Thesis (M.A.)--University of California, April 1909. / Typewritten (carbon copy). Bibliography: leaves i-iv.

Tesis (M.A.)--University of California, May 1917. / Typewritten. Caption title. A copy of the original, with the original paging indicated. Description based on print version record.

The aim of this Master's thesis is to present the renowned Spanish author Francisco Ayala as a translator and translation theorist. The core of the thesis is then the analysis of Ayala's main writings concerning translation. Moreover, we outline the history of translation and translation studies in Spain and Hispanic America to put Ayala's work into a broader context. We also inquire into other areas of Ayala's interest closely related to translation − publishing, lexicography and professional proofreading. To conclude the thesis, we discuss the general situation of the exiled Spanish translators who worked in Hispanic America during the Franco's regime.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar a trajetória intelectual do escritor Ramon del Valle-Inclán que transitou entre os círculos intelectuais de Madrid e da Cidade do México produzindo interpretações sobre a América Hispânica num contexto de tentativas de reaproximação entre a metrópole e suas ex-colônias na década de 1920. Também objetivamos analisar o significado dos contatos intelectuais entre o escritor e intelectuais hispano-americanos que foram relevantes para a gestação e produção de seu romance Tirano Banderas (1926). Em um contexto de comemoração dos centenários de independência, esta obra teve grande repercussão e suscitou debates sobre o papel cultural da Espanha em toda América Hispânica. A análise sobre sua gestação, produção e primeira recepção na América e na Espanha, só se torna possível porque um vasto e rico epistolário relacionado ao autor foi, recentemente, publicado. Além dessa fonte básica para este tipo de estudo, pretendemos analisar os debates registrados na imprensa dos dois lados do Atlântico, o que nos permitirá fazer um contraponto entre esses registros e a referida obra do autor. / I intend to analyze in this research the Valle-Inclán\'s intellectual trajectory as an artist that produced some interpretations about Hispanic America in the context of Independence Centenary Celebrations. Also intend to analyze the intellectual contacts between Valle-Inclán and hispanicamerican intellectuals that were important to produce its masterpiece Tirano Banderas. This research is only possible because it recently was published Valle-Inclán\'s vast collection of letters.

Este trabalho trata de descobrir os sentidos da formação literária na periferia (América hispânica e África portuguesa) por meio da análise de formas narrativas breves (contos) e de seus correspondentes processos sociais. Dividido em quatro partes, o presente estudo se inicia com uma abordagem comparativa dos conceitos de forma e formação segundo as teorias de Antonio Candido e Ángel Rama, da qual se depreenderá uma análise das condições em que se concretizou certo realismo vanguardista entre as décadas de 1930 e 1960. A segunda e a terceira partes investigam, por meio da análise das obras literárias de Jorge Luis Borges, Alejo Carpentier e Gabriel García Márquez, em América hispânica, bem como de José Luandino Vieira e Luis Bernardo Honwana, em África portuguesa, a relação entre forma narrativa e processo social com vistas à elucidação do sentido da formação segundo essas mesmas obras. Por fim, a quarta e última parte é composta por um breve ensaio sobre algumas das principais tendências da cultura brasileira contemporânea, marcada pelo horizonte da pós-formação, e em diálogo com as criações artísticas e os conceitos teóricos mobilizados ao longo das três partes anteriores. / This work tries to discover the meanings of literary formation in the periphery (Hispanic America and Portuguese Africa) through the analysis of brief narrative forms (short stories) and their corresponding social processes. Divided into four parts, the present study begins with a comparative approach of the concepts of form and formation according to the theories of Antonio Candido and Ángel Rama, from which stems an analysis of the conditions in which a certain avant-garde realism materialized between the 1930s and the 1960s. The second and third parts investigate, through the analysis of the short stories of Jorge Luis Borges, Alejo Carpentier and Gabriel García Márquez, in Hispanic America, as well as of José Luandino Vieira and Luis Bernardo Honwana, in Portuguese Africa, the relationship between narrative form and social process in order to elucidate the meaning of formation according to these same narratives. Finally, the fourth and last part is composed by a brief essay on some of the main tendencies of contemporary Brazilian culture, marked by a post-formation horizon, and in dialogue with the artistic creations and the theoretical concepts mobilized throughout the previous three parts.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar a trajetória intelectual do escritor Ramon del Valle-Inclán que transitou entre os círculos intelectuais de Madrid e da Cidade do México produzindo interpretações sobre a América Hispânica num contexto de tentativas de reaproximação entre a metrópole e suas ex-colônias na década de 1920. Também objetivamos analisar o significado dos contatos intelectuais entre o escritor e intelectuais hispano-americanos que foram relevantes para a gestação e produção de seu romance Tirano Banderas (1926). Em um contexto de comemoração dos centenários de independência, esta obra teve grande repercussão e suscitou debates sobre o papel cultural da Espanha em toda América Hispânica. A análise sobre sua gestação, produção e primeira recepção na América e na Espanha, só se torna possível porque um vasto e rico epistolário relacionado ao autor foi, recentemente, publicado. Além dessa fonte básica para este tipo de estudo, pretendemos analisar os debates registrados na imprensa dos dois lados do Atlântico, o que nos permitirá fazer um contraponto entre esses registros e a referida obra do autor. / I intend to analyze in this research the Valle-Inclán\'s intellectual trajectory as an artist that produced some interpretations about Hispanic America in the context of Independence Centenary Celebrations. Also intend to analyze the intellectual contacts between Valle-Inclán and hispanicamerican intellectuals that were important to produce its masterpiece Tirano Banderas. This research is only possible because it recently was published Valle-Inclán\'s vast collection of letters.

This work approaches the phenomenon called voseo from two different points of view: synchronic and diachronic. At the beginning, the work compares verbal and pronominal systems in Spain and Hispanic America, then analyses the evolution of voseo with the help of writings from given periods (from Cid to Classicism). In addition, it examines how different grammars (from the first grammar of Nebrija to the newest grammar of the Royal Spanish Academy) see this phenonomenon. In the part dedicated to the synchronic view, it describes voseo in different states with the help of the corpus of the Royal Spanish Academy.

Cette thèse de doctorat désire aborder une problématique nouvelle : celle de l’implantation cléricale dans une société de conquête d’un espace américain périphérique, le Paraguay du XVIe siècle. Cette étude souhaite approfondir les connaissances dans le domaine des études sur le rôle de l’Eglise dans l’Amérique hispanique au XVIe siècle. Cette thèse sera également un apport plus général dans les études sur l’Amérique coloniale, la littérature scientifique autour du Paraguay de la conquête s’avérant presque inexistante. Cette thèse de doctorat tient à explorer plusieurs hypothèses de travail. Tout d’abord, quelles soient franciscaines ou jésuites, les missions s’appuient sur une première expérience : celle de la conquête entre 1537 et 1580. L’action des membres du clergé séculier sur place, qui peuvent être considérés comme des électrons libres, a certainement pu préparer le terrain avant l’arrivée des Jésuites. Asunción qui devient en 1541 à la fois une ville et une capitale provinciale n’abrite pas uniquement des clercs séculiers mais également des réguliers. Cette mixité cléricale apparaît dans la documentation et favorise une perception multiple de la réalité coloniale du Paraguay de la conquête. Le clergé est également envisagé dans son rapport avec la société civile ainsi qu'avec les communautés indigènes. Ainsi, à travers le prisme de l’étude d’un corpus de documents inédits transcrits par nos soins rédigés par des ecclésiastiques, cette étude analyse le rôle et l’influence des membres de l’Eglise dans la première phase de conquête du territoire dirigé depuis Asunción. / This thesis deals with a new problematic : the settlement of the clergy in a marginal society of conquest in America, the Paraguay of the 16th century. This study likes to increase knowledge about the Church's role in Colonial America, few books have been written about the subject. This dissertation will explore several hypothesis. First, Franciscans or Jesuits, the missions lean on a first experience : the conquest of the territory between 1537 and 1580. The action of the members of the clergy, who could have a certain liberty, must have prepared the arrival of the Jesuits. Asunción, which became in 1541 a city and the capital of the region houses also regular clerks. This clerical mix appears clearly in the documents and enables multiple visions of the colonial reality in the 16th century. The clergy is also analysed through its relationship with civil society and indigenous people. Through the study of a corpus of unpublished documents transcribed by us, we analyze the role and the influence of the Church in the first conquest phase of the territory managed from Asunción.

Aprender un idioma no sólo significa aprender nuevas palabras, gramática y hablar y entender el lenguaje, sino también obtener un entendimiento de la cultura en que el idioma tiene su base. Los estudiantes y sus estudios –de cultura y sociedad– dependen de los materiales didácticos y los países y los temas encontrados en ellos; por eso es importante no sólo confiar en que los autores han tomado en cuenta estos aspectos, sino también analizar y estudiar los libros en forma crítica. Esta monografía, en la que se investiga libros didácticos desde un ángulo cultural, así como la distribución entre los países y los temas presentados, comparándolos con los objetivos de los planes de enseñanza. El resultado muestra, por una parte, una sobrerrepresentación de España en los materiales analizados, con variedad en los temas elegidos; y por otra parte, poca variedad en los temas de los países hispanoamericanos, con pocos países representados. / Learning a language is not only about vocabulary, grammar, speaking and understanding the language, but also about apprehending the culture which the language is built on. The cultural aspect of the students’ education is governed by the different themes and countries presented in the text books, and also by other material that the teacher might offer. This study suggests that one cannot blindly trust that the text books fully live up to these criteria, regarding a diverse representation of the Spanish speaking countries and their respective cultures, and that a critical analysis of the text books is important when presenting a non-stereotypical image to the students. In this essay three didactic books are analyzed from a cultural perspective related to the themes and countries represented in the texts. The result shows, on one hand, an overrepresentation of Spain, with more varying themes; and on the other hand, less variation when dealing with the few Hispanic countries that are mentioned.

Cette recherche se construit autour d’un travail de terrain réalisé dans trois communautés autochtones quichuas vivant au nord de l’Équateur. Il prétend étudier l’incidence que devrait avoir la diversité culturelle et linguistique dans les politiques éducatives en milieu plurilingue et multiculturel. En Amérique hispanique, l’éducation des peuples autochtones n’a jamais été très attentive à leurs besoins spécifiques en ce qui a trait à l’apprentissage de l’espagnol comme langue seconde. En effet, les motivations des apprenants, plus instrumentales qu’intégratives, prouvent que les autochtones apprennent la langue espagnole presqu’exclusivement pour communiquer, sans vraiment être intéressés au groupe natif de cette langue. De plus, notre recherche sur le terrain avec les apprenants du peuple Otavalo nous a démontré que leur très forte identification ethnique influence l’acquisition de l’espagnol. D’une part, ils sont plus enclins à se distinguer des autres, spécialement des hispano parlants, et de l’autre, ils réussissent plus difficilement à atteindre une compétence élevée dans la langue seconde. Notre recherche conclut donc que l’éducation, qu’elle soit issue du système national ou bilingue, devrait davantage prendre en considération l’identité ethnolinguistique des nombreux enfants indigènes, afin de ne pas préjudicier leurs droits. Ceci permettrait de favoriser un apprentissage positif et significatif de l’espagnol comme langue seconde ou langue maternelle, mais tout en consolidant l’identité autochtone des apprenants. / This research is built around a practical investigation conducted in three Quichua communities living in northern Ecuador. It claims to study the impact that should have the cultural and linguistic diversity in the educational policies in multilingual and multicultural environments. In Spanish America, the education of indigenous people has never been very attentive to their specific needs in respect to learning Spanish as a second language. Indeed, the motivations of these learners, more instrumentals than integratives, show that indigenous learn the Spanish language almost exclusively to communicate, without being actually interested in the group's native language. In addition, our field research with Otavalo learners showed us that their very strong ethnic identification influences the acquisition of Spanish. On the one hand, they are more likely to distinguish themselves from others, especially the Hispanic speaking people, and on the other hand, they don’t achieve high competence in the second language. Our research concludes that education, no matters if it comes from the national or the bilingual system, should further consider the ethnolinguistic identity of the many indigenous children, in order not to prejudice their rights. This would encourage a positive and significant acquisition of Spanish, as a second language or mother tongue, but would also consolidate the indigenous identity of the learners. / Esta investigación se basa en un trabajo de campo llevado a cabo en tres comunidades quichua del norte de Ecuador. Pretende estudiar el impacto que debería tener la diversidad cultural y lingüística en las políticas educativas en contextos plurilingüe y multicultural. En Hispanoamérica, por lo general la educación de los pueblos indígenas nunca ha tenido muy en cuenta sus necesidades específicas respecto al aprendizaje del español como segunda lengua. En efecto, la motivación de los aprendientes, más instrumental que integradora, muestra que los indígenas aprenden el idioma español casi exclusivamente para comunicarse, sin estar realmente interesados en el grupo meta. Además, nuestro trabajo de campo con aprendientes del pueblo otavalo mostró que la fuerte identificación con el propio grupo influye en la adquisición del español. Por un lado, son más propensos a distinguirse de los demás, especialmente de los nativos hispanohablantes, y por otro, no alcanzan altas competencias en la lengua segunda. Nuestra investigación concluye entonces que la educación, impartida por el sistema nacional o bilingüe, tiene que considerar la identidad etnolingüística de los numerosos niños y niñas indígenas, con el fin de no perjudicar sus derechos. Tal manera de actuar fomentaría un aprendizaje positivo y significativo del español, como segunda lengua o como lengua materna, y al mismo tiempo ayudaría al fortalecimiento de la identidad indígena de los alumnos.