The primary aim of this research was to explore the experiences of formerly white conscripted combat veterans during the ‘border war’ and furthermore, to uncover discourses of whiteness and masculinity embedded in their recounted experiences. This research made use of a qualitative research design. This study drew on the experiences of white male South Africans who were exposed to some form of active combat during the ‘border war’. The sample consisted of 8 white South Africans who were born roughly between the 1960s and 1970s. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and analysed using discourse analysis. For the purpose of this research, a hybridised version of discourse analysis was used. This contained elements of critical as well as the discursive approaches to discourse analysis. This study concluded that both whiteness and masculinity are unstable constructs with no absolute definition. This study also found that many of the participants seemed conflicted and unsure of where to position themselves in relation to the ‘border war’, apartheid and contemporary South Africa as white men. For many it would seem it is easier to simply ignore those years of their lives. In terms of the intersectionality of whiteness and masculinity this research confirms the fact that both whiteness and masculinity, as socially and culturally constructed categories, work together and interact on multiple levels to either empower or marginalize individuals. However, in some instances it was also found that these discourses also function independently of each other. Ultimately it can be said that white masculinity exists in a space that is both troubled and unsettled. This study has illustrated that white men in South Africa have gone from a position of omnipotent power during apartheid to one of contested instability in present South African society. It is evident from this research that whiteness and masculinity are both complex and diffuse constructs that still warrant a great deal of exploration. That said, the future prospects for these individuals are both challenging and possible.

[pt] O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar o valor que a estética feminina assume nos processos de recrutamento e seleção nas empresas varejistas de moda na contemporaneidade. Para isso, entrevistaremos vendedoras e profissionais de Recursos Humanos de lojas de roupas e acessórios femininos na Zona Sul do Rio de Janeiro. Ressaltaremos o impacto que a indústria da moda tem sobre o ideal do corpo feminino perfeito e, em seguida, examinaremos a relação direta entre a adequação de certas candidatas a este biótipo culturalmente imposto e sua aceitação ou não no mercado de trabalho. No processo, analisaremos a importância atribuída à juventude e, em especial, à magreza, curiosamente incompatível com a realidade da maioria das mulheres brasileiras. Por último, perceberemos o quanto a experiência de trabalho na indústria da moda faz com que as profissionais transformem-na em objetivo central de suas vidas, reforçando os mesmos valores responsáveis por sua própria exclusão social. / [en] The purpose of this study is to investigate the value that female aesthetics assume in the recruitment and selection processes of contemporary fashion retailers. To achieve this, we will interview saleswomen and Human Resources professionals of major clothing and accessory stores from southern Rio de Janeiro. We will highlight the impact that the fashion industry has over the ideal of the perfect feminine body. Subsequently, we will examine the direct relationship between the suitability of certain job candidates to this culturally imposed biotype and their overall acceptance or non-acceptance in the workforce. During this process, we will analyze the importance attributed to youth and, specially, to thinness, curiously incompatible with the reality of the majority of Brazilian women. Finally, we will acknowledge how the work experience in the fashion industry causes the professionals involved to transform fashion in the main aspect of their lives, reinforcing the same values responsible for their own social exclusion.

In filling their armed forces, many countries rely on conscription, which interrupts conscripts’ labor market participation and accumulation of human capital. Thus, conscription likely affects one’s future earnings. In this paper, I investigate the effects of conscription eligibility in the Netherlands and in Italy on subsequent future earnings. I use a difference-in-difference method, using women as the counterfactual, on Luxembourg Income Study data to calculate the effects of conscription eligibility. I find no systematic earnings effects of conscription. While the existence of educational deferments increase the demand for postsecondary education and hence increase future earnings, factors like military culture, military philosophy, and jobs assigned to conscripts produce different results in the two countries. I find that the Dutch conscription increased (by 6-17%) eligible young men’s earnings while the Italian conscription had no effect or slightly decreased eligible young men’s earnings.

This thesis discusses the politics of conscientious objection in Turkey within a framework of citizenship. In this study citizenship is identified with being political and conceived as a process comprised of acts and practices. According to this conception, while practices reproduce the discourse of citizenship in a given context, acts are the deeds that challenge this discourse. Conscription, within this framework, is defined as a citizenship practice which re/produces the militaristic, nationalistic and gendered content of the Turkish citizenship. Conscientious objection is approached as an act of citizenship that contests and challenges the established citizenship regime in the country. This challenge and contestation is presented through the interviews with the conscientious objectors and activists as well as a review of the already published material by and on them. Conscientious objection challenges the citizenship regime in Turkey on three inter-related grounds: 1. It challenges and exposes the militaristic content of the discourse of citizenship in Turkey. 2. It challenges the political content of &lsquo / Turkishness&rsquo / &ndash / that is the nationalistic content of Turkish citizenship- with particular reference to Kurdish issue / and 3. It challenges the prevailing gender roles and the values of hegemonic masculinity in Turkey.

Military service system is the beginning of founding national defense and a way of establishing civilians serving military service. It has great effects on the nation as well as individuals. With the change of time and space, the military strategy in R.O.C. has also undergone concrete transformation. After 1979, R.O.C. adopts the idea of defensive posture in building up troops. R.O.C. Armed Forces also pushes a whole programming of reconstructing troops, such as "Ten-Year Military Buildup Concepts", "Jingshi Program" and "Jingjin Program". The adjustment in organization and objectives in big range is regarded as the great military reconstruction since the establishment of the army. Therefore, the influence is deep and wide. Besides, the military service system serves as the source of high quality and proper quantity personnel, so the choice of military service system should depend on the guidelines of military strategies and the requirement of force structure. Hence, whether the force sourcing or the shortening of the service term should keep the flexibility and tenacity, in accordance with the gradual adjustment of buildup plan. Otherwise, the military strategic target cannot be achieved. Nowadays, the military buildup plan is based on the "fighting, equipment, organization, training, and employing" and the goal of "what we fight, what we get." And "Ten-Year Military Buildup Concepts" and "Five-Year Defense Force Programming" are important documents in ¡§designing¡¨ long-term force construction needs, which instruct the force structure in the future toward the target of reducing the total numbers of soldiers and promote personnel's character. Among these objectives, the military service system is an important part of "organization", and the root of weapon system efficiency. Currently the design of R.O.C. military service system is mainly on the voluntary system to meet the requirement of military personnel. Speaking of the trend of military service system, the voluntary system is the mainstream indeed. However, the factors of designing military service system are very complicated. There is no good or bad one. From the literature review about the military service system, most of them are concerned about whether the voluntary system or conscription system is good or bad and shortening of service time. Few of them mention the deep underlying theories behind military service system and the problem arising from the process of military transformation. This study mainly explores the problems encountered in the reform of the military service system. The policy-making authorities must face up to these factors and search for long-term and complete solution. Otherwise, the effect of the voluntary system to elevate the military power will be reduced and it will cause more and more problems in the future.

This thesis traces the history of Conscientious Objection and draft evasion from the introduction of the Universal Male Conscription system in 1949 to the end of the authoritarian dictatorship period in 1993. I especially focus on the persecution and stigmatization of religious Conscientious Objector groups such as the South Korean Jehovah’s Witnesses and the Seventh-day Adventists. The negative labeling of these Conscientious Objectors as social deviants is part of an initiative led by the South Korean state to solidify Universal Male Conscription as a social norm. This process was supported by the implementation of a national surveillance system as well as the intensification of a nation-wide crackdown on draft evasion, which was viewed indifferently from Conscientious Objection. Thus, this project reveals the ostracization of Conscientious Objection as well as the normalization of Universal Male Conscription as an interconnected issue that came to be perpetuated throughout South Korean History.

This thesis traces the history of Conscientious Objection and draft evasion from the introduction of the Universal Male Conscription system in 1949 to the end of the authoritarian dictatorship period in 1993. I especially focus on the persecution and stigmatization of religious Conscientious Objector groups such as the South Korean Jehovah’s Witnesses and the Seventh-day Adventists. The negative labeling of these Conscientious Objectors as social deviants is part of an initiative led by the South Korean state to solidify Universal Male Conscription as a social norm. This process was supported by the implementation of a national surveillance system as well as the intensification of a nation-wide crackdown on draft evasion, which was viewed indifferently from Conscientious Objection. Thus, this project reveals the ostracization of Conscientious Objection as well as the normalization of Universal Male Conscription as an interconnected issue that came to be perpetuated throughout South Korean History.

<p><p>This dissertation examines the trajectory of military conscription in Bolivia from Liberals&rsquo; imposition of this obligation after coming to power in 1899 to the eve of revolution in 1952. Conscription is an ideal fulcrum for understanding the changing balance between state and society because it was central to their relationship during this period. The lens of military service thus alters our understandings of methods of rule, practices of authority, and ideas about citizenship in and belonging to the Bolivian nation. In eliminating the possibility of purchasing replacements and exemptions for tribute-paying Indians, Liberals brought into the barracks both literate men who were formal citizens and the non-citizens who made up the vast majority of the population. This study thus grapples with the complexities generated by an institution that bridged the overarching and linked divides of profession, language, literacy, indigeneity, and urbanity. </p></p><p><p>Venturing inside the barracks, this dissertation shows how experiences of labor, military routines, punishment, teasing, and drinking led to a situation in which many conscripts became increasingly invested in military service, negotiated its terms, and built ties that transcended local power structures. In addition to examining desertion, insubordination, and mutinies, it provides an explanation of the new legal categories created by military service, such as reservist, <italic>omiso</italic>, <italic>remiso</italic>, and deserter. It then points to the 1932-1935 Chaco War and its aftermath as the period when conscription became a major force in tying an unequal nation together. The mass mobilization necessitated by the war redefined the meaning and terms of conscription, even as the state resorted to forcible mass impressment throughout the national territory while simultaneously negotiating with various interest groups. A postwar process of reckoning initiated by the state, combined with mobilization from below by those who served, added a new hierarchy of military service that overlaid and sometimes even trumped long-standing hierarchies based on education, language, profession, and heritage.</p></p><p><p>This study thus explores conscription as a terrain on which Bolivians from across divides converged and negotiated their relationships with each other and with the state. The unique strength of this work lies in its use of unpublished internal military documents, especially court-martial records. These sources are further enriched by extensive use of congressional debates, official correspondence, reports of foreign military attach&eacute;s, memoirs, and published oral histories. Through an analysis of these sources, this dissertation reveals not only elites&rsquo; visions of using the barracks to assimilate a diverse population but also the ways that soldiers and their families came to appropriate military service and invest it with new meanings on a personal, familial, communal, and national level. In the process, a conscript nation would eventually emerge that, while still hierarchical and divided by profound differences, was not merely a project of an assimilationist state but rather constructed in a dialectical process from both above and below.</p></p> / Dissertation

Detta är en uppsats vars syfte är att undersöka diskursen kring värnplikten och reda ut problematiseringar i debatten kring avvecklingen av den allmänna värnplikten. Detta görs genom att urskilja skillnader gällande problemrepresentationer i debatten mellan regeringen och oppositionen. Uppsatsen har sin utgångspunkt i ett diskursanalytiskt perspektiv och utifrån Carol Lee Bacchis diskursanalytiska frågor är tre forskningsfrågor konstruerade som ligger till grund för uppsatsen. – Hur representeras problemet med den allmänna värnplikten? – Vilka antaganden ligger till grund för denne representation? – Vilka effekter produceras av denna problemrepresentation? I uppsatsen råder ett diskursanalytiskt angreppssätt men diskursanalysen skall inte endast ses som en metod för analys av data, utan diskursanalysen är en metodisk och teoretisk helhet. Den teoretiska inriktningen av diskursanalysen utgår ifrån Carol Lee Bacchi. Det resultat som studien har givit upphov till att se är att det råder skilda problemrepresentationer i debatten kring avveckling av värnplikten. De problematiseringar som ligger till grund för avvecklingen av värnplikten är enligt regeringen att den förändrade hotbilden kräver en högre tillgänglighet och användbarhet, något som skapas genom ett insatsförsvar. De huvudsakliga problematiseringar oppositionen ser med regeringens förslag om avvecklingen kring värnplikten är att det råder en obefogad beredskap och att värnplikten är starkt kopplad med en demokratisk aspekt. Det som tydligt går att urskilja av undersökningen är att hur problem framställs har en betydande roll. Hur problem i policyanalyser representeras bestämmer utgången för lösningen. / This is an essay whose purpose is to investigate the discourse of conscription and sort out problematisations in the debate about the dismantling of the general conscription. The interest of this paper is to discern conflicting problemrepresentations in the debate. The essay has its origins from a discourse analytical perspective and Carol Lee Bacchis discourseanalytical questions are the three research questions designed as the basis for the thesis. - How representends the problem of the general conscription? - What assumptions underlying the latter representation? - What are the effects produced by this problemrepresentation? The essay has a discourse analytical approach but the discourse analysis should not only be seen as a method of data analysis, the discourse analysis is a theoretical and methodological whole. The theoretical focus of discourse analysis is based on Carol Lee Bacchi. The results of the study have given rise to see that there is conflicting problemrepresentations in the debate about the settlement of conscription. The problematisations as are the basis for the settlement of conscription, according to the government, it is the changed baselesses witch demands a higher accessibility and usability witch you can reach through by an operational defense. The main problematisations the parliament sees with the Government's proposals for the settlement on the conscription is that there is an unjustified preparedness and the conscription is strong established with a democratic aspect. What can be clearly distinguished from the survey is that the politics of representation has a significant role. How problems in policy analysis is represented determines the outcome of the solution.

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