Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O presente estudo versa sobre os desafios enfrentados pelo gestor público na universalização dos serviços de saneamento básico fruto, principalmente, de uma interpretação dissociada dos dispositivos constitucionais, que conferiria a competência para o desenvolvimento urbano exclusivamente ao município. Para tal, inicialmente, realiza-se uma breve cronologia das políticas públicas em esgotamento sanitário e abastecimento de água passando pela análise dos atuais investimentos realizados pelos Programas de Aceleração do Crescimento e Saneamento para todos, estimulados pela edição da Política Nacional de Saneamento (Lei n˚ 11.445/2007). Em sequência, abordam-se as competências constitucionais em saneamento básico, marcadas pelo critério da predominância de interesses, bem como o posicionamento da jurisprudência e doutrina nacionais acerca da titularidade destes serviços. A terceira parte do estudo, analisa a estreita relação do abastecimento de água e esgotamento sanitário com a concretização de direitos fundamentais, a abrangência da terminologia saneamento básico, os limites e possibilidades de atuação do gestor municipal assim como a conjuntura atual de acesso a estes serviços, passando pela abordagem do caráter econômico do saneamento básico. Por fim, realiza-se o estudo de caso da celebração de consórcios intermunicipais em saneamento ambiental nos anos 90 na Microrregião dos Lagos (Lei do Estado do Rio de Janeiro n˚ 133/2009), mesmo antes da existência do marco regulatório da atuação por meio de consórcios públicos, que só chegou ao ordenamento jurídico nacional por meio da Lei 11.107/2005, demonstrando como a adoção de uma postura cooperativa entre os entes da Federação, a despeito de conflitos pela titularidade, é capaz de reduzir significativamente os custos de instalação e ampliar o acesso a estes serviços. / This study focuses on the challenges faced by public officials in the universalization of basic sanitation services, resulting primarily from a dissociated interpretation of constitutional provisions, which would confer the task of urban development exclusively to the City. To this end, there will be a brief chronology of public policies in sanitation and water supply through the analysis of current investments by some programs, stimulated by the edition of the National Sanitation Policy Law n ˚ 11.445/2007. After this, the constitutional responsibilities in sanitation are discussed, marked by the predominance of interest criterion as well as the positioning of national jurisprudence and doctrine concerning the ownership of these services. The third part of the study examines the close relationship between water supply and sanitation to the realization of fundamental rights, the terminology of sanitation coverage, limits and possibilities of performance of municipal managers as well as the current situation of access to these services going through an economic approach to sanitation. Finally, there will be a case study about municipal consortia in environmental sanitation in the 90s in some Cities (Law of the State of Rio de Janeiro n ˚ 133 / 2009), even before the existence of a regulatory framework for the performance through consortia, which only reached the national legal system through Law 11.107/2005, showing how adopting a cooperative attitude among members of the Federation, despite conflicts over ownership, is capable of reducing installation costs and expanding access to these services.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-20T12:31:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Ieda.pdf: 2549784 bytes, checksum: a9a4b9fb883e1aa2757719de2c81ea18 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Biodiversity is a fundamental element for biotechnology development, especially in Amazon because its incontestable potential. One aspect of high interest is the search for management mechanisms that can promote environmental quality, ensuring the maintenance of natural features of ecosystems. In this context is located an important biotechnology tool that is the bioremediation of environments contaminated with toxic and recalcitrant compounds. Thus the exploration of microrganisms for use in these processes has been a challenge. This work presents a study about sample of bacterial community associated with the aquatic macrophyte Eichornia crassipes, assessing their potential for biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. Selective isolations and preliminary identification of some of the isolates by region of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences to compare with the Gen Bank were done. The potential to produce biossurfactantes was evaluated by the activity of bacteria in emulsification. The growth of strains was assessed by mineral medium with hydrocarbons mixing and mineral medium with crude oil. The rate of toxicity was evaluated in mixture of hydrocarbon extracts with the five strains that showed the best growth. Considering the results of these first tests, it was produced a consortium with bacteria more efficient. It was evaluated the degradation of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in experiment containing Amazon river water, using the techniques of bioaugmentation and biostimulation. There were isolated 71 bacteria, 42 epiphytic and 29 endophytic. The preliminary identification revealed the predominance of the genera Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Stenotrophomonas. There was more bacterial growth in medium with crude oil, especially the strain Stenotrophomonas sp,. reaching around 13.4 x106 UFCs / mL. The methods used in bacterial growth indicated the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons, whereas they were the sole source of carbon. Highlighted in the production of biossurfactantes the strains Methylobacterium sp and Stenotrophomonas radiotolerans, with better results in the medium with oil. The indices of toxicity showed better results in extracts of bacterial growth compared to control extracts. The strains that showed better results were used for consortium production: Stenotrophomonas sp., Uncultured Klebsiella sp., Enterobacter sp., Methylobacterium radiotolerans and Acinetobacter baumannii. In the experimental design with the consortium, the results showed that the main effect of all parameters studied influenced the degradation of the hydrocarbons studied, however the addition of the consortium was the most important factor in this decline, demonstrating the potential of these strains for use in future processes of bioremediation. / A biodiversidade é elemento fundamental para o desenvolvimento da Biotecnologia, em especial na Amazônia devido sua inconteste potencialidade. Um dos aspectos de elevado interesse é a busca por mecanismos de gestão que possam promover a qualidade ambiental, garantindo a manutenção das características naturais dos ecossistemas. Neste contexto situa-se uma importante ferramenta biotecnológica que é a biorremediação de ambientes contaminados por compostos tóxicos e recalcitrantes. Assim, a prospecção de microrganismos para uso nesses processos tem sido um desafio permanente. No presente trabalho realizou-se estudo de amostra da comunidade bacteriana associada à macrófita aquática Eichornia crassipes, avaliando seu potencial de biodegradação de hidrocarbonetos de petróleo. Foi feito isolamento seletivo e identificação preliminar de parte dos isolados por meio da região do DNA ribossomal 16S com comparação com sequências do Gen Bank. Verificou-se o potencial para a produção de biossurfactantes por meio da avaliação da atividade de emulsificação em cepas bacterianas. O crescimento de cepas foi avaliado em meio mineral com mistura de hidrocarbonetos e em meio mineral com petróleo bruto. O índice de toxicidade foi avaliado nos extratos dos meios com mistura de hidrocarbonetos das cinco cepas que apresentaram melhor crescimento. Considerando os resultados destes primeiros testes, foi produzido um consórcio com as cepas bacterianas mais eficientes. Este consórcio foi avaliado quanto à degradação de hidrocarbonetos alifáticos e aromáticos em experimento contendo água de rio da Amazônia, sendo utilizadas as técnicas de bioaumentação e bioestimulação. Obteve-se no isolamento 71 bactérias, sendo 42 epifíticas e 29 endofíticas. A identificação preliminar revelou a predominância dos gêneros Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus e Stenotrophomonas. Verificou-se melhor crescimento bacteriano no meio com petróleo bruto, destacando-se a cepa Stenotrophomonas sp. que atingiu cerca de 13,4x106 UFCs/mL. O crescimento bacteriano nos meios utilizados indicou a degradação dos hidrocarbonetos de petróleo, considerando que estes eram a única fonte de carbono. Destacaram-se na produção de biossurfactantes as cepas Stenotrophomonas sp e Methylobacterium radiotolerans, com melhores resultados no meio com petróleo. Os índices de toxicidade mostraram melhores resultados nos extratos do crescimento bacteriano em comparação aos extratos controles. As cepas que demonstraram melhores resultados e que foram utilizadas para a produção do consórcio foram Stenotrophomonas sp., Uncultured Klebsiella sp., Enterobacter sp., Methylobacterium radiotolerans e Acinetobacter baumannii. No planejamento experimental com o consórcio, os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o efeito principal de todos os parâmetros analisados influenciaram na degradação dos hidrocarbonetos avaliados, entretanto a adição do consórcio foi o fator mais importante nesta degradação, demonstrando o potencial destas linhagens para uso em futuros processos de biorremediação.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:10:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Selma Pires.pdf: 2223015 bytes, checksum: fdbc44ffb296e43b6846244be445b54f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work aims to comprehend the strategy of production and supply vindicated by Intermunicipal Consortium of Production and Supply, known as Consórcio Intermunicipal de Produção e Abastecimento (CINPRA), and its major impacts over production of the consortiated municipalities. Due the increase of the municipalities duties with regard to decentralized social policies, many municipalities have articulated, forming public consortia, with the aim of expanding its management s capacity and availability of resources for the optimization of rendered services. This kind of institutional arrangement allows a new agreement practice and intergovernmental cooperation, since a single action would have a very high cost to municipality, on account of it the need to add partnerships with the same goal, allowing the institutionalization of cooperative and integrative aspects, by making easy the decentralization of politics, lowering the cost, in order to regard local demands. In Maranhão s case, the experience of consortium dates back to 1997, when it was founded in São Luís, the Consórcio Intermunicipal de Produção e Abastecimento. It was verified that the strategy adopted by consortium, of production and supply, was a conservative strategy of productivist bias, which imagines production and supply just as production, storage, distribution and trading. And besides all embarrassments CINPRA s got through, that experience brought a learning experience for cooperation in Maranhão, because it shows that municipalities together can access a range of information and a set of cultural practices which small towns, just by themselves, would have many difficulties to access and shows that it is possible to support the development from the bottom up, having the region as a planning unit and execution of actions. / O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender a estratégia de produção e abastecimento propugnada pelo Consórcio Intermunicipal de Produção e Abastecimento e os seus principais impactos sobre a produção dos municípios consorciados. Com o aumento das atribuições dos municípios em relação às políticas sociais descentralizadas, muitos municípios se articularam, constituindo consórcios públicos, com o objetivo de ampliar sua capacidade de gestão e disponibilidade de recursos para a otimização dos serviços prestados. Esse tipo de arranjo institucional possibilita uma nova prática de pactuação e cooperação intergovernamental, pois uma ação individualizada para o município teria um custo muito elevado, por isso a necessidade de somar parcerias com o mesmo objetivo, a fim de possibilitar a institucionalização de formas de cooperação e integração, facilitando a descentralização política, barateando custos, de forma a atender diretamente as demandas locais. No caso do Maranhão a experiência de consorciamento remonta a 1997, quando foi fundado em São Luís o Consórcio Intermunicipal de Produção e Abastecimento (CINPRA). Verificamos que a estratégia de produção e abastecimento adotada pelo consórcio foi uma estratégia conservadora, de viés produtivista, que pensa a produção e abastecimento apenas como produção, armazenagem, distribuição e comercialização. E apesar dos constrangimentos pelos quais passou o CINPRA, essa experiência trouxe um aprendizado para a cooperação no Maranhão, pois mostra, principalmente, que os municípios juntos podem acessar um conjunto de informações e um conjunto de práticas culturais que os municípios pequenos sozinhos teriam muitas dificuldades de acessar e mostra que é possível apoiar o desenvolvimento de baixo para cima, tendo a região como unidade de planejamento e execução de ações.

El presente trabajo plantea una modificación al artículo 14 de la Ley del Impuesto a la Renta, sobre los contribuyentes, distinguiendo a los sujetos con personalidad jurídica respecto de los cuales existe algún ánimo de organización para constituirse en un ente distinto al de sus partes del grupo de entes en los que prima alguna consideración de orden económico o patrimonial para su elección como contribuyente. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente trabajo se circunscribe al estudio del tratamiento que la legislación del impuesto a la renta en el Perú dispensa a los contratos de consorcio. / Trabajo de investigación

Current prices and demand for petroleum hydrocabons have generated an increase of oil spills around the country and the world. Health and environmental impacts associated to these organic pollutants represent a huge concern for the general public, leading the public and private sector to develop new technologies and methods to minimize or eliminate those risks. Ex-Situ bioremediation through biopiles, as a main remediation technique to treat a wide range of hydrocarbons, has been a topic of considerable research interest over the last years. It provides an economical and environmental solution to restore the environment to background levels. Nevertheless, successful bioremediation under cold climate conditions is of considerable concern in countries like Canada, as low temperatures can delay the rate of bioremediation of oil hydrocarbons, thus limiting the operation of soil treatment facilities to certain times of the year. Recent research has found out that bioremediation could be conducted even at low or cold temperatures with larger periods of times. And even more, the addition of petroleum degrading microorganisms (bioaugmentation) and nutrients or biosurfactants (biostimulation) could enhance the process in some cases. In the present study, a comprehensive assessment of bioaugmentation and biostimulation strategies for ex-situ bioremediation of petroleum contaminated soil under cold climate conditions is proposed. Field scale biopiles were constructed and subjected to different concentrations of commercial microbial consortia and mature compost, as bioaugmentation and biostimulation strategies, in a soil treatment facility at Moose Creek, Ontario over a period of 94 days (November 2012 to February 2013). Assessment and comparison of the biodegradation rates of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and their fractions were investigated. Furthermore, a response surface methodology (RSM) based on a factorial design to investigate and optimize the effects of the microbial consortia application rate and amount of compost on the TPH removal was also assessed. Results showed that biopiles inoculated with microbial consortia and amended with 10:1 soil to compost ratio under aerobic conditions performed the best, degrading 82% of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) with a first-order kinetic degradation rate of 0.016 d_1, under cold temperature conditions. The average removal efficiencies for TPHs after 94 days for control biopiles, with no amendments or with microbial consortia or compost only treatments were 48%, 55%, and 52%, respectively. Statistical analyses indicated a significant difference (p < 0.05) within and between the final measurements for TPHs and a significant difference between the treatment with combined effect, and the control biopiles. On the other hand, the modeling and optimization statistical analysis of the results showed that the microbial consortia application rate, compost amendment and their interactions have a significant effect on TPHs removal with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.88, indicating a high correlation between the observed and the predicted values for the model obtained. The optimum concentrations predicted via RSM were 4.1 ml m-3 for microbial consortia application rate, and 7% for compost amendment to obtain a maximum TPH removal of 90.7%. This research contributes to provide valuable knowledge to practitioners about cost-effective and existing strategies for ex-situ bioremediation under cold weather conditions.

Orientador: Lucia Regina Durrant, Matthew James Grossman / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T02:43:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_LigiaGibinidos_M.pdf: 3848321 bytes, checksum: 46f91a01a783f6fd7d5153ba73c6e8a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Dentre os contaminantes ambientais mais abundantes, destacam-se os Hidrocarbonetos aromáticos policíclicos (HAPs), que apresentam elevado potencial tóxico, sendo imprescindível sua remoção do ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar, em microcosmos, a biodegradação de HAPs por um consórcio bacteriano e identificar fatores que influenciam nesta degradação e na análise dos dados. A degradação dos HAPs no solo sem histórico de contaminação foi muito semelhante em todos os microcosmos, apresentando uma porcentagem de aproximadamente 85%. Para analisar a toxicidade do solo antes e depois da biorremediação, realizou-se um testes de germinação de sementes de Lactuca sativa (alface). O teste mostrou baixa toxicidade do solo após 80 dias da contaminação, com ou sem a adição do consórcio. Durante estudos de remediação biológica, é necessário utilizar um marcador interno para minimizar a dispersão e extração irregulares dos contaminantes. Neste estudo foi utilizado o hexaclorobenzeno, que mostrou excelente, uma vez que não sofreu nenhum tipo de degradação. Análises moleculares mostram que a adição de HAPs alterou significativamente a comunidade microbiana, favorecendo os membros degradadores de tais poluentes. O consórcio adicionado inibiu o crescimento de alguns micro-organismos autóctones. Além disso, não houveram evidências de que os micro-organismos degradadores de HAPs adicionados persistiram, sugerindo que eles podem não competir eficientemente com a população microbiana autóctone. Não houve efeito claramente identificado do hexaclorobenzeno sobre o crescimento de micro-organismos, com exceção de um aumento no número de organismos pertencentes da classe Alphaproteobacteria / Abstract: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) stand out as among the most abundant and toxic of environmental contaminants, and their removal from contaminated sites is indispensable for a healthy environment. The objective of this study was to analyze, in soil microcosms, the biodegradation of PAHs by a bacterial PAH degrading consortium and identify factors that influence this degradation and data analysis. Degradation of PAHs in soil with no history of contamination was very similar in microcosms with or without bioaugmentation, with the extent of PAH removal of about 85% in all cases. The germination of Lactuca sativa (lettuce) in soils taken from the microcosms was used to examine the toxicity of the soil before and after bioremediation. The test showed a low toxicity of the soil 80 days after PAH contamination, with or without the addition of the consortium. During studies of biological remediation it is necessary to use an internal non-biodegradable marker to minimize the effect of uneven dispersion and irregular extraction of pollutants. This study used hexachlorobenzene as the nonbiodegradable marker and it proved to be an excellent marker as it did not suffer any significant degradation in the soil microcosms. Molecular analyzes showed that the addition of PAHs significantly altered the microbial community by encouraging the growth of PAH degraders. In addition, the added microbial consortium was found to inhibit the growth of some of the indigenous microorganisms. Furthermore, there was no evidence that the added PAH degraders persisted, suggesting that they might not compete effectively with the native microbial population. There was little effect of hexachlorobenzene on the microbial community or on the removal of the PAH contaminants, with the exception of an increase in the number of organisms belonging to the class Alphaproteobacteria / Mestrado / Ciência de Alimentos / Mestra em Ciência de Alimentos

With the mounting pressures on institutions of higher education to do more with limited resources, the opportunity to collaborate with other colleges has emerged as a viable tool to create efficiencies and obtain valuable knowledge otherwise unattainable by an institution, even if that collaboration takes place with a competing institution. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems are critical to managing student information and college operations, but can be challenging for colleges to implement. Consortia present a unique solution to colleges to address gaps in their expertise and skills needed to achieve a successful ERP implementation. This study explores the factors that are critical to successful ERP implementations in a community college setting and aims to develop a model that will assist colleges in targeting their efforts so as to make the best use of their resources. This paper shares a set of best practices to assist community colleges in accomplishing successful ERP implementations. In addition, this paper introduces a potential solution to community colleges of using a consortium relationship with like colleges to support the ERP implementation process and best practices with regard to these consortia to successfully support these efforts. Additionally, this best practices are discussed in this paper and are a compilation from insights gained through a review of the academic literature on ERP success factors and surveys of four community colleges that had completed ERP implementations. We hope that these insights will prove beneficial to colleges contemplating the implementation of a new ERP system. We believe that this paper can also assist colleges in determining if a consortium approach to their ERP implementation would be advantageous, generating greater bargaining power for the participating colleges, providing for the sharing of information between colleges, and helping to accommodate for any deficiency in expertise.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第20009号 / 農博第2193号 / 新制||農||1045(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H28||N5018(農学部図書室) / 33105 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 小川 順, 教授 阪井 康能, 教授 栗原 達夫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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