Neste trabalho procuramos realizar uma apresentação autocontida sobre os conceitos da teoria algébrica de formas quadráticas e sobre os anéis graduados que surgiram no desenvolvimento desta teoria. Iniciamos procurando esclarecer o sentido da equivalência entre as várias acepções do conceito de forma quadrática. Após a apresentação de ingredientes e resultados geométricos, fazemos um extrato da teoria dos anéis de Witt, conceito que originou a moderna teoria algébrica de formas quadráticas. Disponibilizamos os elementos fundamentais para a formulação das teorias de cohomologia, nos concentrado no desenvolvimento da teoria de cohomologia profinita e, sobretudo, galoisiana. Descrevemos os funtores K0, K1 e K2 da K-teoria clássica e também a K-teoria de Milnor, que é mais adequada para formular questões sobre formas quadráticas. Finalizamos o trabalho com a apresentação de alguns conceitos da Teoria dos Grupos Especiais, uma codificação em primeira-ordem da teoria algébrica das formas quadráticas e exemplificamos sua importância, fornecendo um extrato da prova realizada por Dickmann-Miraglia da conjectura de Marshall sobre assinaturas, que se baseia fortemente nesta teoria. / In this work I try to provide a self-contained presentation on the concepts of algebraic theory of quadratic forms and on the graded rings that have emerged in the development of this theory. I started trying to clarify the meaning of \"equivalence\"between the various meanings of the concept of quadratic form. After the presentation of geometrical ingredients and results, we make an extract of the theory of Witt rings, a concept that originated the modern algebraic theory of quadratic forms. It is provided the key elements for the formulation of cohomology theories, focusing on the development of profinite cohomology theory and, especially, on galoisian cohomology. Are described the functors K0, K1 and K2 of classical K-theory and also the Milnor K-theory, which is more appropriate to formulate questions about quadratic forms. The dissertation is finished with the presentation of some concepts of the Theory of Special Groups, a first-order encoding of algebraic theory of quadratic forms, and with an example its importance by providing an extract of proof by Dickmann-Miraglia of the Marshalls conjecture on signatures, which relies heavily on this theory.

Orientador: Christiane Neme Campos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T00:02:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Galvao_KaioKaram_M.pdf: 1971760 bytes, checksum: e2f60ab09595b03fa6da5051cd78e3f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Em 1971, Fulkerson propôs a seguinte conjetura: todo grafo cúbico sem arestas de corte admite seis emparelhamentos perfeitos tais que cada aresta do grafo pertence a exatamente dois destes emparelhamentos. A Conjetura de Fulkerson tem desafiado pesquisadores desde sua publicação. Esta conjetura é facilmente verificada para grafos cúbicos 3-aresta-coloráveis. Portanto, a dificuldade do problema reside em estabelecer a conjetura para grafos cúbicos sem arestas de corte que não possuem 3-coloração de arestas. Estes grafos são chamados snarks. Nesta dissertação, a Conjetura de Fulkerson e os snarks são introduzidos com ¿ênfase em sua história e resultados mais relevantes. Alguns resultados relacionados à Conjetura de Fulkerson são apresentados, enfatizando suas conexões com outras conjeturas. Um breve histórico do Problema das Quatro Cores e suas relações com snarks também são apresentados. Na segunda parte deste trabalho, a Conjetura de Fulkerson é verificada para algumas famílias infinitas de snarks construídas com o método de Loupekine, utilizando subgrafos do Grafo de Petersen. Primeiramente, mostramos que a família dos LP0-snarks satisfaz a Conjetura de Fulkerson. Em seguida, generalizamos este resultado para a família mais abrangente dos LP1-snarks. Além disto, estendemos estes resultados para Snarks de Loupekine construídos com subgrafos de snarks diferentes do Grafo de Petersen / Abstract: In 1971, Fulkerson proposed a conjecture that states that every bridgeless cubic graph has six perfect matchings such that each edge of the graph belongs to precisely two of these matchings. Fulkerson's Conjecture has been challenging researchers since its publication. It is easily verified for 3-edge-colourable cubic graphs. Therefore, the difficult task is to settle the conjecture for non-3-edge-colourable bridgeless cubic graphs, called snarks. In this dissertation, Fulkerson's Conjecture and snarks are presented with emphasis in their history and remarkable results. We selected some results related to Fulkerson's Conjecture, emphasizing their reach and connections with other conjectures. It is also presented a brief history of the Four-Colour Problem and its connections with snarks. In the second part of this work, we verify Fulkerson's Conjecture for some infinite families of snarks constructed with Loupekine's method using subgraphs of the Petersen Graph. More specifically, we first show that the family of LP0-snarks satisfies Fulkerson's Conjecture. Then, we generalise this result by proving that Fulkerson's Conjecture holds for the broader family of LP1-snarks. We also extend these results to even more general Loupekine Snarks constructed with subgraphs of snarks other than the Petersen Graph / Mestrado / Ciência da Computação / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

This thesis is chiefly concerned with a classical conjecture of Littlewood's regarding the L¹-norm of the Fourier transform, and the closely related idem-potent theorem. The vast majority of the results regarding these problems are, in some sense, qualitative or at the very least infinitary and it has become increasingly apparent that a quantitative state of affairs is desirable. Broadly speaking, the first part of the thesis develops three new tools for tackling the problems above: We prove a new structural theorem for the spectrum of functions in A(G); we extend the notion of local Fourier analysis, pioneered by Bourgain, to a much more general structure, and localize Chang's classic structure theorem as well as our own spectral structure theorem; and we refine some aspects of Freiman's celebrated theorem regarding the structure of sets with small doubling. These tools lead to improvements in a number of existing additive results which we indicate, but for us the main purpose is in application to the analytic problems mentioned above. The second part of the thesis discusses a natural version of Littlewood's problem for finite abelian groups. Here the situation varies wildly with the underlying group and we pay special attention first to the finite field case (where we use Chang's Theorem) and then to the case of residues modulo a prime where we require our new local structure theorem for A(G). We complete the consideration of Littlewood's problem for finite abelian groups by using the local version of Chang's Theorem we have developed. Finally we deploy the Freiman tools along with the extended Fourier analytic techniques to yield a fully quantitative version of the idempotent theorem.

Les espaces d'ordres abstraits sont introduits par M. Marshall dans les années 70, dans la perspective d'offrir un cadre abstrait à l'étude des formes quadratiques. Vers le début des années 90, les travaux de M. Dickmann, L. de Lima et de F. Miraglia, ont donné naissance à la version duale des groupes spéciaux. Le premier thème que nous traiterons est la caractérisation des points d'un espace d'ordres du corps de fonctions d'une variété réelle, nous reprendrons un résultat de Brumfiel affirmant l'existence d'une correspondance entre ces ordres et des ultrafiltres de semi-algébriques. Nous appliquerons ceci au corps R(x,y). Suivra la caractérisation des ordres de ce corps à travers la notion de demi-branche de Bézout. Le second thème traite des principes locaux-globaux généralisés (ou Conjecture pp). Le premier résultat de la thèse porte sur la séparation des constructibles et sur la principalité des basiques. Nous montrerons que le langage des groupes spéciaux nous offre une vision claire du fait que ces principes découlent trivialement du principe de l'isotropie étendu. Le second résultat traite des contre-exemples à la conjecture dans le cas de la conique rationnelle donnée par l'équation x2+y2=3. Le dernier résultat (le plus important), aborde la conjecture pp dans le cadre du corps R(x,y). Nous nous intéresserons à des familles de polynômes vérifiant certaines conditions géométriques et montrerons que toute formule pp, ayant ses paramètres dans cette famille, vérifie un principe local-global. Nous les baptiserons formules V-universelles. Nous clorons le dernier chapitre par deux méthodes de construction. / Spaces of orderings were introduced in the last of 70s by M. Marshall, in order to provide an abstract framework to the study of a generalized theory of quadratic forms. In the 90s, the work of M. Dickmann , joined by his student L. Lima and his collaborator F. Miraglia , gave rise to the dual version of this theory, the special groups. First, we focus on the characterization of points of a space of orderings in special the case of function fields of real varieties, we review a Brumfiel?s result proving the existence of a one-to-one correspondence between points of such a space and some family of ultrafilters of semi-algebraic sets of the variety. We apply this to the case where the field is R(x,y). Another characterization uses the concept of Bezout?s half-branch. The second topic deals with a generalized local-global principle, known as the pp-conjecture. The first new result of this thesis focuses on the separation of constructibles and the principality of basics. We show that the first order language traduces well these properties and offers a clear vision that they derive trivially from extended isotropy theorem. The second result presents a generalized counter-example to the pp-conjecture in the case of the rational conic defined by the equation x2 + y2 = 3. The last result (most important), addresses the pp-conjecture in the context of the space of orderings of the field R(x,y). We will focus on families of polynomials satisfying certain geometric conditions and show that any pp-formula, with its parameters in this family, verifies a local-global principle. We baptize them V-universal formulas. We close the last chapter by two construction methods.

Le résultat principal de ce texte est une généralisation de la formule de Gross-Zagier p-adique de Perrin-Riou au cas de courbes de Shimura sur les corps totalement réels. Soit F un corps totalement réel. Soit f une forme modulaire de Hilbert sur F de poids parallel 2, qui est une forme nouvelle et est ordinaire en p. Soit E est une extension quadratique totalement imaginaire de F de discriminant premier à p et au conducteur de f. On peut construire une fonction L p-adique qui interpole valeurs spéciales de la fonction L complexe associée à f, E et caractères de Hecke d'ordre fini de E. La formule p-adique de Gross-Zagier relie la dérivée centrale de cette fonction L p-adique à la hauteur d'un divisor de Heegner sur une certaine courbe de Shimura. La stratégie de la preuve est proche de celle du travail original de Perrin-Riou. Dans la partie analytique, on construit le noyau analytique par calculs adéliques; dans la partie géométrique, on décompose le noyau géométrique en deux parties: places hors de p et places divisant p. Pour les places hors de p, les hauteurs p-adiques sont essentiellement des nombres d'intersection et sont calculées dans les travaux de S. Zhang, et il s'avère que cette partie est bien liée au noyau analytique. Pour les places divisant p, on utilise la méthode dans le travail de J. Nekovar pour montrer que la contribution de cette partie est nulle. / The main result of this text is a generalization of Perrin-Riou's p-adic Gross-Zagier formula to the case of Shimura curves over totally real fields. Let F be a totally real field. Let f be a Hilbert modular form over F of parallel weight 2, which is a new form and is ordinary at p. Let E be a totally imaginary quadratic extension of F of discriminant prime to p and to the conductor of f. We may construct a p-adic L function that interpolates special values of the complex L functions associated to f, E and finite order Hecke characters of E. The p-adic Gross-Zagier formula relates the central derivative of this p-adic L function to the p-adic height of a Heegner divisor on a certain Shimura curve. The strategy of the proof is close to that of the original work of Perrin-Riou. In the analytic part, we construct the analytic kernel via adelic computations, in the geometric part, we decompose the geometric kernel into two parts: places outside p and places dividing p. For places outside p, the p-adic heights are essentially intersection numbers and are computed in works of S. Zhang, and it turns out that this part is closely related to the analytic kernel. For places dividing p, we use the method in the work of J. Nekovar to show that the contribution of this part is zero.

We give an explicit description of the Loday assembly map on homotopy groups when restricted to a subgroup coming from the Atiyah-Hirzebruch spectral sequence. This proves and generalises a formula about the Loday assembly map on the first homotopy group that originally appeared in work of Waldhausen. Furthermore, we show that the Loday assembly map is injective on the second homotopy groups for a large class of integral group rings. Finally, we show that our methods can be used to compute the universal assembly map on homotopy.

In the context of the Franks–Misiurewicz conjecture, we study homeomorphisms of the two-torus semiconjugate to an irrational rotation of the circle. As a special case, this conjecture asserts uniqueness of the rotation vector in this class of systems. We first characterize these maps by the existence of an invariant ‘foliation’ by essential annular continua (essential subcontinua of the torus whose complement is an open annulus) which are permuted with irrational combinatorics. This result places the considered class close to skew products over irrational rotations. Generalizing a well-known result of Herman on forced circle homeomorphisms, we provide a criterion, in terms of topological properties of the annular continua, for the uniqueness of the rotation vector. As a byproduct, we obtain a simple proof for the uniqueness of the rotation vector on decomposable invariant annular continua with empty interior. In addition, we collect a number of observations on the topology and rotation intervals of invariant annular continua with empty interior.

In 1949, Lars Onsager in his famous note on statistical hydrodynamics conjectured that weak solutions to the 3-D incompressible Euler equations belonging to Hölder spaces with Hölder exponent greater than 1/3 conserve kinetic energy; conversely, he conjectured the existence of solutions belonging to any Hölder space with exponent less than 1/3 which do not conserve kinetic energy. The first part, relating to conservation of kinetic energy, has since been confirmed (cf. Eyink 1994, Constantin-E-Titi 1994). The second part, relating to the existence of non-conservative solutions, remains an open conjecture and is the subject of this dissertation. In groundbreaking work of De Lellis and Székelyhidi Jr. (2012), the authors constructed the first examples of non-conservative Hölder continuous weak solutions to the Euler equations. The construction was subsequently improved by Isett (2012/2013), introducing many novel ideas in order to construct 1/5− Hölder continuous weak solutions with compact support in time. Adhering more closely to the original scheme of De Lellis and Székelyhidi Jr., we present a comparatively simpler construction of 1/5− Hölder continuous non-conservative weak solutions which may in addition be made to obey a prescribed kinetic energy profile. Furthermore, we extend this scheme in order to construct weak non-conservative solutions to the Euler equations whose Hölder 1/3− norm is Lebesgue integrable in time. The dissertation will be primarily based on three papers, two of which being in collaboration with De Lellis and Székelyhidi Jr.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit einer Vermutung von Sarnak aus dem Jahre 2010 über die Orthogonalität von durch deterministische dynamische Systeme induzierte Folgen zur Möbiusschen μ-Funktion. Ihre Hauptresultate sind zum einen der Ergodensatz mit Möbiusgewichten, welcher eine maßtheoretische (schwächere) Version von Sarnaks Vermutung darstellt, und zum anderen die bereits gesicherte Gültigkeit der genannten Vermutung in Spezialfällen, wobei hier exemplarisch unter anderem der Thue–Morse Shift und Schiefprodukterweiterungen von rationalen Rotationen auf dem Kreis gewählt worden sind. Zum Zwecke der Motivation zeigen wir, dass eine gewisse Wachstumsabschätzung für die Mertensfunktion äquivalent ist zum Primzahlsatz und skizzieren ein Resultat, welches die Äquivalenz einer weiteren solchen Abschätzung zur Riemannschen Vermutung liefert, um auf diese Weise die Bedeutung der Möbiusfunktion für die Zahlentheorie herauszustellen. Da sie für das Verständnis von Sarnaks Vermutung unerlässlich ist, geben wir eine Einführung in die Theorie der Entropie dynamischer Systeme auf Grundlage der Definitionen von Adler–Konheim–McAndrew, Bowen–Dinaburg und Kolmogorov–Sinai. Ferner berechnen wir die topologische Entropie des Thue–Morse Shifts und von Schiefprodukterweiterungen von Rotatione auf dem Kreis. Wir studieren die ergodische Zerlegung T-invarianter Maße auf kompakten metrischen Räumen mit stetiger Transformation T, welche wir für den Beweis des Ergodensatzes mit Möbiusgewichten benötigen. Sodann beweisen wir den genannten gewichteten Ergodensatz. Wir geben eine hinreichende Bedingung an für das Erfülltsein von Sarnaks Vermutung in einem gegebenen dynamischen System, welche im anschließenden Kapitel Anwendung findet. So wird nachgewiesen, dass Sarnaks Vermutung im Falle des Thue–Morse Shifts und von Schiefprodukterweiterungen von rationalen Rotationen auf dem Kreis erfüllt ist. Abschließend wird gezeigt, dass Sarnaks Vermutung sich als Konsequenz aus einer Vermutung von Chowla ergibt. / The thesis in hand deals with a conjecture of Sarnak from 2010 about the orthogonality of sequences induced by deterministic dynamical systems to the Möbius μ-function. Its main results are the ergodic theorem with Möbius weights, which is a measure theoretic (weaker) version of Sarnak’s conjecture, and the already assured validity of Sarnak’s conjecture in special cases, where we have exemplarily chosen the Thue–Morse shift and skew product extensions of rational rotations on the significance of the Möbius function for number theory. Since it is essential for the understanding of Sarnak’s conjecture we give an introduction to the theory of entropy of dynamical systems based on the definitions of Adler–Konheim–McAndrew, Bowen–Dinaburg and Kolmogorov–Sinai. Furthermore, we calculate the topological entropy of the Thue–Morse shift and of skew product extensions of rotations on the circle. We study the ergodic decomposition for T-invariant measures on compact metric spaces with continuous transformations T, which we will need for the proof of the ergodic theorem with Möbius weights. Thereafter, we prove the namely weighted ergodic theorem. We give a sufficient condition for Sarnak’s conjecture to hold for a given dynamical system, which we make use of in the following chapter. Thereupon, it is varified that Sarnak’s conjecture holds for the Thue–Morse shift and for skew product extensions of rational rotations on the circle. Lastly, it is shown that Sarnak’s conjecture from one of Chowla.

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