Dans l’essai de ce mémoire, les propositions théoriques de Paul Ricoeur sur la mise en récit seront reliées à celles d’Édouard Glissant quant à l’émergence d’une littérature de la Relation, entendue comme le déploiement poétique d’un imaginaire fondé sur le rapport à l’autre sans crainte de dilution. Mon corpus est composé de trois textes phares de la littérature québécoise, soit les Relations de Jacques Cartier, les Dialogues avec un Sauvage de Lahontan et Volkswagen Blues de Jacques Poulin. Le rapport à l’autre, qui est au cœur de l’intrigue de chacune des œuvres, permettra d’analyser la progression d’une littérature, mais également d’une culture de la Relation au Québec. Dans le roman Vers Sagana, Rose et Yann décident dès leur première rencontre de voyager ensemble alors qu’ils sont tous deux en perte de repères. Dans un contexte de résurgence du processus de dépossession lié à l’histoire américaine depuis l’arrivée des Européens, les voix des personnages s’enchevêtrent pour donner forme à l’obsession d’un enracinement toujours fuyant. / Throughout the essay component of this master’s thesis, Paul Ricoeur’s theoretical approaches regarding the narrative form will be juxtaposed with those of Édouard Glissant regarding the emergence of a « poetics of relation », understood as the poetic deployment of an imaginary realm based on the relation to the other, without fear of dilution. My corpus consists of three key texts in Quebec travel literature: Jacques Cartier’s Relations, Lahontan’s Dialogues avec un Sauvage, and Jacques Poulin’s Volkswagen Blues. The relation to the other, at the heart of the stories in those three texts will permit the analysis of the progress of a literature, but also that of a culture of the Relation in Quebec. In the novel Vers Sagana, Rose and Yann decide upon their first meeting to travel together, while both at loss for reference points. In a context of the resurgence of the dispossession process related to the American history ever since its genesis, the voices of the characters mingle to give shape to the obsession with ever-elusive roots.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

In my diploma thesis I analyze the key issues connected with the difficulties of communication between Spaniards and native inhabitants after the arrival to the American continent in 1492. Concretely, I focus on the first period of contact with the indigenous population. In the first part of the thesis I describe the historical and political situation in the area. Then I characterize the language policy of the Spanish court and also the linguistic situation in Latin America after the arrival of Spaniards. Next part of the thesis is dedicated to dominant Indian languages, which were used for the communication of colonizers and indigenous people and had the most significant influence on the Spanish language. There is also characteristic of the role of interpreters and importance of signs for communication during the conquest of America. The third chapter is dedicated firstly to the theoretical definition of the basic terms relevant for the topic. I describe the ways of enriching the vocabulary of languages and I explain the way how the new vocabulary was transmitted during communication between the Spaniards and the Indians. I also mention the categories of vocabulary which were most influenced by the indigenous languages with examples of loanwords from native languages in Spanish. In final part I...

Cette thèse de doctorat désire aborder une problématique nouvelle : celle de l’implantation cléricale dans une société de conquête d’un espace américain périphérique, le Paraguay du XVIe siècle. Cette étude souhaite approfondir les connaissances dans le domaine des études sur le rôle de l’Eglise dans l’Amérique hispanique au XVIe siècle. Cette thèse sera également un apport plus général dans les études sur l’Amérique coloniale, la littérature scientifique autour du Paraguay de la conquête s’avérant presque inexistante. Cette thèse de doctorat tient à explorer plusieurs hypothèses de travail. Tout d’abord, quelles soient franciscaines ou jésuites, les missions s’appuient sur une première expérience : celle de la conquête entre 1537 et 1580. L’action des membres du clergé séculier sur place, qui peuvent être considérés comme des électrons libres, a certainement pu préparer le terrain avant l’arrivée des Jésuites. Asunción qui devient en 1541 à la fois une ville et une capitale provinciale n’abrite pas uniquement des clercs séculiers mais également des réguliers. Cette mixité cléricale apparaît dans la documentation et favorise une perception multiple de la réalité coloniale du Paraguay de la conquête. Le clergé est également envisagé dans son rapport avec la société civile ainsi qu'avec les communautés indigènes. Ainsi, à travers le prisme de l’étude d’un corpus de documents inédits transcrits par nos soins rédigés par des ecclésiastiques, cette étude analyse le rôle et l’influence des membres de l’Eglise dans la première phase de conquête du territoire dirigé depuis Asunción. / This thesis deals with a new problematic : the settlement of the clergy in a marginal society of conquest in America, the Paraguay of the 16th century. This study likes to increase knowledge about the Church's role in Colonial America, few books have been written about the subject. This dissertation will explore several hypothesis. First, Franciscans or Jesuits, the missions lean on a first experience : the conquest of the territory between 1537 and 1580. The action of the members of the clergy, who could have a certain liberty, must have prepared the arrival of the Jesuits. Asunción, which became in 1541 a city and the capital of the region houses also regular clerks. This clerical mix appears clearly in the documents and enables multiple visions of the colonial reality in the 16th century. The clergy is also analysed through its relationship with civil society and indigenous people. Through the study of a corpus of unpublished documents transcribed by us, we analyze the role and the influence of the Church in the first conquest phase of the territory managed from Asunción.

O presente trabalho tem como objeto central o estudo de uma importante família baiana entre os séculos XVI e XIX, que esteve diretamente envolvida nos processos de conquista territorial e acumulou vasta propriedade fundiária nesse período, além de exercer grande influência nas esferas de poder junto à administração colonial. Inicialmente refletimos sobre como a família Dias d’Ávila tornou-se objeto de investigações historiográficas e como essa historiografia contribuiu para a afirmação de uma tradição interpretativa, que estabeleceu um vínculo direto entre sua trajetória e a formação de uma certa definição de História Nacional. Buscamos ainda esclarecer certos aspectos das relações entre os colonos e as populações autóctones no processo de conquista territorial, envolvendo desde a mestiçagem e incorporação, até os violentos conflitos que estiveram relacionados a esse processo. Também demonstramos alguns meandros das relações entre uma importante família senhorial e as diversas instâncias da administração colonial, bem como as estratégias desenvolvidas pela família para a aquisição, ampliação e manutenção de poder, entre as quais a obtenção de cargos e mercês, as ligações de casamento e os processos de transmissão de herança. Destacamos, nesse último aspecto, a instituição de um Morgado, como forma de vinculação de bens através de distintas gerações, excluindo, inclusive, certos membros da linha sucessória do acesso a bens da família. Nesse particular discutimos o significado de Casa como uma forma de agregação entre família e patrimônio que tinha a finalidade de garantir a obtenção e manutenção de poder econômico e político. Por fim, ressaltamos como a tradição construída em torno da família serviu e ainda serve aos objetivos de preservação do poder político, mesmo quando a família perdeu a capacidade de manutenção das bases de seu poder econômico. / This thesis has as the main object the study of an important family from Bahia between the XVI and XIX centuries, who were directly involved in the process of land conquest, and accumulated a vast estate during this time. Besides that, this family had a great capacity in influencing colonial administration’s political power. Initially we reflect on how the Dias d`Avila`s family became the subject of historiographic investigations and how this historiography has contributed to establishing the method of interpreting tradition on this subject, which documented one direct relation connecting its trajectory and the formation of a certain national historic definition. We intend to provide a more detailed way of ascertaining certain aspects of the relationship between the colonists and the autochthonous populations. The process of territorial conquest raises questions about races mixture - cross breeding - mestisos and their acceptance, to the violent conflicts that were related to that process. We will also demonstrate some particularities concerning the relations between one important land owner family and the different colonial administration levels, as well as the strategies developed by the family in order to acquire, increase and maintain power. Among those strategies were public jobs obtaining in the colonial government and the receiving of graces (merces) through marriage connections and the controlling of the inheritance process, in which the Morgado (process of the eldest receiving the whole inheritance) stands out as a way of perpetuating the real estate property through out different generations without dividing it – excluding, in some cases, some family members from the inheritance. In this particular case we discuss the meaning of Casa as a form of association between the family and the family estate which had the objective of ensuring the obtaining and keeping of political and economic power. Finally, we demonstrate that a tradition was built around the family which served, even today, as a means of retaining political power even tough when a family has lost its capacity of keeping the basis of its economic power.

The Spanish colonisation of the Philippines in 1565 opened up trade between China, Latin America and Europe via the Pacific crossing, changing the history of global trade forever. The traditional understanding of the early colonial period in the Philippines suggests that colonial control spread rapidly and peacefully across the islands, ushering in dramatic changes to the social, political and economic environment of the archipelago. This dissertation argues by contrast that the extent of Spanish control has been overstated - partially as a by-product of an over-reliance on religious and secular chronicles that sought to magnify the role and interests of the colonial state. Through extensive archival work examining different sites of colonial authority and power, I demonstrate that Philippine communities contested and limited the nature of colonisation in their archipelago. In making this argument, I challenge prevalent assumptions of indigenous passivity in the face of imperial expansion. By demonstrating the agency of Southeast Asians, particular actors come to the fore in each of the chapters: Chinese labourers, indigenous elites, fugitives and apostates, unpacified mountain communities, native priestesses and Moro slave raiders. The culture and social organisation of these Southeast Asian communities impacted on the nature of Spanish imperialism and the capacity for the Spanish to retain and extend their control. Throughout the seventeenth century, the Spanish presence within the archipelago was always tenuous. A number of communities remained outside of Spanish control for the duration of the century, while still others oscillated between integration and rebellion, by turns participating in and resisting the consolidation of empire. These communities continued to maintain their local and regional economies and customs. Thus, by the end of the seventeenth century, imperial control remained fragmented, partial and incomplete. The dissertation contributes not only to the historiography of the Philippines - which remains under-explored - but also to the historiographies of Colonial Latin America, Southeast Asia and early modern empires. Conceptualising the Philippines as a frontier space helps to overturn the foundations of the myth of a completed conquest. This dissertation thus raises questions about the inevitability of empire by arguing that indigenous communities were active respondents to Spanish colonisation attempts and that indigenous traditions and culture in this region were both resilient and enduring in the face of colonial oppression.

O presente trabalho tem como objeto central o estudo de uma importante família baiana entre os séculos XVI e XIX, que esteve diretamente envolvida nos processos de conquista territorial e acumulou vasta propriedade fundiária nesse período, além de exercer grande influência nas esferas de poder junto à administração colonial. Inicialmente refletimos sobre como a família Dias d’Ávila tornou-se objeto de investigações historiográficas e como essa historiografia contribuiu para a afirmação de uma tradição interpretativa, que estabeleceu um vínculo direto entre sua trajetória e a formação de uma certa definição de História Nacional. Buscamos ainda esclarecer certos aspectos das relações entre os colonos e as populações autóctones no processo de conquista territorial, envolvendo desde a mestiçagem e incorporação, até os violentos conflitos que estiveram relacionados a esse processo. Também demonstramos alguns meandros das relações entre uma importante família senhorial e as diversas instâncias da administração colonial, bem como as estratégias desenvolvidas pela família para a aquisição, ampliação e manutenção de poder, entre as quais a obtenção de cargos e mercês, as ligações de casamento e os processos de transmissão de herança. Destacamos, nesse último aspecto, a instituição de um Morgado, como forma de vinculação de bens através de distintas gerações, excluindo, inclusive, certos membros da linha sucessória do acesso a bens da família. Nesse particular discutimos o significado de Casa como uma forma de agregação entre família e patrimônio que tinha a finalidade de garantir a obtenção e manutenção de poder econômico e político. Por fim, ressaltamos como a tradição construída em torno da família serviu e ainda serve aos objetivos de preservação do poder político, mesmo quando a família perdeu a capacidade de manutenção das bases de seu poder econômico. / This thesis has as the main object the study of an important family from Bahia between the XVI and XIX centuries, who were directly involved in the process of land conquest, and accumulated a vast estate during this time. Besides that, this family had a great capacity in influencing colonial administration’s political power. Initially we reflect on how the Dias d`Avila`s family became the subject of historiographic investigations and how this historiography has contributed to establishing the method of interpreting tradition on this subject, which documented one direct relation connecting its trajectory and the formation of a certain national historic definition. We intend to provide a more detailed way of ascertaining certain aspects of the relationship between the colonists and the autochthonous populations. The process of territorial conquest raises questions about races mixture - cross breeding - mestisos and their acceptance, to the violent conflicts that were related to that process. We will also demonstrate some particularities concerning the relations between one important land owner family and the different colonial administration levels, as well as the strategies developed by the family in order to acquire, increase and maintain power. Among those strategies were public jobs obtaining in the colonial government and the receiving of graces (merces) through marriage connections and the controlling of the inheritance process, in which the Morgado (process of the eldest receiving the whole inheritance) stands out as a way of perpetuating the real estate property through out different generations without dividing it – excluding, in some cases, some family members from the inheritance. In this particular case we discuss the meaning of Casa as a form of association between the family and the family estate which had the objective of ensuring the obtaining and keeping of political and economic power. Finally, we demonstrate that a tradition was built around the family which served, even today, as a means of retaining political power even tough when a family has lost its capacity of keeping the basis of its economic power.

The Conduct of Life, also known as the Poema Morale, is a verse-sermon that has been largely ignored by literary histories, and despite the longevity of its textual tradition its various texts have never been the subject of extended study. This dissertation brings together the seven manuscript versions of the text, which date from the end of the twelfth to the end of the thirteenth centuries, and re-examines them individually and as a cohort exhibiting variance. It therefore offers a revealing indicator of how continuity and change actually operated through the interaction between preceding tradition and scribes and audiences. This is achieved through a three-fold analysis of the verse sermon which highlights the fluidity of the manuscript culture during this period and the willingness of scribes to adapt texts to suit new purposes, to create differences due to dialect and comprehension, or copy variants from a now lost exemplar. First, an edition of the text, based on the version found in Cambridge, Trinity College MS B. 14. 52, folios 2r-9v , explores, through the accompanying notes, the themes, style and phraseology which not only reflect the influence of earlier English literary and hortatory texts but also represent a living tradition which found popularity within diverse writing and social environments. Secondly, a diplomatic edition of each text is presented, preceded by an introduction to the text, grammar and dialect, with full codicological and palaeographic notes. Finally, a parallel text edition bears witness to the copying and reshaping of the text throughout its history. It is accompanied by extensive linguistic notes which highlight the adaptation and textual variance between each version of the Conduct of Life. Each new variant has not only been read in relation to the other versions of the same work but also in relation to the manuscript context it newly occupies as a result of its transmission. Each copy reshapes the material within an established structure of rhythm and metre and, therefore, the dissertation concludes that the sermon is recreated as a series of individual texts, which might be individually analysed, because each is different, particularly within their specific physical and historical moments. This fluidity or mouvance suggests for the Conduct of Life and, for that matter, the texts that preceded it in the historical narrative of the twelfth century that there is no authentic text; that the instability of the manuscript 'tradition' moves from manuscript to manuscript.

Il existe une abondance extraordinaire de récits de voyage et d'oeuvres de fiction en langue allemande focalisant l'outre-mer et en premier lieu les Etats-Unis d'Amérique. Ces textes écrits au cours du XIX et pendant la première moitié du XX siècle représentent un phénomène notable mais peu commenté qui se prête tout à fait à un traitement historique: ces écrits accompagnent, appuient, commentent et vilipendent la très forte émigration allemande vers les Amériques, notamment l'Amérique du Nord. Le présent travail s'attache à rendre compte du roman d'aventures outre-mer de langue allemande et ce faisant s'efforce de cerner ce qui fait la spécificité de la perspective allemande. Dans cette optique ont été retenues douze oeuvres composées par des auteurs germanophones aussi différents les uns des autres que les Allemands Friedrich Gerstäcker (1816-1872), Karl May (1842-1912), Ernst Friedrich Löhndorff (1899-1976), L'Austro-Américain Karl Postl alias Charles Sealsfield (1793-1864), l'Autrichien Franz Kafka (1883-1924), le Germano-Mexicain B. Traven (1882-1969). Après un chapitre d'exposition traitant de l'horizon d'attente présent dans l'Allemagne du XIX siècle, onze chapitres sont consacrés à l'étude des romans sélectionnés. L'analyse de ces oeuvres permet de mettre en évidence quelques caractéristiques saillantes qui sont propres au genre tant au niveau de l'esthétique , de la logique, des thématiques et des schémas idéologiques qu'au niveau de l'organisation en affrontements axiologiques entre un univers de la rationalité et de la civilisation et un monde considéré comme relevant de la "sauvagerie". Sont aussi analysées la silhouette de l'aventurier littéraire, les différentes approches de l'altérité entre refus et attrait, la tentation récurrente de la transgression, l'inscription du récit dans un système de codes et de stéréotypes préexistants. / There are many German travel stories as well as works of fiction focusing on overseas territories, in the first place on the United States of America. These texts that were written in the course of the nineteenth century and during the first half of the twentieth century represent a noteworthy phenomenon that has been little commented on and lends itself well to a historical approach. Indeed, these pieces of writing accompany, comment on and vilify the German mass migration to the American continent, especially to North America. The present work attempts to account for the German adventure novel the plot of which takes place overseas. In so doing it tries to define the specificity of the German perspective. Twelve novels have been selected that were written by several german-speaking authors very different from one another: the German Friedrich Gerstäcker (1816-1872), Karl May (1842-1912), Ernst Friedrich Löhndorff (1899-1976), the Austro-American Karl Postl aka Charles Sealsfield (1793-1864), The Austrian Franz Kafka (1883-1924), the Germano-Mexican B. Traven (1882-1969). Following an introductory chapter dealing with the horizon of aspirations in nineteenth-century Germany are eleven chapters each devoted to the study of one selected novel.The analysis of these works shows some striking features that belong to the genre either at the level of the aesthetics, logic, set of themes and ideological patterns or at the level of axiological confrontations between a rational, civilized world and the so-called "savageness". Other items in the study are the figure of the literary adventurer, the different approaches to the alterity phenomenon, the recurrent temptation of transgression, the insertion of the text in a pre-existent codes and stereotypes system.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal