Le haut Moyen Âge ibérique se caractérise par un changement brutal initié en 711 avec la conquête musulmane du royaume wisigothique. Cet évènement qui bouleversa l’histoire de l’Espagne n’est éclairé que de manière très lacunaire par les sources latines et arabes. Au cours des dernières années, le développement de l’archéologie a néanmoins contribué à une meilleure connaissance de la fin de la monarchie de Tolède et du début d’al-Andalus. Parmi le matériel exhumé, les monnaies sont souvent privilégiées dans les travaux scientifiques et la numismatique bénéficie pour ces périodes d’une bibliographie abondante. Cela permet aujourd’hui une approche plus exhaustive et une meilleure compréhension de leur rôle, de leur utilisation et de leur circulation. Mais les monnaies représentent également un précieux témoignage des difficultés de la fin du royaume wisigothique qui facilitèrent l’entrée et les avancées des troupes arabo-berbères en Hispanie. De même, elles sont les vestiges matériels presqu’exclusifs de la conquête, en particulier pour les régions du Nord du royaume au sujet desquelles les textes se montrent très lacunaires. Enfin, elles furent un outil administratif des Omeyyades au sein d’un émirat dont la centralisation s’accentua avec les réformes réalisées sous ‘Abd al-Raḥmān II (822-852). Cette évolution est perceptible dans la nature même du numéraire employé : alors que les Wisigoths perpétuèrent un monnayage sur le modèle antique en frappant une division du solidus, les musulmans privilégièrent le dirham, rattachant la Péninsule au « monométallisme » argentifère caractéristique du haut Moyen Âge occidental. / The Iberian Early Middle Ages are generally characterized by a rough change began in 711 with the Muslim conquest of the Visigothic kingdom. Latin and Arabic textual sources throw few lights on this event that profoundly marked the history of Spain. During the last years, archaeology’s development contributed to a better knowledge about the last years of Toledo Kingdom and beginning of al-Andalus. Among the exhumed material, coins are generally very used in historical studies and numismatic benefits from a large bibliography for this period. That’s why it allows a more exhaustive approach and a better understanding of their role, utilization and circulation. These coins represent an invaluable evidence of the kingdom’s difficulties before the conquest that make easier the Arabic progress in this territory. They are nearly exclusive traces about the conquest, especially for the North part of the kingdom which is little informed by the sources. Finally, they were an administrative tool for Umayyad in the Emirate’s construction and centralization in effect under ‘Abd al-Raḥmān II (822-852). This evolution could be symbolized by monetary changes: Visigoths perpetuated antique coinage with the emission of parts of solidus, Muslims preferred dirham, bringing the Iberian Area under “monometallic” plate zone characteristic of High Middle Ages Occident.

The thesis deals with the issue of the representation of the New World conquest in literature most accessible to the Czech reader, i.e. not only literature of Czech origin but also translations. The thesis contains representation of different kinds of literature and a narratological analysis of work with the selected topic. The work will point out the plurality and diversity of approaches to the topic and the individual authors who interpret the historical event through their texts. Then, with the help of comparing the individual publications, it will identify the author's possibilities to shape the reader's awareness and knowledge of the conquest but also how these can be manipulated. Diachronic comparisons will also point to changes in reception over time.

Inspired by the visual allegory ("Conquista, embarcáronse a las Indias" fol. 73 of the Nueva corónica), Legnani contends that the development of the laws of peoples (jus gentium) by 16th century Spanish jurists should be analyzed within the corpus of commercial law (lex mercatoria) employed by sea merchants, bankers and mercenaries throughout the 15th and 16th centuries. This dissertation explores the movement from figure to fiction in discourses of capital and violence. / Romance Languages and Literatures

In the late sixteenth-century a Peruvian Indian and Inca nobleman named Guaman Poma de Ayala wrote a one-thousand page history of the world, his Nueva Cronica y Buen Gobierno, recounting the development of Andean and European humanity from the beginning of time up to the period in which the author lived. My analysis focuses on the mode of communication used by Guaman Poma, his use of Renaissance Iberian discursive and visual codes, to articulate his radical views of Spanish rule in Peru. His views, I argue, although articulated in a foreign language and media, express a fundamentally Andean understanding of the world. The conquest and the Spanish people are woven into the Andean mythological order. Andean and Spanish worlds are made to conform to a common temporal and spatial model in the author's attempt to make sense of the apocalyptic consequences of the arrival the Spanish.

In this thesis,it has been aimed to evaluate the claims of which argue that the human rights thought has been firstly formulated by Francisco de Vitoria and Bartolome de Las Casas in the early sixteenth century Spain.

Reading the Material Record of Inka Rule: Perspectives from the North Coast of PerúThe Peruvian north coast was an area rich in people and resources that was conquered by the Inka in ca. 1470. The Inka presence in the north coast has been difficult to define archaeologically because of the relative absence of architecture and objects following Cuzco canons as well as the apparent conservatism or persistence of north coastal styles, which have hampered efforts to define a chronology of the late prehispanic period. Despite these problems, fieldwork at local centers and state installations has revealed increasing evidence for the impact of Inka rule on north coastal political and economic organization. In addition, research at Inka pottery manufacturing locations has shown that potters recruited to work for the state made vessels in both local and Inka styles using local techniques. These practices are arguably linked to the use and meaning of different kinds of objects by the state, as well as Inka policies of labor recruitment and the maintenance of ethnic markers. By examining the complex relationship between style and polity, we improve our understanding of Inka rule and as well as our ability to decipher the Inka archaeological record. / La costa norte del Perú, un área abundante en recursos y población, fue conquistada por los inkas hacia 1470 d.C. Sin embargo, es difícil definir esta conquista a partir de los restos arqueológicos debido a la relativa ausencia de arquitectura y objetos hechos según los cánones estilísticos del Cusco imperial, y a la persistencia de los estilos locales. Este hecho también ha impedido que se establezca una cronología del periodo prehispánico tardío. A pesar de ello, investigaciones arqueológicas en centros locales e instalaciones estatales han aportado creciente evidencia para entender el impacto del dominio inka en la organización política y económica de la costa norte. Asimismo, excavaciones en sitios de producción de cerámica inka han revelado que los ceramistas reclutados por el Estado produjeron vasijas en estilos locales e inkas utilizando técnicas locales. Hechos como este podrían haber estado ligados al uso y significado de los diferentes tipos de objetos por parte del Estado, así como a las políticas inkas de reclutamiento de mano de obra y de la conveniencia de mantener los marcadores étnicos. La comprensión real del dominio inka, así como la capacidad de descifrar su registro arqueológico, se facilitan a través de un análisis de la compleja relación existente entre estilo y entidades sociopolíticas.

[pt] Na experiência histórica chilena e argentina, a Araucania, os Pampas e a Patagônia eram comumente descritos pelas autoridades criollas como regiões desérticas ou situadas à margem da civilização, já que, ainda em meados do século XIX, constituíam espaços de exercício de soberania de diferentes grupos indígenas. O objetivo da tese é analisar os discursos políticos elaborados pela intelectualidade criolla nesse contexto, no intuito de legitimar os movimentos expansionistas e os projetos modernizadores que pretendiam incorporar essas regiões à órbita do poder público, civilizando os seus habitantes ou extinguindo-os se necessário. Busca-se também identificar as respostas dos nativos frente à nova modalidade de contato que se impunha, ressaltando o seu papel como sujeitos capazes de se adaptar e resistir às políticas criollas. A partir de uma abordagem comparativa, transcende-se o objetivo de identificar os traços semelhantes e contrastantes entre esses espaços fronteiriços e as formas de relacionamento neles estabelecidas entre as diferentes populações de criollos e indígenas, visando destacar também os pontos de interconexão e condicionamento mútuo entre as experiências de expansão territorial ocorridas no Chile e na Argentina. / [en] In the Argentinean and Chilean historical experiences, the Araucania, the Pampas and the Patagonia were usually described by criollos authorities as desert regions, placed out of civilization, once during the XIXth century, those places constituted spaces of sovereignty exercise from different indigenous groups. The thesis purpose is to analyze the political speeches made by intellectuals criollos in this context, in order to legitimize expansionist movements, and modernizing projects that intended to incorporate those regions to the public power orbit, civilizing their habitants or extinguishing them if necessary. Although, it attempts to identify the natives answers faced to the new imposing contact modality, accentuating their roles as capable subjects to adapt and resist to the criollos politics. With a comparative approach, this thesis transcends the purpose to identity similar and different traces between the frontier spaces, and the ways of interaction established between criollos and indigenous groups, but also is considered highlight the interconnection points between the experiences in the territorial expansion occurred in Chile and Argentina.

Orientador: Jose Jobson de Andrade Arruda / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T08:56:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lenk_Wolfgang_D.pdf: 2107631 bytes, checksum: 6a81f9eeb531aafd5eba4b653d436f40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: As invasões holandesas da Bahia e de Pernambuco puseram o domíno português à prova. Considerada a fragilidade política e militar de Portugal no momento, esta tese parte da constatação de que sua vitória deveu-se essencialmente a elementos internos a sua colônia: o levante de senhores de engenho pernambucanos contra a Companhia holandesa das Índias Ocidentais. Postulase que a política colonial adotada para o governo da Bahia possibilitou que a defesa da capitania, ao longo do conflito, fosse financiada pela economia colonial, sem que os atritos resultantes comprometessem a segurança do mesmo domínio. Para tanto, levantou-se os termos do envolvimento da sociedade colonial na guerra. Na movimentação militar, ponderou-se a capacidade de mobilização daquela população, em função do escravismo. Trabalhou-se a composição, a disciplina e a remuneração do exército em Salvador. Levantou-se os termos do socorro de homens e provisões do Reino durante a guerra. Dentro deste quadro, procurou-se compreender a fiscalidade na Bahia e a relação entre a Fazenda real e a açucarocracia. / Abstract: The Dutch ocupation of Bahia and Pernambuco put the portuguese rule of its colony to a test. Considering the military and political frailty of Portugal at the time, the present work considers the fact that its victory was mainly a result of colonial factors: in particular, the revolt of the sugar mill owners of Pernambuco against the Dutch West India Company. Our thesis is that the colonial policy adopted in the government of Bahia induced the colony's wealth to finance the costs of the defense, avoiding at the same time that political tensions caused by taxation and colonial exploitation undermined its security. In that sense, this work builds an analysis of the involvement of Bahian inhabitants in the war, particularly the relationship of the slaveholder society with the army. Furthermore, there is attention to the provisioning of men, weapons and supplies by the Portuguese Crown, as well as its naval policy. Finally, the work has sought to describe the terms through which the Royal Tresury and the political body of the colony dealt with taxation and defense problems during that time. / Doutorado / Historia Economica / Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico

A base do estudo empreendido nesta tese é a abordagem da Historia de la conquista de México de Dom Antonio de Solís a partir das preceptivas retóricas seiscentistas. Em nossa leitura, o discurso histórico seiscentista é fabricado pela arte. Narrar os feitos construídos como memoráveis é descrevê-los, portanto, retratá-los, ou seja, fazer com que o leitor possa vê-los. Nas edições da Historia de Solís enriquecidas com gravuras, as matérias lidas e vistas se desdobram em uma competição entre as artes, ou seja, entre a História e a Gravura. Nosso propósito é estudar a rivalidade imposta pela imagem como forma de superar a narração e as descrições empenhadas pelo cronista. Assim, as imagens imitam seu texto como forma de alcançar a emulação. Além da edição princeps da História, compõem o corpus da tese três edições enriquecidas com gravuras: a toscana, publicada em Florença em 1699; a castelhana, publicada em Bruxelas em 1704; e a inglesa, publicada em Londres em 1724. A obra de Solís, bem como suas reedições, é compreendida aqui como espaço de competição tanto das artes como dos discursos. A disputa discursiva é analisada na leitura dos textos oficiais que compõem a parte introdutória da edição princeps, os quais ajuízam o estilo, o decoro e a prudência dos preceitos empenhados pelo cronista, ou seja, aprovam e legitimam sua Historia. A concorrência entre os discursos e as artes busca alcançar os efeitos de docere (ensinar), delectare (agradar) e movere (persuadir). Assim, a competição provoca o prazer da maravilha, ensina e agrada aquele que lê as imagens podendo vê-las, logo, persuade de forma mais intensa e eficaz. / The basis of study undertaken in this thesis is the approach to The History of the Conquest of Mexico by Don Antonio de Solís under the 16th-century perceptive rhetoric. In our interpretation, the 16th-century historical discourse is produced through art. Narrating memorable feats is the same as describing them, therefore, depicting them, so that the reader can see them. In the editions of de Solis The History enriched by illustrations, the topics read and seen engage in a competition between arts, that is to say, History and Engraving. Our aim is to study the contest imposed by image as a means of outshining the narrative and the descriptions made by the chronicler. Thus, the images mimic his text as a way of achieving emulation. In addition to the princeps edition of the History, the corpus of the thesis consists of three richly engraved editions: the Tuscan edition, published in Florence in 1699; the Castilian edition, published in Brussels in 1704; and the British edition, published in London in 1724. Solís literary composition, as well as its reeditions, is understood here as a competition field for both arts and discourses. The discursive dispute is analyzed through the reading of official texts which form the introductory section of the princeps edition and assess the chroniclers style, decency and prudence applied to precepts, approving and legitimizing his History. The rivalry between discourses and arts aims to achieve effects of docere (teaching), delectare (delighting) and movere (persuading). Thus, the competition incites the delight of wonder, teaches and pleases whoever reads the images through sight, therefore, it persuades in a more intense and effective manner.

L’Etat moderne qui articule le principe de souveraineté avec l’affirmation des droits subjectifs et qui rompt avec le modèle impérial du pouvoir, est contemporain de la découverte et de l’exploitation du Nouveau Monde. Il s’agit ici de montrer que les deux processus sont solidaires et qu’il est possible de reconsidérer les différentes élaborations théoriques justifiant la formation des souverainetés étatiques, à partir du rapport au Nouveau Monde traversé par la tension structurante entre cosmopolitisme et impérialisme. Une première partie examine la genèse du droit des gens moderne, et la question du cosmopolitisme, à partir de la réflexion de Vitoria sur les « titres » de la conquête et de la colonisation de l’Amérique par l’Espagne. Cette partie s’efforce également de restituer les enjeux liés à la pratique de la piraterie. Celle-ci ne saurait être réduite à sa dimension criminelle : elle correspond à cette époque à une lutte pour la liberté des mers ainsi qu’à l’expérimentation de nouvelles formes d’association et de liberté qui font écho à la pensée utopique. Une seconde partie met en lumière le rôle des enjeux coloniaux dans l’élaboration de la théorie du pouvoir souverain (sous la forme de la monarchie absolue). Les auteurs convoqués sont Bacon et Hobbes. Enfin une troisième partie prend en charge l’irruption du concept de peuple dans les théories de l’Etat et examine là encore la manière dont les expériences coloniales informent ce concept (les références sont alors Locke et Rousseau). La Révolution de Saint-Domingue est évoquée en toute fin pour son exemplarité dans la manière dont elle questionne tous les concepts constitutifs de l’Etat de droit moderne. / It is worth considering that when the modern State reconciles the principle of sovereignty with the assertion of subjective rights, and consequently breaks with the imperial government system, it is doing so at the very time when the New World is being discovered and exploited. The point here is to show that these two processes are interdependent, and that it is possible to reconsider the different theoretical elaborations which have so far accounted for the emergence of state sovereignty, by referring to the structuring tension between cosmopolitism and imperialism, which characterizes the New World. What is dealt with the first part is the birth of international law, and the issue of cosmopolitism, revisited in the light of Vitoria’s study about the titles of the Spanish conquest and colonization. It is also devoted to restoring the stakes of piracy practice. The later cannot be reduced to its criminal dimension: at the time it means a fight for freedom on sea, together with the experimentation of new forms of association and liberty, which echo the utopian way of thinking. The second part is devoted to emphasizing the role of colonial stakes in the construction of the theory of sovereign power (as Absolute Monarchy). The authors referred to are Bacon and Hobbes. A third part is devoted to the emergence of the concept of People in the State theories, together with a study of the way this concept feeds from the colonial experience (the authors referred to this time being Locke and Rousseau). The Revolution in Santo-Domingo is mentioned in the very end, due to its exemplarity in the way it questions all the concepts that make out the modern state under the rule of law.