This diploma thesis focuses on the dissemination of conspiracy theories, fake news and hoaxes and the role of media in this process. First, the basic concepts are explained and the topic of the thesis is put in a broader context. The functioning of disinformation media is described including the description of the local scene. Other channels used to deceive recipients include e-mails and applications, social networks, and word of mouth. Special attention is paid to the regular media and the rules according to which they should operate. The theory is followed by a practical part, which maps the spreading of specific misinformation not only through the media, but also fact-checking initiatives. Examples include conspiracy theories about the fire in Notre-Dame Cathedral, hoaxes about alleged refugees in Cheb, Czech Television journalist Marek Wollner and MP Olga Richterová, and the case of the dubious non-profit organization International Children's Cross. The analysis of these cases is conducted through a mixed research model: Data collection is carried out by a quantitative method, while working with them, qualitative methods associated with grounded theory are applied. The aim is to define and describe the forms that the media give to misinformation in their outputs, and to determine in which cases...

AbstractWesterlund, Charlotta (2011) Inkludering- exkludering; Hur elever med hörselnedsättningar upplevt sin skolgång (inclusion- exclusion; How students with hearing loss experienced their School time). Skolutveckling och ledarskap, lärande och samhälle, Malmö högskola.Att vara hörselskadad betyder ofta att den sociala kommunikationen och samvaron med andra människor påverkas. Många är beroende av tekniska hjälpmedel, så som hörapparater och hörselslingor, för att kunna följa med i samtal och för att kunna känna sig delaktiga. Att få tillgång till rätt hjälpmedel är varje landstingsinvånares och elevs rätt. Är detta tillräckligt för att eleven ska känna sig inkluderad i skolans verksamheter? Hur har elever med hörselnedsättning upplevt sin egen grundskoletid, utifrån ett inkluderande perspektiv? Kan man vara inkluderad och ändå känna sig exkluderad? Är det tillräckligt att få gå i samma klass som ”hörande” elever för att känna sig inkluderad?Detta är en undersökning med kvalitativ ansats, som består av tre djupgående intervjuer och 20 öppna frågeformulär, om elevers egna erfarenheter och tankar kring sin grundskoletid. Syftet med undersökningen är att få en ökad kunskap om och en inblick i, elevernas egna upplevelser av delaktighet under sin skolgång, vare sig man gått i specialskola eller haft sin undervisning bland ”hörande” klasskamrater.Resultatet av undersökningen visar att många av de elever som går på skolor tillsammans med hörande klasskamrater, har svårt att känna sig inkluderade. I hörselklasskolor känner sig eleverna mer inkluderade, medan de på fritiden ofta känner sig ensamma, då avstånden till klasskompisar är långa. De spontana, sociala kontakterna blir lidande.Nyckelord: Hörselskador, skolformer, sociala relationer, stigmatisering, stämplingsteori / Westerlund, Charlotta (2011) Inclusion- exclusion; How students with hearing loss experienced their school time (Hur elever med hörselnedsättningar upplevt sin skolgång). Skolutveckling och ledarskap, Lärande och samhälle, Malmö högskola.To have a hearing impairment often means that the social communication and togetherness with other people affects. Many are depended on technical aids, such as hearing aids and hearing loops, to be able to follow conversations and to be able to feel involved. It is every student and county inhabitants right to have access to aids. Is this enough for the student to feel involved in school activities? How have students with hearing loss experienced their own school time out of an including perspective? Can a person be included and still feel excluded? Is it enough to attend a class with “hearing” students, to feel included?This is a qualitative study, which contains three deep interviews and twenty open questionnaires, about students own experiences and thoughts about their school time. The purpose of the study, have been to increase knowledge and insight in students experiences of involvement during their school time, whether they went to special schools or not.The results of the study, shows that many students with hearing loss, don’t feel included in community schools with hearing classmates. In special schools the students with hearing loss feels included but during their spare time, they often feels alone, because their classmates lives far away and the spontaneous social contacts decreases.

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This thesis explores the representation of conspiracy in the literature of the July Monarchy (1830-1848) and its engagement with conspiracy thinking, with particular reference to the work of Honoré de Balzac (1799-1850) and George Sand (1804-1876). In providing the first sustained scholarly exploration of conspiracy and cultural production in nineteenth-century France, it situates the novel within wider discourses on European political history in the years leading up to the upheaval of 1848. Through close readings of Balzac and Sand's common investment in conspiracist modes of explanation, this study makes the case for a new generic category, the novel of conspiracy, around which literary poetics, historical imagination and political fantasy come to coalesce. Chapter one proposes a re-evaluation of the dialectic between models of surface and depth reading in Balzac's Une ténébreuse affaire (1841), arguing that the conspiratorial landscape of this proto-detective novel belies Balzac's fraught relationship to the severed referentiality of his narrative. As illustration of a Balzacian poetics of conspiracy, Une ténébreuse affaire, it is suggested, points forward in literary history towards the Flaubertian aesthetic of platitude. Chapter two looks to the political criticisms Jacques Rancière makes of Sand's patrician benevolence to inform its reading of Le Compagnon du Tour de France (1840), which depicts workers' secret societies and the underground networks of Restoration liberalism. Accusations of misguided idealism, this thesis shows, align Rancière's critique and the literary-critical narrative informing Sand's twentieth-century aesthetic devaluation with the reproach that she herself levels at the Carbonarist conspirators of her novel. Chapter three, finally, turns to the alternative origin myth of 1789 that Sand elaborates in Consuelo-La Comtesse de Rudolstadt (1842-44). Her engagement with the founding text of the conspiracist tradition of explanation, it argues, provides the cornerstone for the interrogation of the tensions of a pre-Revolutionary Europe torn between Enlightenment and Illuminism. Framing the Balzacian and Sandian novel as emblematic of a wider discourse on the conspiratorial origins of 1789 has a two-fold advantage. On an immediate level, it nuances received critical ideas on these authors' relationships to history and literary genre (a realist Balzac incapable of looking back further than the Restoration whose demise he so lamented; an idealist Sand too caught up in a utopian future to envisage the historical past). In doing so, this study seeks to problematize the narrative of oppositionality behind the Balzac-Sand binary in terms of which the literary history of nineteenth-century France is habitually couched. Yet, more significantly, it also gestures towards the importance of the conspiratorial as a prism through which to approach the porosity of the very categories of 'literature' and 'history' in the nineteenth-century French context.

The thesis deals with the concept of conspiracy theories in the context of society, psychology, political science and ethics. In connection with these areas there was created a framework of relevant subtopics that fall under the phenomenon of conspiracy theories. This thesis is divided into five parts. The firts part is dealing with connspiracy theories as a concept and presents its definition, typology and historical occurrence. Next chapter is devoted to the mutual relationship of conspiracy thinking and society, and how conspiracy theories acquiring its popularity. The following sections deals with the influence of psychological disorders on conspiracy belief, how conspiracies influence the political sphere and the last chapter deals with ethical evaluation of conspiracy theories impact.

The purpose of this study is to examine how the worldview, and its underlying concepts are interpreted and explained by the Swedish anti-lockdown movement. Moreover, this study investigates how spirituality and conspiracy theory discourses are constituted as a part of their narrative. Finally, the study seeks to understand what motivates the Swedish anti-lockdown movement and how their interpretation of the world relates to international conspirituality currents.

The thesis entitled Conspiracy Theories during the First Czechoslovak Republic (1918- 1938) deals with conspiracy theories, both in general and also specifically about those that were spread in the period from 1918 to 1938, known as the First Czechoslovak Republic. The author first characterizes conspiracy theories, divides them, introduces the readers to their main characteristics and describes why this theories are trusted by a large number of people. In the second part of this thesis the author deals specifically with periodicals from the First Czechoslovak Republic. These newspaper (Lidové noviny, Národní listy a České slovo) are examined by historical-comparative analysis and it is shown how on three specific cases (the mysterious death of Milan Rastislav Štefánik, the Gajda's affair and the alleged infection of Jiří Stříbrný with syphilis) conspiracy theories were spread during the First Czechoslovak Republic, what was the outcome, what was the motivation of those who spread them and how the state either opposed those theories or used them. In addition, for better understanding, this whole part is set in the historical context of the events. In the final part, the author examines whether the mentioned affairs and cases hold the characters of conspiracy theories or not.

The coronavirus pandemic has changed the lives of individuals all over the world. The goal of this research is to investigate and understand the narratives and underlying messages of the QAnon movement concerning COVID-19. The theoretical basis for this analysis is that of uncertainty-identity theory and extremism to study the process by which people embrace these types of movements and their values. Also, to examine the spread of QAnons’ messages and conspiracy theories on digital media, network society theory is used. In order to carry out this research, we conducted qualitative content analysis on data gathered directly from QAnon sources. According to the results of the study, the movement proceeded to create crisis narratives that tap into social anxieties and political uncertainty. Accordingly, the pandemic was used for the movement to grow, gain new momentum and supporters, and even merge other conspiracy theories making the narratives more elaborate.