Masters in Public Administration - MPA / This research report sets up a model of policy development at Traditional Authority level in Namibia that is then used in examining the Ovambanderu constitutional case. Reference to the Generic Model, as used by de Coning (2000) and the Moore (1995) Strategic Triangle is not new or original to this thesis. These models have been used elsewhere and were considered as appropriate for this case study due to the complexity of the issues under consideration. This study attempts to demonstrate the importance of applying public policy models and theories to policy making in Namibia. Firstly, the author has applied the generic model to the Ovambanderu case to elicit information pertaining to the process followed in drafting the constitution. Secondly, the Moore Strategic Triangle was used in furthering discussion on the importance of considering phases and stages in the public policy process, which touch on such aspects as political feasibility, substantive value and administrative feasibility (Moore, 1995). The emphasis here was on the importance of dynamism in the policy-making process, not as a once off event but as an ongoing process. This research report shows that public policy/constitution making needs specialised skills in order for it to be a success. Capacity needs to be sourced and used appropriately, while objectives of the policy/constitution are communicated clearly to the stakeholders. Again the fear amongst the community that once a policy/constitution is implemented it becomes binding and difficult to change needs to be addressed by clearly informing people that a policy remains a statement of intent until it is put to use and once it is implemented there is always room for improvement on issues that may create problems for the affected parties. Another important lesson is the fact that public policy making has been and remains a process as it involves bargaining, issue prioritisation, issue filtration, advocacy, reporting and consultation before decisions are made. The Ovambanderu constitutional problem has now set a scene for better policy planning at Traditional Authority level and the government needs to consider this as a serious phenomenon that can lead to major problems if ignored

En toda la etapa de vida, las mujeres pasan por determinadas experiencias físicas para la conformación de su femineidad como la menstruación, el parto, lactancia, embarazo y menopausia. Los estudios sobre el tema explican que las mujeres enfrentan enfermedades complejas y otras menos severas, algunas enfermedades son: cáncer de ovarios, miomas, ovarios poliquísticos, infecciones, entre otros. Siendo las infecciones la principal causa que lleva a las mujeres al ginecólogo, según el Inem, además, se sabe que mensualmente casi 7 mil mujeres acuden a una consulta ginecológica, de ellos cerca del 70% acuden solo por infecciones (Álvarez et al., 2017). Por ello, se creó Ammy, una idea de negocio que busca solucionar los problemas relacionados con la salud reproductiva femenina y que funciona a través de una aplicación móvil. El servicio consiste en brindar un monitoreo menstrual con alertador de normalidad o anormalidad del ciclo menstrual, con opción para ingresar los síntomas, de esta manera alertar a la usuaria cuando sus molestias requieran acudir a un ginecólogo, luego de ello, sugerirle un listado de médicos para realizar sus citas médicas por la aplicación de Ammy. Si bien, en el mercado existen varias aplicaciones extranjeras, lo cierto es que ninguna de ellas permite realizar las consultas médicas virtuales. Además, existen miles de mujeres en Lima que están dispuestas a pagar por este servicio y por las suscripciones para el monitoreo de su ciclo menstrual. Sin duda este negocio es innovador y muy rentable demostrado en sus indicadores de rentabilidad del presente trabajo. / Throughout the life stage, women go through certain physical experiences to shape their femininity, such as menstruation, childbirth, lactation, pregnancy and menopause. Studies on the subject explain that women face complex diseases and others less severe, some diseases are: ovarian cancer, fibroids, polycystic ovaries, infections, among others. Being infections the main cause that leads women to the gynecologist, according to the Inem, in addition, it is known that almost 7 thousand women go to a gynecological consultation every month, of them about 70% go only for infections (Álvarez et al., 2017). For this reason, Ammy was created, a business idea that seeks to solve problems related to female reproductive health and that works through a mobile application. The service consists of providing menstrual monitoring with an alert of normality or abnormality of the menstrual cycle, with the option to enter the symptoms, thus alerting the user when her discomfort requires going to a gynecologist, after which, suggesting a list of doctors to make your medical appointments by the Ammy app. Although there are several foreign applications on the market, the truth is that none of them allow virtual medical consultations. In addition, there are thousands of women in Lima who are willing to pay for this service and for subscriptions to monitor their menstrual cycle. Without a doubt this business is innovative and very profitable, demonstrated in its profitability indicators of this work. / Trabajo de investigación

Including civil society organizations in the policy process is a distinctive trait of democratic governance. But, while being highly valuable from a democratic point of view, not all civil society organizations are represented in the policy process. This dissertation draws attention to the role of the government in shaping the representation of civil society organizations in the Swedish government consultation referred to as the ‘remiss procedure’. The overall aim is to increase empirical and theoretical understanding of civil society organizations’ access to the national Swedish policy process. Drawing on various empirical data sources, it analyzes how access has changed during the second half of the 20th century, the factors influencing access, and the significance of the access provided by the government. The results are based on four empirical studies, and show that the government has encouraged an increasing number and more diverse types of civil society organizations to be represented in the remiss procedure. In addition, organizations with plenty of resources, such as labor and business organizations, are not overrepresented. However, access is slightly skewed in favor of civil society organizations with an insider position within other access points at national government level, which is consistent with a privileged pluralistic pattern of interest representation. In addition, civil society organizations seem to be invited into an arena for political influence of less relevance. Theoretically, the dissertation moves beyond the neo-corporatist perspective that dominated Swedish research during the second half of the 20th century by drawing attention to five different theoretical lenses: pluralism, neo-corporatism, political opportunity structures, policy network theory, and resource exchange theory. It concludes that a variety of theories are needed for access to be understood.

Title: Forms of Family and School Cooperation at the Beginning of School Attendance Supervisor: Mgr. Jana Kargerová, PhD. Author: Monika Cihelková Abstract: The diploma thesis deals with forms of cooperation between a family and a school at the beginning of school attendance. The theoretical part defines the terms school, family and teacher. Then it characterizes the family, and also the school as an institution that combines teaching and educating (bringing up), and pays attention to involving parents in the process of education. It introduces possible forms of communication and cooperation between the family and the school, and also the cooperation based on curriculum and other documents (e.g. the programme Step by Step). The empirical part includes qualitative research (observation, interview, questionnaire), which is aimed at one of the effective forms of the school- family cooperation at the beginning of school attendance, namely at parent - pupil - teacher consultation. This part brings information about the results of such a cooperation in the programme Step by Step. It tries to find and map if the consultations (office hours) at the beginning of school attendance represent an effective form of cooperation, and how they contribute to parents, pupils and teachers. Key Words: School and family,...

<p>When a new building is constructed, or some changes are taking place in the already existing building, it is required according to PBL  chapter 8 that the developer applies for planning permissions at the building committee in that municipality where the real estate is located. In the planning permission, the documents of the current building are examined.<strong></strong></p><p> </p><p>The developer will appoint a quality manager that helps the developer to ensure that all necessary controls are done and that the requirements in these are met. The developer has the final responsibility to ensure that the building is built according to all requirements and rules. The building committee establishes a control plan that shows which controls have to be carried out and which certificates and documents have to be sent in during the time of the construction.</p><p>This study aims to finding out which documents that will be submitted at the construction of a new building, according to the laws found in PBL, if these documents are required and if they are examined of the municipalities before the building is approved.</p>

Background and aims: Most respiratory tract infections (RTI) are self-limiting. Despite this, they are associated with high antibiotic prescription rates in general practice in Sweden. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the management of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) with particular emphasis on acute otitis media (AOM). Methods: Paper I: A prospective, open, randomized study of 179 children presenting with AOM and performed in primary care. Paper II &amp; III: Study of 6 years data from primary care in Kalmar County on visits for RTI, retrieved from electronic patient records. Paper IV: Observational, clinical study of 71 children presenting with AOM complicated by perforation, without initial use of antibiotics. Results: Children with AOM who received PcV had some less pain, used fewer analgesics and consulted less, but the PcV treatment did not affect the recovery time or complication rate (I). Between 1999 and 2005, 240 445 visits for RTI were analyzed (II &amp; III). Antibiotics were prescribed in 45% of visits, mostly PcV (60%) and doxycycline (18%). Visiting rates for AOM and tonsillitis declined by &gt;10%/year, but prescription rates of antibiotics remained unchanged. For sore throat, 65% received antibiotics. Patients tested but without presence of S.pyogenes received antibiotics in 40% of cases. CRP was analyzed in 36% of consultations for RTI. At CRP&lt;50mg/l antibiotics, mostly doxycycline, were prescribed in 54% of visits for bronchitis. Roughly 50% of patients not tested received antibiotics over the years.Twelve of 71 children with AOM and spontaneous perforation completing the trial received antibiotics during the first nine days due to lack of improvement, one child after 16 days due to recurrent AOM and six had new incidents of AOM after 30 days (IV). Antibiotics were used more frequently when the eardrum appeared pulsating and secretion was purulent and abundant. All patients with presence of S.pyogenes received antibiotics. Results: Children with AOM who received PcV had some less pain, used fewer analgesics and consulted less, but the PcV treatment did not affect the recovery time or complication rate (I). Between 1999 and 2005, 240 445 visits for RTI were analyzed (II &amp; III). Antibiotics were prescribed in 45% of visits, mostly PcV (60%) and doxycycline (18%). Visiting rates for AOM and tonsillitis declined by &gt;10%/year, but prescription rates of antibiotics remained unchanged. For sore throat, 65% received antibiotics. Patients tested but without presence of S.pyogenes received antibiotics in 40% of cases. CRP was analyzed in 36% of consultations for RTI. At CRP&lt;50mg/l antibiotics, mostly doxycycline, were prescribed in 54% of visits for bronchitis. Roughly 50% of patients not tested received antibiotics over the years.Twelve of 71 children with AOM and spontaneous perforation completing the trial received antibiotics during the first nine days due to lack of improvement, one child after 16 days due to recurrent AOM and six had new incidents of AOM after 30 days (IV). Antibiotics were used more frequently when the eardrum appeared pulsating and secretion was purulent and abundant. All patients with presence of S.pyogenes received antibiotics.

When a new building is constructed, or some changes are taking place in the already existing building, it is required according to PBL  chapter 8 that the developer applies for planning permissions at the building committee in that municipality where the real estate is located. In the planning permission, the documents of the current building are examined.   The developer will appoint a quality manager that helps the developer to ensure that all necessary controls are done and that the requirements in these are met. The developer has the final responsibility to ensure that the building is built according to all requirements and rules. The building committee establishes a control plan that shows which controls have to be carried out and which certificates and documents have to be sent in during the time of the construction. This study aims to finding out which documents that will be submitted at the construction of a new building, according to the laws found in PBL, if these documents are required and if they are examined of the municipalities before the building is approved.

Tyrimo objektas - kaimo moterų konsultavimas verslo klausimais. Tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti konsultavimo poveikį kaimo moterų verslumui ir parengti kaimo moterų verslumo gerinimo modelį. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1) atlikti literatūros šaltinių analizę ir sintezę konsultavimo poveikio kaimo moterų verslumui klausimais; 2) atlikti konsultavimo poveikio kaimo moterų verslumui vertinimo metodų analizę; 3) įvertinti konsultavimo poveikį kaimo moterų verslumui; 4) parengti kaimo moterų verslumo gerinimo modelį ir jo įgyvendinimo priemones. Tyrimo metodai: mokslinės literatūros analizė ir sintezė; lyginamoji analizė; interviu, ekspertinė ir anketinė apklausa; duomenų sisteminimo ir statistinė duomenų analizė; loginė analizė ir sintezė; grupavimo, grafinio vaizdavimo metodai. Pirmoje darbo dalyje pateikta įvairių Lietuvos ir užsienio autorių nuomonė apie konsultavimo ir verslumo sistemą. Antroje magistrinio darbo dalyje pateikiama konsultavimo poveikio kaimo moterų verslumui Lazdijų rajone tyrimo metodika ir instrumentarijus, pristatomi empirinio tyrimo rezultatai. Trečioje dalyje pateikiamos kaimo gyventojų verslumo didinimo galimybės ir pateikiamas integruotas kaimo moterų verslumo didinimo modelis, apjungiantis konsultavimo paslaugų kokybės bei kiekybės vertinimą; numatomos priemonės kaimo moterų verslumui didinti. Sukurtas modelis yra universalus, tinkantis ne tik moterų verslumo didinimui, tačiau ir kitų konsultavimo paslaugų organizavimui. / Object of research – rural women’s consulting business. The aim of the study – assesses the impact of counseling in rural women’s entrepreneurship and prepare model for improving rural women’s entrepreneurship. Objectives: 1) perform an analysis of literary sources and the synthesis of the impact of rural women in consulting for entrepreneurship issues; 2) an advisory effects on rural women’s entrepreneurship in analysis of assessment methods; 3) evaluate the impact of counseling in rural women’s entrepreneurship; 4) Develop a model for the improvement of rural women’s entrepreneurship. Research methods: analysis and synthesis of scientific literature, comparative analysis, interviews and expert questionnaire survey, data filing and statistical data analysis, logical analysis and synthesis, clustering, graphic imaging techniques. The first part presents various Lithuanian and foreign scientist opinion on rural development, entrepreneurship and consulting system. In the second part of lay presents the work of advisory effects on rural women’s entrepreneurship in Lazdijai region survey mythology: instrumentation, exploratory characterization. The third section presents the empirical results of the study are summarized and presented in the integrated improvement of rural women’s entrepreneurship model, bringing together advisory services of quality and quantity assessment. Model is universal, suitable not only to increase women’s entrepreneurship. The results of the study... [to full text]

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T14:03:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thomaz Philippe Cavalcante Silva.pdf: 477958 bytes, checksum: f2d356a7d29673f431c4aa41d9c41d11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-07 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Modern search engines use different strategies to improve the quality of their answers. An important strategy is to get an ordered list of documents based on lists produced by different sources of evidence. This work studies the use of a evolutionary technique to generate good functions of combination of three different sources of evidence: the textual content of the documents, the connecting structures between the documents in a collection and the concatenation of anchor texts pointing to each document. The functions Combination findings in this study were tested in two separate collections: the first contains queries and document a real Web search engine that contains some 12 million documents and the second is to LETOR reference collection, created to allow the fair comparison between collating functions learning methods. The experiments indicate that the studied approach here is a practical and effective alternative to combining different sources of evidence in a single list of answers. We also checked different query classes require different functions combination of sources of evidence and show that our approach is feasible to identify good features. / Máquinas de busca modernas utilizam diferentes estratégias para melhorar a qualidade de suas respostas. Uma estratégia importante é obter uma única lista ordenada de documentos baseada em listas produzidas por diferentes fontes de evidência. Este trabalho estuda o uso de uma técnica evolutiva para gerar boas funções de combinação de três diferentes fontes de evidência: o conteúdo textual dos documentos, as estruturas de ligação entre os documentos de uma coleção e a concatenação dos textos de âncora que apontam para cada documento. As funções de combinação descobertas neste trabalho foram testadas em duas coleções distintas: a primeira contém consultas e documentos de uma máquina de busca real da Web que contém cerca de 12 milhões de documentos e a segunda é a coleção de referência LETOR, criada para permitir a justa comparação entre métodos de aprendizagem de funções de ordenação. Os experimentos indicam que a abordagem estudada aqui é uma alternativa prática e efetiva para combinação de diferentes fontes de evidência em uma única lista de respostas. Nós verificamos também que diferentes classes de consultas necessitam de diferentes funções de combinação de fontes de evidência e mostramos que nossa abordagem é viável em identificar boas funções.

Including civil society organizations in the policy process is a distinctive trait of democratic governance. But, while being highly valuable from a democratic point of view, not all civil society organizations are represented in the policy process. This dissertation draws attention to the role of the government in shaping the representation of civil society organizations in the Swedish government consultation referred to as the ‘remiss procedure’. The overall aim is to increase empirical and theoretical understanding of civil society organizations’ access to the national Swedish policy process. Drawing on various empirical data sources, it analyzes how access has changed during the second half of the 20th century, the factors influencing access, and the significance of the access provided by the government. The results are based on four empirical studies, and show that the government has encouraged an increasing number and more diverse types of civil society organizations to be represented in the remiss procedure. In addition, organizations with plenty of resources, such as labor and business organizations, are not overrepresented. However, access is slightly skewed in favor of civil society organizations with an insider position within other access points at national government level, which is consistent with a privileged pluralistic pattern of interest representation. In addition, civil society organizations seem to be invited into an arena for political influence of less relevance. Theoretically, the dissertation moves beyond the neo-corporatist perspective that dominated Swedish research during the second half of the 20th century by drawing attention to five different theoretical lenses: pluralism, neo-corporatism, political opportunity structures, policy network theory, and resource exchange theory. It concludes that a variety of theories are needed for access to be understood.