ekpyrotic phase, which means that the conventional ``Big Bang'' is replaced by a bounce. The following thesis addresses the tension between ekpyrotic predictions and the observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation by the Planck team. According to the Planck data, the primordial curvature fluctuations are nearly scale-invariant and Gaussian. However, during ekpyrosis, the fluctuations have typically sizable non-Gaussian signatures. In this thesis, we propose two approaches in order to resolve the tension with observations. In the non-minimal entropic mechanism, nearly scale-invariant entropy perturbations are created due to a non-minimal kinetic coupling between two scalar fields. We will show that the non-Gaussian corrections during ekpyrosis are precisely zero leading to overall small non-Gaussian signatures after the conversion process from entropy perturbations to curvature perturbations. In the following, we will consider a kinetic conversion phase, which takes place after a non-singular bounce. Due to the growth of entropy perturbations during the bounce phase, the possibly large non-Gaussian corrections created during the ekpyrotic phase become suppressed during the bounce. The last part of this thesis addresses a major problem of the inflationary paradigm: Due to large adiabatic fluctuations, slow-roll eternal inflation creates infinitely many physically distinct pocket universes. We propose a model in the framework of scalar-tensor theories, which conflated ideas of both inflation and ekpyrosis. During conflation, the universe undergoes accelerated expansion, but there are no large adiabatic fluctuations like during ekpyrosis resulting in the absence of slow-roll eternal inflation.

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